¹ Holorenshaw, Henry (i.e. Joseph Needham), ‘The Making of an Honorary Taoist’, in Mikuláš Teich, and Young, Robert, eds., Changing Perspectives in the History of Science: Essays in Honour of Joseph Needham (London: Heinemann, 1973), p. 7Google Scholar. On Needham's biography, see Werskcy, Gary, ‘Understanding Needham’, in Joseph Needham. Moulds of Understanding: A Pattern of Natural Philosophy, ed. Werskcy, Gary (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1976)Google Scholar and Werskcy, Gary, The Visible College (London: Allen Lane, 1978).Google Scholar

² Needham, Joseph, ‘The Naturalness of the Spiritual World: A Reappraisemem of Henry Drummond’, in idem. Time: The Refreshing River (Essays and Addresses, 1932–42) (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1943), p. 41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³ Benz, Ernst, Evolution and Christian Hope: Man's Concept of the Future from the Early Fathers to Teilhard de Chardin, trans. Frank, Heinz G. (London: Victor Gollancz, 1967), p. 156Google Scholar. The circulation figures and other publishing information come from copies of Drummond's books in my possession, from the American National Union Catalog and various national and trade bibliographies, from Smith, George Adam, The Life of Henry Drummond (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1899)Google Scholar, chap. 9, and from Lennox, Cuthberl (i.e. Napier, J. H.), Henry Drummond, 3rd ed. (London: Andrew Melrose, 1901), pp. 73–74, 47–50.Google Scholar

⁴ [Lyttellon, Arthur], ‘Scientific Laws and Christianity’, Spectator, 56 (4 August 1883), 997Google Scholar. Under the editorship of R. H. Hutton from 1861 to 1897, the Spectator became ‘the most revealing guide to the progress of the English mind’ (Chadwick, Owen, The Victorian Church, 2 vols. [New York: Oxford University Press, 1966–1970], Vol. 2, p. 123)Google Scholar. The Spectator review gave rise to a substantial correspondence in the next four issues and thus fastened Natural Law on the middle-class mind. For an early account of its impact, sec R. VV. Barbour to H. Drummond, 13 Septembcr/20 December 1883, in Drummond Papers (National Library of Scotland, Department of Manuscripts, Edinburgh), 5890.2.

⁵ T. H. Huxley to C. Kingsley, 5 May 1863, and T. H. Huxley to C. Darwin, 28 December 1880, in Huxley, Leonard, Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, 2 vols. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1900), Vol. 1, p. 241; Vol. 2, p. 15Google Scholar. Gladstone's twovolume edition of Butler's works and a volume of ‘studies subsidiary’, published in 1896, was one of his latest labours of love. Sec also McCosh, James, The Supernatural in Relation to the Natural (New York: Robert Carter and Bros., 1862)Google Scholar; Buchanan, James, Analogy Considered as a Guide to Truth, and Applied as an Aid to Faith (Edinburgh: Johnstone, Hunter, and Co., 1864)Google Scholar; Charles Pritchard, ‘The Continuity of the Schemes of Nature and Revelation’ (1866) and ‘The Analogy of Intellectual Progress to Religious Growth’ (1867), in idem, Occasional Thoughts of an Astronomer on Nature and Revelation (London: John Murray, 1889)Google Scholar;Cellarius, (i.e. Fowle, T. W.), A New Analogy between Revealed Religion and the Course and Constitution of Nature (London: Macmillan and Co., 1881)Google Scholar; and Reynolds, Joseph William, The Supernatural in Nature: A Verification by Free Use of Science, 3rd ed. (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co., 1883)Google Scholar. In The Optimism of Butler's ‘Analogy’ (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908)Google Scholar Henry Scott Holland argued that Butler's universe was an ‘organic whole from end to end’, so that the same divine laws are manifested on physical and spiritual planes (pp. 11–12). On this view, Butler had more in common with Drummond than with his other Victorian admirers, a point underscored by Smith, William Holt in ‘The Influence of Bishop Butler's ‘Analogy’ in American Apologetic Thinking’ (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1925), pp. 75–78, 140–44Google Scholar, where he finds it more than coincidental that Natural Law, ‘a similar but superior apologetic’ to Butler's Analogy, was circulating widely just when the latter was being abandoned as a standard text in American colleges and seminaries.

