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A Sense of Mission: The Alfred P. Sloan and Russell Sage Foundations' Behavioral Economics Program, 1984–1992

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 April 2012

Floris Heukelom
Floris Heukelom*
Affiliation:
Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected]
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Argument

The main contribution of the Alfred P. Sloan and Russell Sage Foundations' behavioral economics program (1984–1992) was not the resources it provided, which were relatively modest. Instead, the program's contribution lay in catalyzing “a sense of mission” in the collaboration between psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, economist Richard Thaler, and their associates. Partly this reflected the common strategy of American foundations to pick an individual or small group of scientists and stick with them until scientific success had been achieved. But moreover, it was a consequence of the careful management of the program's director Eric Wanner. The various actors involved in the behavioral economics program constructed a new behavioral economic sub-discipline in economics by tapping into existing missionary sentiments in the economic and psychological disciplines, while at the same time actively shaping this sense of mission.

Type
Research Article
Information
Science in Context , Volume 25 , Issue 2 , June 2012 , pp. 263 - 286
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

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References

References

Albert Rees Papers, Economists’ Papers Project, Duke University LibrariesGoogle Scholar
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, annual reports, 1980–2000Google Scholar
Eric Wanner, interview with the author, Russell Sage Foundation, New York City, 14 April, 2009Google Scholar
Eric Wanner, interview with the author, Russell Sage Foundation, New York City, 7 April, 2010Google Scholar
James March, email to the author, 4 April, 2010Google Scholar
Richard Thaler, email to the author, 14 January, 2009Google Scholar
Robyn Dawes – interview with the author, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, June 23, 2008Google Scholar
Russell Sage Archives, Rockefeller Foundation Archives, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Timothy Taylor, email to the author, 6 April, 2010Google Scholar
Angner, Erik and Loewenstein, George. Forthcoming. The Foundations of Behavioral Economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ashenfelter, Oorley. 1990. “Albert Rees: Teacher, Scholar, Public Servant.” Journal of Labor Economics 8 (1, Part 2: Essays in Honor of Albert Rees):S1–S3.Google Scholar
Ashenfelter, Orley and Pencavel, John. 2010. “Albert Rees and Chicago School of Economics.” In Elgar Companion to the Chicago School of Economics, edited by Emmet, Ross. E., 311–315Northampton: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Baumol, William Jack. 1951. “The Neumann-Morgenstern Utility Index – An Ordinalist View.” Journal of Political Economy 59 (1):61–66.Google Scholar
Bellugi, Ursula and William Brown, Roger. 1971. The Acquisition of Language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Berelson, Bernard Reuben. 1968. “Behavioral Sciences.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, edited by Sills, David L. and Merton, Robert K., 41–45. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Blaug, Mark. 2003. “The Formalist Revolution of the 1950s.” In The History of Economic Thought, edited by Samuels, Warren J., Biddle, Jeff E. and Davis, John B., 395–410. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Brown, Roger William. 1965. Social Psychology. New York: Collier Macmillan.Google Scholar
Camerer, Colin and Loewenstein, George. 2004. “Behavioral Economics: Past, Present, Future.” In Advances in Behavioral Economics, edited by Camerer, Colin, Loewenstein, George and Rabin, Matthew, 3–52. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cochrane, James L. 1979. Industrialism and Industrial Man in Retrospect. Michigan: Ford Foundation.Google Scholar
Cohen-Cole, Jamie. 2007. “Instituting the Science of Mind: Intellectual Economies and Disciplinary Exchange at Harvard's Center for Cognitive Studies.” British Journal for the History of Science 40 (4):567–597.Google Scholar
