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³ Anscombe, Elizabeth, ‘Modern Moral Philosophy,’ originally 1958Google Scholar; reprinted as 26–42 in Collected Philosophical Papers, Vol. III: Ethics, Religion and Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1981), 33–34Google Scholar; emphasis in original.

⁴ Geach, Peter, ‘The Moral Law and the Law of God,’ 117–130 in God and the Soul (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969).Google Scholar

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⁶ In what follows, I am particularly indebted to the discussions by Williams, Bernard in ‘A Critique of Utilitarianism,’ 77–150 in Utilitarianism for and Against, with Smart, J.J.C. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), 82–93Google Scholar, and by Williams, Bernard and Sen, Amartya in the ‘Introduction’ to their Utilitarianism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 1–21.Google Scholar

⁷ Bentham, Jeremy, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (New York: Macmillan, 1948Google Scholar; originally 1789).

⁸ Williams, Bernard, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 71–92.Google Scholar

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¹⁰ Ibid., 29–32.

¹¹ Ibid., 70, 170.

¹² Most notable of these is the theory developed by Moore, G.E., in Principia Ethica (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1903).Google Scholar

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¹⁵ Sen and Williams, 8.

¹⁶ I take the expression, ‘common morality,’ from Donagan, Alan, The Theory of Morality (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1977), 26–31.Google Scholar

¹⁷ For a helpful discussion of the relevant arguments, see Haber, Joram Graf, editor, Absolutism and its Consequentialist Critics (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994), 1–13.Google Scholar

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²⁰ For an example of this line of argument, see O'Connell, Timothy E., Principles for a Catholic Morality (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1990), 180–181.Google Scholar

²¹ Although O'Connell himself does not draw this conclusion; see 172– 173.

²² As Donagan apparently believes; see his ‘Consistency in Rationalist Moral Systems,’ The Joumal of Philosophy 81 (1984), 291–309Google Scholar, and compare his remarks in The Theory of Morality, 52–74.

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²⁵ Geach, 124; emphasis in the original.

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²⁸ Geach, 124.

²⁹ Ibid.

³⁰ Ibid.

³¹ For example, see Mouw, Richard J., The God Who Commands: A Study in Divine Command Ethics (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1990), 9.Google Scholar

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³³ See Barth, Karl, Church Dogmatics, Volume II, Part 2, originally 1942, translated by Bromiley, G. W. et al. , (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1957), 583–630.Google Scholar

³⁴ For a collection of relevant texts from the first five centuries of the Common Era, together with helpful commentary, see Swift, Louis J., editor, The Early Fathers on War and Military Service (Wilmington, Del.: Michael Glazier, 1983).Google Scholar

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³⁶ In addition to Meilaender and Mouw, see Adams, Robert Merrihew, ‘Divine Commands and the Social Nature of Obligation,’ Faith and Philosophy 4 (1987), 262–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³⁸ ‘Eritis Sicut Devs…’ 400; he is quoting Scheffler, 4.

³⁹ Ibid., 402.

⁴⁰ Ibid., 405.

⁴¹ Ibid., 407.

⁴² Ibid., 407–410.

⁴³ Ibid., 408.

⁴⁴ See Fletcher, , Situation Ethics, 57–102, 120–133.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Meilaender, 409.

⁴⁶ See Fletcher, , Situation Ethics, 134–145.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ See Glover 85–88 for a helpful summary of this argument.

⁴⁸ Rawls, 26, 27.

⁴⁹ Parfit, Derek, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), 275.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Ibid., 275.

⁵¹ Parfit argues this point in some detail; see 321–347.

⁵² In addition to Rawls, cited above, see Ramsey, Paul, Deeds and Rules in Christian Ethics (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1967), 123–144Google Scholar; Outka, Gene, Agape: An Ethical Analysis (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972), 7–54Google Scholar, 291–312; Donagan, , The Theory of Morality, 57–74Google Scholar, 210–243; and Fried, 28–53.)

⁵³ Fried, 14.

⁵⁴ Ibid., 20–21.

⁵⁵ Parfit, 453–454. For a more extensive argument, see Dumont, Louis, Essays on Individualism: Modern Ideology in Anthropological Perspective (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 23–59.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ On this much-discussed topic, see Outka, , Agape and more recently, ‘Universal Love and Impartiality,’ 1–103 in Santurri, Edmund N. and Werpehowski, William, editors, The Love Commandments: Essays in Christian Ethics and Moral Philosophy (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1992) for helpful and influential treat-ments.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Agape, 311–312, emphasis in the original; compare Ramsey, , Deeds and Rules in Christian Ethics, 104–122.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Mouw offers a helpful discussion of these objections, and possible responses to them, in The God Who Commands, 43–54.

⁵⁹ Adams, , ‘A Modified Divide Command Theory of Ethical Wrongness,’ 328.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Veritatis Splendor (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana; distributed through the Catholic Resource Network, Trinity Communications, Manassas, Virginia, 1992; no pagination). Paragraphs 80, 82.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Ibid., paragraph 80.

⁶² Grisez, 184; more generally, see 173–204.

⁶³ Donagan, , The Theory of Morality, 64.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Ramsey, , ‘The Case of the Curious Exception,’ 92.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ I am grateful to Joseph Blenkinsopp and Diane Yeager for many helpful comments on earlier drafts of this essay.