⁶ e.g., Cheever, George B., Voices of Nature to Her Foster Child, the Soul of Man: A Series of Analogies between the Natural and the Spiritual Worlds (Glasgow: William Collins, [1852])Google Scholar; Macmillan, Hugh, Bible Teachings in Nature (London: Macmillan and Co., 1867)Google Scholar; idem, Two Worlds Are Ours (London: Macmillan and Co., 1880)Google Scholar; Magee, W. C., ‘The Christian Theory of the Origin of the Christian Life’ (1868), in idem, The Gospel and the Age: Sermons on Special Occasions (London: Wm. Ibister, 1884), p. 173Google Scholar; Henslow, George, The Theory of Evolution of Living Things and the Application of the Principles of Evolution to Religion, Considered as Illustrative of the ‘Wisdom and Beneficence of the Almighty’ (London: Macmillan and Co., 1873)Google Scholar; Wilkinson, George Howard, Some Laws in God's Spiritual Kingdom, with Selected Addresses (London: Wells, Gardner & Co., 1886)Google Scholar; Tyndall, Charles H., Electricity and Its Similitudes: The Analogy of Phenomena Natural and Spiritual (New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1902)Google Scholar. In The Way of All Flesh (written between 1871 and 1885; first published 1903), chap. 52, the ‘system’ of ‘spiritual pathology’ devised by Ernest's fellow-curate is Butler's satirical swipe at the Oxford Movement and is exactly dated in the novel at 1858. I am grateful to Nick Furbank for discussing this point with me.

⁷ There is a convenient survey in Podmore, Frank, Mesmerism and Christian Science: Short History of Mental Healing (London: Methuen & Co., 1908), chaps. 14–16.Google Scholar

⁸ Huxley, L., Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, Vol. 1, p. 316.Google Scholar

⁹ See Hutton, R. H., ‘“The Metaphysical Society”: A Reminiscence’ (1885), in Coley, Noel G. and Hall, Vance M. D., eds., Darwin to Einstein: Primary Sources on Science and Belief (London: Longman/Open University Press, 1980), pp. 318–336Google Scholar. Cf. iM. Gladstone, M. to Lyltelton, L., 18 March 1884, in Masterman, Lucy, ed., Mary Gladstone (Mrs. Drew), Her Diaries and Letters (London: Methuen & Co., 1930), p. 309Google Scholar. On Balfour, see Smith, Life of Henry Drummond, p. 277; A. J. Balfour to Lady Tavistock (typewritten transcript), in Haddo House Manuscripts (Haddo House, Tarvcs, Abcrdeenshire), 1/7 (‘Letters from H. Drummond, 1885–1895’); and Jacyna, Leon, ‘Science and Social Order in the Thoughts of A. J. Balfour’, Isis, 71 (1980), 19–123CrossRefGoogle Scholar for the political context of Drummond's addresses on ‘Evolution and Christianity’, ‘Natural Selection in Relation to Christianity,’ and ‘The Programme of Christianity’ (Smith, , Life of Henry Drummond, pp. 278–279).Google Scholar

¹⁰ See Nicoll's tribute in the British Weekly, 18 March 1897 (also Contemporary Review, 71 [April 1897], 499–510), reprinted in his Princes of the Church (London: Hodder and Stoughlon, [1921]), pp. 93–102. On more than one occasion the British Weekly reported at length on Drummond's activities, including his lectures published as the Ascent of Man. See Helmstadter, Richard, ‘The Nonconformist Conscience’, in Marsh, Peter, ed., The Conscience of the Victorian State (Syracuse, N. Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1979), 135–171Google Scholar and Bebbington, D. W., The Nonconformist Conscience: Chapel and Politics, 1870–1914 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1982).Google Scholar

¹¹ Smith, , Life of Henry Drummond, pp. 266–267Google Scholar; Drummond to W. L.Gladstone, 15 June 1886, in Gladstone Papers, The British Library (Department of Manuscripts, London), Add MSS 44498, f.21.