Crowther-Heyck, Hunter. 2005. Herbert A. Simon: The Bounds of Reason in Modern America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowther-Heyck, Hunter. 2006. “Patrons of the Revolution, Ideals and Institutions in Postwar Behavioral Science.” Isis 97:420–446.Google Scholar
Danziger, Kurt. 1997. Naming the Mind:, How Psychology Found Its Language. London: SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
De Bondt, Werner F. M. and Thaler, Richard H.. 1985. “Does the Stock Market Overreact?” Journal of Finance 40 (3):793–805.Google Scholar
Dowie, Mark. 2001. American Foundations, An Investigative History. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, Ward. 1954. “The Theory of Decision Making.” Psychological Bulletin 51:380–417.Google Scholar
Edwards, Ward. 1961. Behavioral decision theory. Annual Review of Psychology (12):473–498.Google Scholar
Emmet, Ross B., ed. 2010. The Elgar Companion to the Chicago School of Economics. Northampton: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Festinger, Leon and Katz, Daniel, eds. 1953. Research Methods in the Behavioral Sciences. Fort Worth: Dryden Press.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Craufurd David. 1998. “The Patrons of Economics in a Time of Transformation.” History of Political Economy Annual supplement:53–81.Google Scholar
Grossman, David M. 1982. “American Foundations and the Support of Economic Research, 1913–1929.” Minerva 20 (1–2):59–82.Google Scholar
Hammack, David C. and Wheeler, Santon, eds. 1994. Social Science in the Making: Essays on the Russell Sage Foundation, 1907–1972. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Hammond, Debora and Wilby, Jennifer. 2006. “The Life and Work of James Grier Miller.” Systems Research and Behavioral Science 23:429–435.Google Scholar
Hauptmann, Emily. 2006. “From Opposition to Accommodation: How Rockefeller Foundation Grants Redefined Relations between Political Theory and Social Science in the 1950s.” American Political Science Review 100 (4):643–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heukelom, Floris. 2010. “Measurement and Decision Making at the University of Michigan in the 1950s and 1960s.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 46 (2):187–205.Google Scholar
Heukelom, Floris. 2011a. “Building and Defining Behavioral Economics.” In Research in History of Economic Thought and Methodology, edited by Emmet, Ross E. and Bingley, Jeff E. Biddle, Emerald, . 29 (A):1–30.Google Scholar
Heukelom, Floris. 2011b. “What to Conclude from Psychological Experiments: The Contrasting Cases of Experimental and Behavioral Economics.” History of Political Economy 43 (4):649–682.Google Scholar
Heukelom, Floirs. 2012. “Three Explanations for the Kahneman-Tversky Programme of the 1970s.” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 19 (5).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Edgar and Rahman, Shahina. 2009. “The Maudsley Hospital and the Rockefeller Foundation: The Impact of Philanthropy on Research and Training.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 64 (3):273–299.Google Scholar
Juster, F. Thomas. 2004. “The Behavioral Study of Economics.” In A Telescope on Society, Survey Research & Social Science at the University of Michigan & Beyond, edited by House, James S., Juster, F. Thomas, Kahn, Robert L., Schuman, Howard and Singer, Eleanor, 119–130. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel. 1973. Attention and Effort. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel. 2002. Autobiography. http://nobelprize.org/economics/laureates/2002/kahneman-autobio.html (last accessed 2 November, 2011)Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, Amos. 1972. “Subjective Probability: A Judgment of Representativeness.” Cognitive Psychology 3:430–454.Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, Amos. 1973. “On the Psychology of Prediction.” Psychological Review 80:237–251.Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, Amos. 1979. “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk.” Econometrica 47:313–327.Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, Amos, eds. 2000. Choices, Values and Frames. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Leonard, Robert. 1991. Essays in the History of Economic Thought: Theory and Institutions in the Mid-Twentieth-Century Economics. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Levy, Clifford J. 1992. “Albert Rees, 71, Labor Economist And an Adviser to President Ford.” New York Times, September 7.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, George and Elster, Jon, eds. 1992. Choice over Time. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
