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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 February 2009
In Western culture, religion and the sciences often have found themselves to be more and more at odds since the period of the Enlightenment. The change which that era brought to the Christian community could be illustrated as follows. The analogy is perhaps a bit overdrawn, but it does indicate how important the historical shifts were. During the earliest phase of Christian belief, Christianity had to compete with other religions as one fruit-bearing tree within a varied orchard. When the Christian religion became established and dominant in the Middle Ages it tended to cause other trees to wither and die because of its enormous and on occasion darkening size. During the Reformation a radical pruning took place which gave life not only to the Protestant branch but also a new vitality to the Roman Catholic branch. What the Enlightenment represented was the first pervasive suggestion that most fruit trees — perhaps even the orchard — were unnecessary. One could find individual precursors of such attempts as well as a number of people during the Enlightenment who found various religions satisfying. But at no time in the history of Christianity had a large segment of the intellectual culture been so fascinated with the idea that religion in most all of its forms might be useless.
page 458 note 2 Good surveys of these problems are to be found in the appropriate sections of Pannenberg, Wolfhart, Theology and the Philosophy of Science, trans, by McDonagh, Francis (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1976)Google Scholar and Küng, Hans, Does God Exist? An Answer for Today, trans, by Quinn, Edward (Garden City: Doubleday and Co., Inc., 1978).Google Scholar
page 460 note 3 Quine, W. V., ‘The Foundations of Mathematics’. Mathematics in the Modern World (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1968), p. 199.Google Scholar
page 460 note 4 ibid. Also see Kline, Morris, Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), Chap. 51, pp. 1182–1211.Google Scholar
page 461 note 5 Hawking, S. W., ‘The Quantum Mechanics of Black Holes’, Scientific American (Jan. 1977). pp. 3440.Google Scholar
page 462 note 6 Eiseley, Loren, All the Strange Hours: The Excavation of Life (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975)Google Scholar. Thomas, Lewis, The Medusa and the Snail: More Notes of a Biology Watcher (New York: Viking Press, Inc., 1979).Google Scholar
page 462 note 7 Murray, Gilbert, The Five Stages of Greek Religion, 3rd ed. (Garden City: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1972).Google Scholar
page 463 note 8 Dupré, Louis, The Other Dimension: A Search for the Meaning of Religious Attitudes (Garden City: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1972).Google Scholar
page 464 note 9 Origen, Contra Celsum II. 16.
page 465 note 10 For a helpful survey of Torrance's contributions see Heron, Alasdair I. C., A Century of Protestant Theology (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1980), pp. 209–214Google Scholar. Of the many volumes which Torrance, has produced on the subject I find his book The Ground and Grammar of Theology (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1980)Google Scholar to be the most instructive.
page 465 note 11 ibid., p. 93.
page 466 note 12 ibid., pp. 60–2.
page 466 note 13 ibid., pp. 175–6, pp. 40–1, pp. 53–7.
page 466 note 14 Torrance, , Space, Time and Resurrection (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1976), pp. ix–x.Google Scholar
page 467 note 15 Torrance, , The Ground and Grammar of Theology, pp. 87–94.Google Scholar
page 467 note 16 Hofstadter, , Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1979)Google Scholar. His essays with Dennet, Daniel, The Mind's I (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1981Google Scholar) particularly pp. 162 and 276 continue the interest in Zen as an approach to the question of artificial intelligence.
page 468 note 17 Hofstadter, , Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, particularly Chap. IX, pp. 246–272.Google Scholar
page 469 note 18 Hudson, W. H. C., A Philosophical Approach to Religion (London: The Macmillan Press, 1976), pp. 158–161.Google Scholar
page 469 note 19 Wisdom, John, Paradox and Discovery (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1965), esp. pp. 124–134.Google Scholar
page 469 note 20 Bohr's, Niels article, ‘Discussion with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics’, reprinted in his Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1958), pp. 32–66Google Scholar is perhaps the best place to find his warnings about the misuse of the concept of complementarity. Honner, John, ‘Niels Bohr and the Mysticism of Nature’, Zygon, vol. 17, no. 3 (September, 1982), pp. 243–253CrossRefGoogle Scholar details, particularly from Bohr's letters, the Dane's openness to the unusual in nature.
page 470 note 21 Kadowake, Kakichi, Zen and the Bible: The Priest's Experience (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980)Google Scholar, however, sees much similarity between Jesus’ teachings and those of the Zen masters.
page 470 note 22 Nazianzen, Gregory, Oration XXVIII. 9.Google Scholar