¹² I am indebted to Christopher Harvie for this point. See also Schott, Kenneth Ronald, ‘An Analysis of Henry Drummond and His Rhetoric of Reconciliation’ (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1972)Google Scholar, chaps. 4–6. On Drummond and Maclaren, see Watson, John, ‘Henry Drummond’, North American Review, 164 (May 1897), 513–525Google Scholar and Nicoll, W. Robertson, ‘Ian Maclaren’: Life of the Rev. John Watson (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1909)Google Scholar, passim. Cf. the assessment in Alex. Macalistcr, ‘Henry Drummond’, Bookman, 12 (April 1897), 7: ‘His books attracted the public attention by their unique blending of the most thorough-going evolutionism with as thorough-going an evangelicalism, as well as by their fascinating literary style and their happy illustrations of the themes on which he wrole.’

¹³ Geikie, Archibald, A Long Life's Work (London: Macmillan and Co., 1924), p. 166Google Scholar; Smith, Life of Henry Drummond, chaps. 2–3; Simpson, James Y., Henry Drummond, (Edinburgh: Olipham, Anderson & Ferrier [1901]), pt. 1, chaps. 1–2Google Scholar; Lennox, Henry Drummond, chaps 1–2.

¹⁴ See Shanks, T. J., ed., A College of Colleges Led by D. L. Moody … (Chicago: Fleming H. Revell, 1887).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Smith, Life of Henry Drummond, chap. 4; Lennox, Henry Drummond, chaps. 8, 13; Findlay, James F. Jr., Dmight L. Moody: American Evangelist, 1837–1899 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969)Google Scholar; Gundry, Stanley, Love Them In: The Proclamation Theology of D. L. Moody (Chicago: Moody Press, 1976), pp. 94–95, 198–201.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Melver, Malcolm Chester Jr., ‘The Preaching of Henry Drummond, with Reference to His Work among Students’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1958)Google Scholar; Smith Life of Henry Drummond chaps. 7–8; Simpson, Henry Drummond, pt. 2, chap. I; Lennox, Henry Drummond, chap. 20.

¹⁷ Geikie, , Long Life's Work, pp. 177ffGoogle Scholar; idem, Geological Sketches at Home and Abroad (London: Macmillan and Co., 1882)Google Scholar, chaps. 9–10; Lennox, , Henry Drummond, p. 176Google Scholar. For Geikie's tribute to Drummond, see Smith, , Life of Henry Drummond, pp. 152–153Google Scholar and Geikie to Mrs Drummond, 13 March 1897, in Drummond Papers, 5890.3. See also D. R. Oldroyd, ‘Sir Archibald Geikie (1835–1924), Geologist, Romantic Aesthete, and Historian of Geology: The Problem of Whig Historiography of Science’, Annals of Science, 37 (1980), 447ff.

¹⁸ Tropical Africa (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1888) reached a thirteenth British edition in 1908 and was issued by no fewer than five publishers in the United States before 1900. The third edition (1890) was reprinted at New York in 1969 by the Negro Universities Press. Translations were made into Dutch (1889), German, Swedish, Norwegian (all 1890), and Finnish (1893). Drummond's African travel diary, now in Edinburgh University Library (Department of Manuscripts and Rare Books, Edinburgh), is partly transcribed in Smith, Life of Henry Drummond, chap. 8. See Ross, Andrew C., ‘Scottish Missionary Concern, 1874–1914: A Golden Era?’ Scottish Historical Review, 51 (1972), 53–72Google Scholar; Galbraith, John S., MacKinnon and East Africa, 1878–1895: A study in the ‘New Imperialism’ (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1972)Google Scholar; and Robinson, Ronald and Gallagher, John, Africa and the Victorians, 2nd ed. (London: Macmillan, 1982).Google Scholar