McCleery, William. 1976. “A Conversation with Albert Rees.” Princeton Alumni Weekly. March 15:11–16.Google Scholar
Mills, John A. 1998. Control: A History of Behavioral Psychology. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Mirowski, Philip and Sent, Esther-Mirjam, eds. 2003. Science Bought and Sold: Essays in the Economics of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mirowski, Philip and Sent, Esther-Mirjam. 2008. “The Commercialization of Science and Response of STS.” In The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, edited by Hackett, Edward J., Amsterdamska, Olga, Lynch, Michael and Wajcman, Judy, 635–690. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Neumann, John von, and Morgenstern, Oskar. [1944] 2004. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pooley, Jefferson and Solovey, Mark. 2010. “Marginal to the Revolution: The Curious Relationship between Economics and the Behavioral Sciences Movement in Mid-Twentieth-Century America.” History of Political Economy 42 (annual supplement):199–233.Google Scholar
Porter, Theodore and Ross, Dorothy, eds. 2003. The Modern Social Sciences. Cambridge MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rees, Albert. 1963. “The Effects of Unions on Resource Allocation.” Journal of Law and Economics 6 (October):69–78.Google Scholar
Rees, Albert. 1973. The Economics of Work and Pay. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Rees, Albert. 1984. Striking a Balance, Making National Economic Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rees, Albert and Schultz, George Pratt. 1970. Workers and Wages in an Urban Labor Market. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rizvi, S. Abu Turab. 2003. “Postwar Neoclassical Microeconomics.” In The History of Economic Thought, edited by Samuels, Warren J., Biddle, Jeff E. and Davis, John B., 377–395. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Savage, Leonard Jimmy. 1954. The Foundations of Statistics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Scheiding, Thomas D. and Mata, Tiago. 2010. “The Only Disinterested Source of Funds’ – Embedded Science, Lobbying, and the NSF's Patronage of Social Science in the 1980s.” SSRN Working paper 1653482.Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas Crombie. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas Crombie. 1969. “Models of Segregation.” American Economic Review 59 (2):488–493.Google Scholar
Senn, Peter R. 1966. “What is ‘behavioral science’? — notes toward a history.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 2 (2):107–122.Google Scholar
Sent, Esther-Mirjam. 2004. “Behavioral Economics: How Psychology Made Its (limited) Way Back into Economics.” History of Political Economy 36 (4):735–760.Google Scholar
Shiller, Robert James. 1989. Market Volatility. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Shiller, Robert James. 2000. Irrational Exuberance. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Simon, Herbert Alexander. 1955. “A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 69 (1):99–118.Google Scholar
Simon, Herbert Alexander. 1959. “Theories of Decision-Making in Economics and Behavioral Sciences.” American Economic Review 49 (1):253–283.Google Scholar
Simon, Herbert Alexander. 1962. “New Developments in the Theory of the Firm.” American Economic Review 52 (3):1–15.Google Scholar
Solovey, Mark. 2001. “Project Camelot and the 1960s Epistemological Revolution: Rethinking the Politics-Patronage-Social Science Nexus.” Social Studies of Science 31:171–206.Google Scholar
Solovey, Mark. 2004. “Riding Natural Scientists’ Coattails onto the Endless Frontier: The SSRC and the Quest for Scientific Legitimacy.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 40 (4):393–422.Google Scholar
Sutton, Francis X. 1987. “The Ford Foundation: The Early Years.” Daedalus 116 (1):41–91.Google Scholar
Thaler, Richard, ed. 1992. The Winners Curse: Paradoxes and Anomalies of Economic Life. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Thaler, Richard, ed. 1993. Advances in Behavioral Finance. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Thaler, Richard. 1991. Quasi Rational Economics. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Tversky, Amos. 1967. “Utility Theory and Additivity Analysis of Risky Choices.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 75 (1):27–36.Google Scholar
