Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T01:36:59.679Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Hellfire and Damnation: Four Ancient and Modern Views

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 January 2009

George Hunsinger
Affiliation:
Princeton Theological Seminary, CN821, Princeton, New Jersey 08540

Extract

Hell is a doctrine that has always had its uses. The range of those uses can be conveniently traced by examining a passage from Cold Comfort Farm, the comic novel by Stella Gibbons, first published in 1932. The novel is set in rural England during the third decade of the twentieth century, a time when automobiles were not entirely unknown but not yet widely in use. The scene to be examined involves Flora Poste and Amos Starkadder. Flora is a young, sophisticated woman who has gone to visit her relatives in the country, and Amos is her gray-haired, grizzled cousin, a Scotsman who lives on the farm with other kinfolk and who serves as a lay preacher in town at the Church of the Quivering Brethren. Flora accompanies Amos to a preaching service one evening. They arrive by horse and buggy, enter the hall, and take their seats. Flora sits in the back near the exit, Amos by the platform up front.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Scottish Journal of Theology Ltd 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Gibbons, Stella, Cold Comfort Farm (London: Penguin Books, 1938)Google Scholar.

2 Walker, D. P., The Decline of Hell (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964)Google Scholar.

3 Marty, Martin E., ‘Hell Disappeared. No One Noticed. A Civic Argument’, Harvard Theobgical Review 78 (1985), pp. 381398Google Scholar.

4 ‘Hell's Sober Comeback’, U. S. News & World Report, 25 March 1991, p. 56.

5 See, for example, Walls, Jerry L., Hell: The Logic of Damnation (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992)Google Scholar and Kvanvig, Jonathan L., The Problem of Hell (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)Google Scholar.

6 Pannenberg, Wolfhart, ‘Christianity and the West: Ambiguous Past, Uncertain Future’, First Things (Dec. 1994), pp. 1823Google Scholar.

7 Ratzinger, Joseph, Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1988), pp. 215218Google Scholar. For a recent indication of official Roman Catholic teaching about hell, see Catechism of the Catholic Church (Collegeville, Minn.: The Liturgical Press, 1994), p. 270 (#1035)Google Scholar. The explicit affirmation that hell is actual (#1035) is implicitly held in tension with a hope that it is not (p. 275, #1058).

8 Packer, J. I., ‘Evangelicals and the Way of Salvation’, in Evangelical Affirmations, ed. Kantzer, Kenneth and Henry, Carl (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990)Google Scholar. For a more extended argument, see Peterson, Robert A., Hell on Trial: The Case for Eternal Punishment (Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1995)Google Scholar.

9 For a different definition of this term, see Kvanvig, The Problem of Hell, Ch. 1.

10 Augustine, , The Enchridion on Faith, Hope and Love, ed. Paolucci, Henry (Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1961). (Hereafter cited as Enchr.)Google Scholar

11 Augustine, , City of God, ed. Knowles, David (Hammondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972)Google Scholar. (Hereafter cited as CofG.)

12 For a full inventory and classification of the relevant passages, see Wenham, John W., ‘The Case for Conditional Immortality’, in Universalism and the Doctrine of Hell, ed. de S. Cameron, Nigel M. (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1992), pp. 169174Google Scholar. Wenham finds 264 references in the New Testament to the fate of the lost.

13 Henri Blocher, ‘Everlasting Punishment and the Problem of Evil’, in Univenalism and the Doctrine of Hell, p. 295. Note that although human freedom and responsibility have always been axiomatic for the Augustinian view, they have not always been assigned the apologetic function Blocher observes in the more recent arguments.

14 Daley, Brian E., The Hope of the Early Church: A Handbook of Patristic Eschatology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 59Google Scholar.

15 Origen, Hom., I Sam. 28:10. Quoted by Hennessy, Lawrence R., ‘The Place of Saints and Sinners after Death’, in Origen of Alexandria, ed. Kannengiesser, Charles and Peterson, William L. (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988), p. 300Google Scholar.

16 Origen, Hom., Lv. 5:3. Quoted by Hennessy, p. 305.

17 Origen, , On First Principles, ed. Butterworth, G. W. (New York: Harper & Row, 1966). (Hereafter cited as FP.)Google Scholar

18 Origen: Contra Celsum, ed. Chadwick, Henry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953). (Hereafter cited as CC.)Google Scholar

19 Hom., Lv. 7:2. Quoted by Crouzel, Henri, Origen (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989), p. 247Google Scholar.

20 Robinson, John A. T., In the End God (New York: Harper & Row, 1968)Google Scholar. See, for example, pp. 135–7. (Hereafter cited as IEG.)

21 Niebuhr, H. Richard, The Kingdom of Cod in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1937), p. 193Google Scholar.

22 Arnobius, , ‘Against the Pagans’, in The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 6, ed. Roberts, Alexander and Donaldson, James (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987)Google Scholar. (Hereafter cited as AP.)

23 See, for example, Tertullian, , ‘On the Resurrection of the Flesh’, XXXVGoogle Scholar; and Augustine, , Enchr., CXIIGoogle Scholar; CofG, XI, 27; XIX, 28; XXI, 17.

24 Edwards, David L. and Stott, John, Evangelical Essentials: A Liberal-Evangelical Dialogue (Downers Grove, III.: InterVarsity Press, 1988), pp. 312320; on p. 314Google Scholar. (Hereafter cited as EE.)

25 Note that Stott indicates that he holds this view ‘tentatively’ (EE, 320).

26 Clement of Alexandria, Str. 7, 12, 3–13, 1. Quoted by Daley, , ‘Apokatastasis and ‘Honorable Silence’ in the Eschatology of Maximus the Confessor’, in Maximus Confessor, ed. Heinzer, Felix and Schōnborn, Christoph (Fribourg: Editions universitaires, 1982), p.321nGoogle Scholar.

27 Crouzel, , Origen (note 19), p. 264Google Scholar.

28 Gregory of Nazianzus, ‘On Holy Baptism’, 40.36. Quoted by Daley, , Hope of the Early Church (note 14), p. 84Google Scholar.

29 Maximus the Confessor, Carit. 1, 61 and Amb. Th. 4. Quoted by Daley, , ‘Apokatastasis and ‘Honorable Silence’’, p. 328Google Scholar.

30 Maximus, Qual. Thal, Prol. Quoted by Daley, , ‘Apokatastasis and ’Honorable Silence’’, p. 316Google Scholar.

31 Barth, Karl, Church Dogmatics, Vol. II, Part 2 (Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1957), p. 295Google Scholar. (Hereafter cited as II/2.)

32 Barth, , Church Dogmatics, Vol. IV, Part 3 (Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1961 & 1962), p. 477Google Scholar. (Hereafter cited as IV/3.)

33 Barth, , Church Dogmatics, Vol. II, Part 1 (Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1957), p. 373Google Scholar.