¹⁹ Drummond, quoted in Smith, , Life of Henry Drummond, p. 31Google Scholar. See Simpson, , Henry Drummond, p. 30Google Scholar; Lennox, , Henry Drummond, pp. 17–18Google Scholar; and Macintosh, W. ‘Henry Drummond amongst His Students’, Young Man, 11 (June 1897), 210–211.Google Scholar

²⁰ Drummond, , ‘Spiritual Diagnosis: An Argument for Placing the Study of the Soul on a Scientific Basis’, in idem. The New Evangelism, and Other Papers (London: Hodderand Stoughlon, 1899), pp. 191, 192, 193–4, 196.Google Scholar

²¹ ibid., pp. 204–205.

²² ibid., p. 196. See Simpson, , Henry Drummond, pp. 11–12, 59Google Scholar; Smith, , Life of Henry Drummond, pp. 145–147Google Scholar; Drummond, , The Ideal Life, and Other Unpublished Addresses (London: Hodder and Sloughton, 1897), pp. 82, 135, 141, 264 (addresses delivered 1876–1881)Google Scholar; Drummond's annual ‘Introductory Lecture’ to his science class at the Free Church College, Glasgow (a version probably dating from the winter term 1878–79), transcribed in Mclver, ‘Preaching of Henry Drummond’, p. 200 from a manuscript in the possession of Drummond's relatives; and Drummond's early notebook, ‘New Analogy, Themes, References to Books’ (especially the insertions headed ‘Biological Religion’), in Edinburgh University (Department of Manuscripts and Rare Books), Dk.3.33.

²³ Sec Moore, James R and Chant, Colin, ‘The Metaphysics of Evolution’, in idem el at., Science and Metaphysics in Victorian Britain (Milton Keynes, Bucks.: Open University Press, 1981), pp. 6–25Google Scholar; Moore, James R., ‘Herbert Spencer's Henchmen: The Evolution of Protestant Liberals in Late Nineleenlh-Century America‘, in Duranl, John R., ed., Darwinism and Divinity: Essays on Evolution and Religious Belief (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985), pp. 76–100Google Scholar; and Cashdollar, Charles D., ‘Auguste Comte and the American Reformed Theologians’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 39 (1978), 75ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar. On Nccdham's intellectual relationship to Spencer's philosophy, see his 1937 Herbert Spencer Lecture, ‘lntegrative Levels: A Revaluation of the Idea of Progress’, in Needham, Time: The Refreshing River, PP. 233–72

²⁴ Drummond, , ‘Spiritual Diagnosis’, pp. 191–192Google Scholar. Cf. Spencer, Herbert, The Study of Sociology (London: Henry S. King & Co., 1873), p. 31. Spencer dated his preface in July 1873.Google Scholar

²⁵ Drummond, , Ideal Life, p. 58Google Scholar; idem, ‘The Programme of Christianity’ (1882), in idem, The Greatest Thing in the World, rev. ed. (London: Collins, 1953), p. 75Google Scholar; Lennox, , Henry Drummond, pp. 64, 148Google Scholar; Memories of Henry Drummond for His Mother (Edinburgh: Turnbull & Spears, 1897), p. 56Google Scholar; Arthur Warren, ‘Professor Drummond’, Woman at Home, 2 (April 1894), 16; ‘A Canadian Minister's Recollections of Henry Drummond: Interview with the Rev. T. Hunter Boyd, of New Brunswick’, British Weekly, 40 (30 August 1906), 495.Google Scholar

²⁶ Smith, , Life of Henry Drummond, pp. 261, 276, 318Google Scholar; Drummond, , ‘Bishop Temple on the Relations between Religion and Science’, Expositor, 3rd ser., 1 (1885), 78Google Scholar; Stalker, James, ‘Henry Drummond’, Expositor, 5th ser., 5 (1897), 292Google Scholar. See also Drummond to Lady Aberdeen, 17 March 1894 (typewritten transcript), in Haddo House Manuscripts.

