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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 February 2009
Indian Christian theology has developed in a number of different directions. As we analyse those directions we can detect two main patterns of advance. On the one hand, there is the concern with inwardness and spirituality, the interiority of the Gospel; on the other hand, there is a concern for the outward world and its future as the venue of the new creation brought into being by Christ. Both these concerns have been mirrored in modern Hinduism as it has sought to transmit to modern India the deep spirituality of classical Indian religion and also to reinterpret Hindu doctrines in the light of the context of modern India. Śri Rāmakrishna represents the first concern within modern Hinduism, and Gāndhi represents the other. Indian Christian theology has developed within a culture wherein a concern for the inwardness of one's own spiritual life and a concern for the outward development of the nation were both living issues. In ‘contextualising’ the Gospel in India, Indian Christians have naturally been influenced by both these concerns. Indian Christians have made a contribution to total Christian theology in the areas of inwardness and spirituality. Our particular concern now is to see what they have to say to us on the subject of the humanity of Christ and the new humanity that he has made possible.
page 319 note 1 An adequate summary of modern Hindu thought is to be found in Sarma, D. S., Hinduism Through The Ages (Bombay, 1973).Google Scholar
page 319 note 2 Japan, however, was invaded only once, unsuccessfully, by Kublai Khan.
page 320 note 1 The replacement of Indian languages by English was welcomed by many Indians. It gave unity, and it remains a link language in independent India.
page 320 note 2 Thomas, M. M. indicates the details of this influence in his The Acknowledged Christ of the Indian Renaissance (London: SCM, 1969).Google Scholar
page 320 note 3 Perhaps, rather, a western and an African matter.
page 320 note 4 van Leeuwen, A., Christianity in World History (New York: Scribners, 1964).Google Scholar
page 321 note 1 Chenchiah, contributed to two books: Aśramas Past and Present (Madras, 1941)Google Scholar; and Rethinking Christianity in India (Madras, 1938). The latter was a riposte to Kraemer's, H.The Christian Message in a Non-Christian World (London, 1938).Google Scholar
page 322 note 1 Chenchiah, , Rethinking Christianity, p.53.Google Scholar
page 322 note 2 Rethinking Christianity, Appendix, p. 20.
page 322 note 3 Rethinking Christianity, pp. 181; 187.
page 323 note 1 Editorial in The Pilgrim, June 1950.
page 323 note 2 Rethinking Christianity, Appendix, p. 53.
page 323 note 3 Chenchiah, Milter Endowment Lectures, p. 46.
page 323 note 4 Rethinking Christianity, Appendix, p. 46.
page 323 note 5 Quoted in Thangasamy, D. A., The Theology of Chenchiah (Bangalore: CISRS 1966), p. 9.Google Scholar
page 323 note 6 Rethinking Christianity, p. 53.
page 323 note 7 See Aśramas Past and Present, p. 287.
page 324 note 1 Rethinking Christianity, p. 161.
page 324 note 2 ibid., p. 90.
page 324 note 3 The Guardian, 1939, p. 260.
page 324 note 4 See ‘Indian Christian Co-operation with non-Christians’, Indian Journal of Theology, Jan.-March 1958.
page 325 note 1 Rethinking Christianity, p. 7.
page 325 note 2 ibid., p. 33.
page 325 note 3 Chakkarai, V., Jesus the Avatar (Madras: CLS, 1932)Google Scholar; The Cross and Indian Thought (Madras: CLS, 1932)Google Scholar; see also Thomas, P. T., The Theology of Chakkarai (Bangalore: CISRS, 1968)Google Scholar. Wagner, H., Erstgestalten einer Einheimischen Theologie Sudindien (Munich, 1963), has a virtually complete bibliography for Chenchiah and Chakkarai.Google Scholar
page 326 note 1 Chakkarai, , The Guardian, 5 April 1951.Google Scholar
page 326 note 2 Thomas, , The Theology of Chakkarai, p. 36.Google Scholar
page 326 note 3 Chakkarai, , Jesus the Avatar, p. 138.Google Scholar
page 326 note 4 ibid., p. 196.
page 327 note 1 ibid., p. 117.
page 327 note 2 Chakkarai, , The Cross and Indian Thought, p. 275.Google Scholar
page 327 note 3 ibid., p. 277.
page 327 note 4 ibid., p. 278.
page 327 note 5 ibid., pp. 284ff.
page 328 note 1 The Guardian, 20 April 1944.
page 329 note 1 Jesus the Avatar, p. 30.
page 329 note 2 Devanandan's, P. D. main books were The Concept of Māyā (London, 1950)Google Scholar; Our Task Today (Bangalore: CISRS, 1959)Google Scholar; I Will Lift Up Mine Eyes To The Hills, ed. Samartha, S. J. & Devanandan, N. (CISRS, 1963)Google Scholar; Preparation for Dialogue (CISRS, 1964)Google Scholar; Christian Concern in Hinduism (CISRS, 1961).Google Scholar
page 330 note 1 Thomas, M. M., The Acknowledged Christ, p. 30.Google Scholar
page 330 note 2 Thomas, M. M., Salvation and Humanisation (Madras: CLS, 1971).Google Scholar
page 330 note 3 The Acknowledged Christ, p. 236.
page 330 note 4 ibid., p 117.
page 331 note 1 Salvation and Humanisation, p. 4.
page 331 note 2 ibid., p. 7.
page 331 note 3 ibid., p. 8.
page 331 note 4 ibid.
page 332 note 1 ibid., p. 31.
page 332 note 2 ibid., p. 54.
page 332 note 3 ibid., p. 60.