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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 February 2009
The word ‘soul’ is extraordinarily difficult to define. There was no generally agreed teaching about the soul in the Christian Church until the Middle Ages. According to Aquinas, who here as elsewhere follows Aristotle, the soul is an individual spiritual substance, the ‘form’ of the body. Both body and soul together constitute the human unity, though (here Aquinas appears to depart from Aristotle) the soul may be severed from the body and lead a separate existence, as happens after death. The separation, however, is not final, as the soul, in this differing from the angels, was made for the body.
page 274 note 1 Aquinas, , Sum. Theol. I, a.q. 45, etcGoogle Scholar.
page 274 note 2 Robinson, H. Wheeler, The Christian Doctrine of Man, pp. 14ffGoogle Scholar.
page 276 note 1 H. Wheeler Robinson, op. cit., pp. 104ff.
page 276 note 2 Mand. I.
page 276 note 3 Ad Autol. ii.10.
page 276 note 4 Adv. Haer. lxiii.2.
page 276 note 5 Philosoph. x.28ff.
page 276 note 6 De Imam. iii.
page 276 note 7 Strom, v. 10.63.
page 277 note 1 De Princip. iii.6.1.
page 277 note 2 ibid., i.8.1.
page 277 note 3 De Civ. Dei xiv.11.
page 277 note 4 Confess, vii.10, cf. x.
page 277 note 5 loc. cit.
page 277 note 6 Sum. c. Gent, ii.85.
page 278 note 1 Frag. 92 (Bywater).
page 278 note 2 Frag. 1.
page 278 note 3 Hymn of Cleanthes (ca. 331–232 B.C.), the pupil and successor of Zeno. Cf. Acts 17.28f.
page 278 note 4 vii.22ff.
page 278 note 5 Quod Deus Immut. 31; De Confus. Ling. 146.
page 278 note 6 De. Op. Mundi 146.
page 279 note 1 Apol. i.46.
page 279 note 2 in Joh. ii.3.
page 279 note 3 Social Psychology, p. 26.
page 281 note 1 Enn. v.2.1.
page 281 note 2 v.i.7.
page 281 note 3 iv.5.7.
page 281 note 4 e.g. by Karpp, Heinrich, Probleme altchrisllicher Anthropologie (1950), p. 136Google Scholar.
page 281 note 5 Inst. vii.5 (P.L. vi, col. 750).
page 282 note 1 Adv. Nationes II, 36 (CSEL, Vol. iv, 1875).
page 282 note 2 Crat. 400B, Gorgias 493A.
page 282 note 3 Phaedao 62c.
page 283 note 1 72E.
page 283 note 2 Wisdom 9.15.
page 283 note 3 De Somn. i.22; De Gigant. 3.
page 283 note 4 Seneca, Ep. lxvi.12.
page 284 note 1 Enn. iv.6.3; 8.7; v.i.II; i.8.14.
page 284 note 2 iii.4.3.
page 284 note 3 iv.3.4.
page 284 note 4 iv.9.
page 284 note 5 iii.6.6.
page 284 note 6 ibid.
page 284 note 7 iv.3.24.
page 285 note 1 De Princ. i.8.1.
page 285 note 2 i.9.2.
page 285 note 3 ii.8.3.
page 285 note 4 i.8.4.
page 285 note 5 He is clearly under the influence of Plato's Phacdrus (245–59).
page 286 note 1 iv.3.10.
page 286 note 2 i.8.1.
page 286 note 3 Bosanquet, , Value and Destiny of the Individual, p. 267Google Scholar.
page 287 note 1 e.g. Adv.Prax. vii.
page 288 note 1 De Anima, xix.
page 288 note 2 De Anima, xxii.
page 288 note 3 ibid., xli.
page 288 note 4 Strom. 5.14 (P.G. torn, ix, col. 140).
page 289 note 1 Patd. 3.1 (P.G. viii, col. 536). Cf. Karpp, Heinrich, Probleme altchristlkher Anthropologie (1950), pp. 96–97Google Scholar.
page 289 note 2 Epist. ad Marcellinum et Anapsychiam, i.i.
page 289 note 3 iv.5.
page 289 note 4 Ep. ad Hier. cxlii.8; clxvi.
page 289 note 5 De Opif. Dei, 19.
page 289 note 6 Liddon, H. P., Some Elements of Religion (6th edition, 1904), p. 99Google Scholar.
page 290 note 1 Ep. ad. Optatum, iv.14.
page 290 note 2 Ep. ad Hier. viii.26.
page 290 note 3 De Getusi ad litteram, x. 19–20.
page 290 note 4 De Res. xv.
page 290 note 5 Adv. Haer. ii.33.
page 290 note 6 De Opif. Dei, xix.
page 290 note 7 ibid., xvii.
page 290 note 8 Apost. Const, v.7, 20.
page 290 note 9 De Trin. x.20, 22. Tract, in cxviii Ps. litt. iv.
page 290 note 10 Comm. in Eccl. xii.
page 290 note ll Graec. Affect. Cur. Serm. 4 and 5.
page 290 note 12 Schol. de Inc. xxvi.
page 291 note 1 De Noe et Area, iv.9.
page 291 note 2 Ep. ad Marcellinum, vii.
page 291 note 3 Adv. Nationes (ca. 303–5), CSEL, vol. iv. 1875.
page 291 note 4 ii.40.
page 291 note 5 ii.36.
page 291 note 6 ii. 14.
page 291 note 7 ii.26.
page 291 note 8 See Bateson, W., Mendel's Principles of Heredity (1902), p. 5Google Scholar.
page 292 note 1 Sent. 1.II.dist. xviii, n.8.
page 292 note 2 Comm. in Gen. c. iii. Corp. Reform. t.LI, col. 62.
page 292 note 3 e.g. Althaus, Paul, Die Christliche Wahrheit, II (1948), 31, 5. ‘Schopfung bleibt Schöpfung, auch wenn sie durch den natürlichen Prozess der Fortpflanzung vermittelt’ (p. 91)Google Scholar.