²⁷ Drummond, , Natural Law in the Spiritual World (London: Hodder and Sloughton, 1883), pp. xiii–xiv.Google Scholar

²⁸ ibid., pp. 38ff; [Stewart, B. and Tail, P. C.], The Unseen Universe; or, Physical Speculations on a Future State. 8th ed. rev. and enl. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1879), pp. 79ffGoogle Scholar; [idem], Paradoxical Philosophy: A Sequel to the Unseen Universe (London: Macmillan and Co., 1878)Google Scholar; Grove, W. R., The Correlation of Physical Forces… Followed by a Discourse on Continuity, 5th ed. (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1867)Google Scholar. See Heimann, P. M., ‘“The Unseen Universe”: Physics and the Philosophy of Nature in Victorian Britain’, British Journal for the History of Science, 6 (1972), 73–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁹ Drummond, , Natural Law, p.37Google Scholar. Cf. Spencer, Herbert, First Principles, 5th ed. (London: Williams & Norgate, 1887) pp. 195–203Google Scholar. Spiritualists such as Alfred Russel Wallace accepted the evolution of a spiritual world on the basis of the law of continuity. See Wallace, , Miracles and Modern Spiritualism, rev. ed. (London: George Redway, 1896), p. 108Google Scholar; idem, Natural Selection and Tropical Nature: Essays on Descriptive and Theoretical Biology (London: Macmillan and Co., 1891), p. 205nGoogle Scholar; idem, Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection with Some of Its Applications (London: Macmillan and Co., 1889), p. 477.Google Scholar

³⁰ Spencer, , The Principles of Sociology, 3 vols. (London: Williams and Norgate, 1876–1896), Vol. 3, p. 36Google Scholar; Spencer to E. L. Youmans, 12 April 1883, in Fiske, John, Life and letters of Edward Livingston Youmans: Comprising Correspondence with Spencer, Huxley, Tyndall, and Others (London: Chapman & Hall, 1894), p. 378Google Scholar. The same letter is given the date 17 May 1883 in David Duncan, The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer (London: Williams & Norgate, 1911), p. 232Google Scholar, where, however, the context of Spencer's writing on 12 April is supplied (p. 251). Nattural Law was published in mid-June.

³¹ Drummond, , Natural Law, pp. 29–31, 78, 145–47, 151–52, 172, 206–207, 212–14, 249, 267, 413.Google Scholar

³² H. Bonar to J. H. Brookes, and Shafiesbury 10 J. H. Brookes, quoted in J. H. Brookes, ‘Prof. Drummond's Book’, Watchman. 13 (1 September 1887), 249; Shafiesbury, , quoted in Chadwick, , Victorian Church, Vol. 2, p. 65Google Scholar. The following paragraphs are based on the volume of press-cuttings, 1883–87, related 10 Natural Law in the Drummond Papers, 5890.12.

³³ ‘Professor Drummond’, Academy, 20 March 1897, p. 333.

³⁴ Smith, , Life of Henry Drummond, pp. 221–222, 322–23Google Scholar. No fewer than 20 separately published critiques of Natural Law appeared on both sides of the Atlantic. These are listed with full bibliographic details in my Ph.D. thesis, ‘The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870–10, 00’ (University of Manchester, 1975), Vol. 2, p. 426, n. 54Google Scholar

³⁵ D. L. Moody to Drummond, 10 July 1885, in Drummond Papers, 5890.2; E. Moody to C. K. Ober, 12 May 1887, in Y.M.C.A. Historical Library (New York City), X970.4.

³⁶ Findlay, Dwighl L. Moody, pp. 405ff; Sandeen, Ernest R., The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism, 1800–1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 174–176.Google Scholar

³⁷ Brookes, ‘Prof. Drummond's Book’, p. 248; C. I. Scofield to C. K. Ober, 23 May 1891; W.J. Erdman to ‘Brother’, 21 May 1891; W. C. Moorehead to C. K. Ober, 6June 1891; and W. G. Moorehead to D. L. Moody, 6 June 1891, all in Y.M.C.A. Historical Library, X970.4.

³⁸ Sandccn, Roots of Fundamentalism, chaps. 6–8; Marsden, George M., Fundamentalism in American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), chaps. 3, 14.Google Scholar

³⁹ ‘Professor Drummond at Northfield’, New York Daily Tribune, 11 July 1893, p. 5 and ‘That Was Prof. Drummond's Advice’, Springfield Daily Republican (Mass.), 11 July 1893, p. 5 report the substance of Drummond's remarks. The fuller report, from which I have quoted, appears in the latter source. Young Men's Era, 27 July 1893, pp. 918–19 confirms that Drummond's statement on evolution gave special offence. The identity of the assailants may be inferred from the information already given, together with ‘D. L. Moody and Henry Drummond’, The Guide, June 1897, pp. 111–12; Powell, Elmer William, ‘D. L. Moody and the Origin of Fundamentalism’, Christian Work, 19 April 1924, p. 497Google Scholar; and R. A. Torrey, ‘Did Dwighl L. Moody Favor Modernism?’ Presbyterian, and Herald and Presbyter, 12 November 1925, clipping in Moodyana Collection (Moody Bible Institute, Chicago), Drawer 1, folder entitled ‘Moody-Northficld Controversy 1923’. Drummond's reaction appears in his letter to Lady Aberdeen, 31 July 1893, in Haddo House Manuscripts, also partly reprinted in Smith, Life of Henry Drummond, p. 421.

⁴⁰ Reports of the Norihficld conference, in Springfield Daily Republican (Mass.), 3–13 July 1893; Smith, George Adam, ‘A Personal Tribute’, in Drummond, Henry, Dwight L. Moody: Impressions and Fads (New York: McClure, Phillips & Co., 1900), pp. 22–23, 28–29Google Scholar (cf. Torrcy, ‘Did Dwight L. Moody Favor Modernism?’); ‘Dwight L. Moody and Henry Drummond’; Moody, Dwight L., ‘Henry Drummond’, Record of Christian Work, 16 (May 1897), 129Google Scholar; Moody 10 J. Stalker, quoted in j. Stalker to Mrs Drummond, 26 April 1897, in Drummond Papers, 5890.3, also partly reprinted in Smith, , Life of Henry Drummond, p. 9Google Scholar. Moody requested that Drummond's admirer, the liberal Christian evolutionist Lyman Abbot, author of The Evolution of Christianity (1892), come lo Chicago to preach for him during the World's Fair mission (Abbott, , Silhouettes of My Contemporaries [London: George Allen & Unwin, 1922], p. 208).Google Scholar

⁴¹ See the title sermon in Moody, Sowing and Reaping (London: Morgan & Scott, [1896]), p. 11Google Scholar, as well as idem. To All People (New York: E. B. Treat, 1877), p. 296 and idem, New Sermons, Addresses, and Prayers (St. Louis, Mo.: N. D. Thompson & Co., [1877]), p. 483. I am grateful for these references to Stanley Gundry, formerly of the Moody Bible Institute.

⁴² Moody 10 Drummond, 1 March 1896, transcribed in Mclver, ‘Preaching of Henry Drummond’, pp. 23–24 from the original in the possession of Drummond's relatives. Moody's last tribute, ‘I cannot tell you how much I miss dear Drummond’, appears in a poignant letter written in the month before his death, of which 1 possess a contemporary handwritten copy. The letter, dated 12 November 1899, is reprinted in j. M[ackinnon], Recollections of D. A. Moody and His Work in Britain, 1874–1892 (Edinburgh: printed for private circulation, 1905), pp. 289–90. Drummond's last tribute is his series of articles, ‘Mr Moody: Some Impressions and Facts’, McClure's Magazine, 4 (December 1894), 55–69; [January 1895), 188–92, which was reprinted at the time of Moody's death with an introduction by George Adam Smith, Drummond's biographer (n. 40 above). The visit to America in 1893 was very trying for Drummond (Smith, Life of Henry Drummond, p. 424), and his series appears to have been intended, in part, as a vindication of the ‘breadth’ of Moody's mind and character over against sectarianism, doctrinaire theology, and ‘the narrower evangelical’. Sankey's last tribute, incidentally, was reprinted in ‘Professor Henry Drummond’, The Guide, June 1897, pp. 126–27. See also Williamson, David, Ira David Sankey: The Story of His Life (London: S. W. Partridge & Co., n.d.), pp. 55, 85–86, 92–94Google Scholar. Cf. Moody, William R., ‘Henry Drummond and D. L. Moody’, Congregationalist and Christian World, 92 (2 November 1907), 619.Google Scholar

⁴³ See Simpson, Henry Drummond, pi. 2, chap. 2 for the drafts of a new preface; Smith, , Life of Henry Drummond, p. 145Google Scholar; and, for Drummond's continuing conviction, ‘The Contribution of Science to Christianity’ (1885) and ‘Survival of the Fittest’ (1892), in Drummond, jVew Evangelism, pp. 160ff; ‘The Changed Life’ (1891), in idem, Greatest Thing in the World, pp. 102–105, 113–14.; ‘Life on the Top Floor’ (1893), in idem, Stones Rolled Away, and Other Addresses Delivered to Young Men in America (London: Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1900). Drummond's ‘experiments’ in this period included telepathic parlour games with the great Glasgow physicist William Thomson. See King, Agnes Gardner, Kelvin the Man: A Biographical Sketck by His Niece (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1925), pp. 48–49Google Scholar. I have verified that the Ascent of Man was translated into Swedish, Dutch, French, and Norwegian.

⁴⁴ Drummond, , The Lowell Lectures on the Ascent of Alan (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1894), pp. 12, 438, 439.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ ibid., p. 439.

⁴⁶ ibid., pp. 45, 429, 435, 436.

⁴⁷ Drummond, , Natural law, pp. 53, 57Google Scholar; J. S. Blackic to Drummond, 22 October 1884, in Drummond Papers, 5890.2.

⁴⁸ Drummond, , Ascent of Alan, pp. 15, 279Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ ibid., pp. 415, 416, 418.

⁵⁰ ibid., pp. 37, 38, 252–53, 263, 266. Cf. Drummond, ‘Survival of ihe Finest’, pp. 80–81.

⁵¹ Medawar, P. B., ‘The Phenomenon of Man’ (1961), in idem. The Art of the Soluble (London: Methuen & Co., 1967), pp. 71–81.Google Scholar

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⁵⁰ Drummond, , Ascent of Man. pp. 17, 43, 56Google Scholar; Spencer to E. L. Linton, 6 June 1894, Layard, George Somes, Mrs Lynn Union: Her Life, Letters, and Opinions (London: Metheun & Co., 1901), p. 310Google Scholar; Spencer to Linton, 3 September 1894, in ibid., p. 312; E. Lynn Linlon, ‘Professor Henry Drummond's Discovery’, Fortnightly Review, new ser., 56 (September 1894), 457. Cf. Duncan, Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer, p. 363.

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⁶² E.g., Young, Robert M., ‘Darwin's Metaphor: Docs Nature Select?’ The Monist, 55 (1971), 442–503CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Figlio, Karl, ‘The Metaphor of Organization: An Historiographical Perspective on the Bio-medical Sciences of the Early Nineteenth Century’, History of Science, 14 (1976), 17–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Rudwick, Martin J. S., ‘Transposed Concepts from the Human Sciences in the Early Work of Charles Lyell’, in Jordanova, L. J. and Porter, Roy S., eds., Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences (Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks.: British Society for the History of Science, 1978), pp. 67–83Google Scholar; Beer, Gillian, Darwin's Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot, and Nineteenth-century Fiction (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983)Google Scholar, chap. 3. For a cognate analysis of metaphor in the context of contemporary social policy, see Schön, Donald A., ‘Generative Metaphor: A Perspective on Problem-Setting in Social Policy’, in Ortony, Andrew, ed., Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), pp. 254–283.Google Scholar

⁶³ Moody, , Sowing and Reaping, p. 11Google Scholar. See MacKenzic, J. C., Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Evangelicalism (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1940)Google Scholar for some of the effects, and McNeill, John T., A History of the Cure of Souls (New York: Harper & Bros., 1951), chap. 15.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Cerullo, John J., The Secularization of the Soul: Psychical Research in Modern Brilain (Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1982), p. xiiGoogle Scholar; Podmore, Frank, The Naturalisalion of the Supernatural (New York: C. P. Putnam's Sons, 1908).Google Scholar

⁶⁵ On Weigle, , Macintosh, , and Horlon, W., see their contributions in Vergilius Form, ed., Contemporary American Theology: Theological Autobiographies, 2 vols. (New York: Round Table Press, 1932), Vol. 1, pp. 168–169, 287Google Scholar; Vol. 2, P. 321. See also Horton, Robert Forman, An Autobiography (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1917), p. 134Google Scholar; Cairns, David, ‘Recollections of Henry Drummond’, North American Student, November 1913, pp. 54–62Google Scholar; idem, David Cairns: An Autobiography … (London: SCM Press, 1950), pp. 112–117Google Scholar, ‘Dr. Clifford on the Working Faith of Henry Drummond’, British Weekly, 10 April 1902; Porrill, Arthur, John Henry Jowell (London: Hodder and Stoughlon, [1924]), pp. 32–36Google Scholar; Jones, Rufus M., Social Law in the Spiritual World: Studies in the Human and Divine Interrelationship (London: Swarthmore Press, 1904), pp. 9–11Google Scholar; Mott, John R., Addresses and Papers of John R. Moll, 6 Vols. (New York: Association Press, 1947), passimGoogle Scholar; and Morrison, Charles Clayton, ‘At Henry Drummond's Grave’, in Fry, Harold E. and Frakes, Margaret, eds., The Christian Century Header: Representative Articles, Editorials, and Poems Selected from More, than Fifty Tears of ‘The Christian Century’ (New York: Association Press, 1962), pp. 81–87Google Scholar. I have received letters from A. Lawson Wood (11 and 25 July 1974) and A. S. Loudon-Hamilton (24 August 1974), one of Buchman's earliest collaborators after the First World War, that tell how greatly Drummond influenced the founder of Moral Re-armament and other members of the movement. E.g., see Walter, H. A., Soul Surgery: Some Thoughts on Incisive Personal Work, 6th ed. (Oxford: at the University Press, 1940).Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Barbour, whose father attended Drummond during his last illness, was a great devotee of the Ascent of Man.He wrote me (15 June and 10 October 1974) that he had made its doctrines his own and often discussed them with Teilhard when they were together in China, Africa, and the United States, sometimes in the course of their palcontological ficldwork. Drummond's name was mentioned in conversation, and Mrs Barbour took Teilhard to Union Theological Seminary in New York City to borrow the Ascent of Man from the library. But, according to Barbour, it was Drummond's ideas that interested Teilhard chiefly; he ‘needed urging’ to read the book. See Barbour, George B., In the Field with Teilhard de Chardin (New York: Herder and Herder, 1965)Google Scholar for the background of their twenty years as co-workers, during which they were together at the discovery of Peking man. On an important theme that Teilhard may well have discovered through Barbour in the Ascent of Man (cf. the text above at nn. 44, 46), see Anderson, John joseph, ‘Eros in Teilhard de Chardin: A Study in the Function of Eros in the Evolution of Love-Energy in Ultimate Christian Moral Motivation’ (Ph.D. diss., Fordham University, 1971)Google Scholar. Anderson concludes that, for Teilhard, eras and agape are complementary functions of Christian love, making the natural and the supernatural into a single, organic whole.

⁶⁷ Ravetz, Jerome R., ‘Tragedy in the History of Science’, in Teich, and Young, , eds., Changing Perspectives in the History of Science, p. 222.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Needham, , ‘Science, Religion, and Socialism’ (1935), in idem, Time: The. Refreshing River, pp. 65, 67–68.Google Scholar