Tversky, Amos. 1969. “The Intransitivity of Preferences.” Psychological Review 76:31–48.Google Scholar
Tversky, Amos. 1972. “Elimination by Aspects: A Theory of Choice.” Psychological Review 79:218–299.Google Scholar
Tversky, Amos and Kahneman, Daniel. 1971. “Belief in the Law of Small Numbers.” Psychological Bulletin 76:105–110.Google Scholar
Tversky, Amos and Kahneman, Daniel. 1973. “Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability.” Cognitive Psychology 5:207–232.Google Scholar
Tversky, Amos and Kahneman, Daniel. 1974. “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.” Science 185:1124–1131.Google Scholar
Wanner, Eric. 1973. “Do We Understand Sentences from the Outside-in or from the Inside-out?” Daedalus 102 (3 Language as a Human Problem):163–183.Google Scholar
Wanner, Eric. 1974. On Remembering, Forgetting, and Understanding Sentences. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Wanner, Eric and Gleitman, Lila R., eds. 1982. Language Acquisition, the State of the Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wanner, Eric and Shiner, Sandra. 1976. “Measuring Transient Memory Load.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 15:159–167.Google Scholar
Wanner, Eric, Shiner, Sandra, and Kaplan, Ronald M.. 1975. Garden Paths in Relative Clauses. S.L.: S.N.Google Scholar
Weaver, Warren. 1967. U.S. Philanthropic Foundations: Their History, Structure, Management, and Record. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Wheeler, Stanton. 1994. “The Commitment to Social Science: A Case Study of Organizational Innovation.” In Social Science in the Making: Essays on the Russell Sage Foundation, 1907–1972, edited by Hammack, David. C. and Wheeler, Stanton, 81–139. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Wright, Patricia, and Kahneman, Daniel. 1971. “Evidence for Alternative Strategies of Sentence Retention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 23:197–213.Google Scholar
Albert Rees Papers, Economists’ Papers Project, Duke University LibrariesGoogle Scholar
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, annual reports, 1980–2000Google Scholar
Eric Wanner, interview with the author, Russell Sage Foundation, New York City, 14 April, 2009Google Scholar
Eric Wanner, interview with the author, Russell Sage Foundation, New York City, 7 April, 2010Google Scholar
James March, email to the author, 4 April, 2010Google Scholar
Richard Thaler, email to the author, 14 January, 2009Google Scholar
Robyn Dawes – interview with the author, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, June 23, 2008Google Scholar
Russell Sage Archives, Rockefeller Foundation Archives, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Timothy Taylor, email to the author, 6 April, 2010Google Scholar
Angner, Erik and Loewenstein, George. Forthcoming. The Foundations of Behavioral Economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ashenfelter, Oorley. 1990. “Albert Rees: Teacher, Scholar, Public Servant.” Journal of Labor Economics 8 (1, Part 2: Essays in Honor of Albert Rees):S1–S3.Google Scholar
Ashenfelter, Orley and Pencavel, John. 2010. “Albert Rees and Chicago School of Economics.” In Elgar Companion to the Chicago School of Economics, edited by Emmet, Ross. E., 311–315Northampton: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Baumol, William Jack. 1951. “The Neumann-Morgenstern Utility Index – An Ordinalist View.” Journal of Political Economy 59 (1):61–66.Google Scholar
Bellugi, Ursula and William Brown, Roger. 1971. The Acquisition of Language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Berelson, Bernard Reuben. 1968. “Behavioral Sciences.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, edited by Sills, David L. and Merton, Robert K., 41–45. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Blaug, Mark. 2003. “The Formalist Revolution of the 1950s.” In The History of Economic Thought, edited by Samuels, Warren J., Biddle, Jeff E. and Davis, John B., 395–410. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Brown, Roger William. 1965. Social Psychology. New York: Collier Macmillan.Google Scholar
Camerer, Colin and Loewenstein, George. 2004. “Behavioral Economics: Past, Present, Future.” In Advances in Behavioral Economics, edited by Camerer, Colin, Loewenstein, George and Rabin, Matthew, 3–52. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cochrane, James L. 1979. Industrialism and Industrial Man in Retrospect. Michigan: Ford Foundation.Google Scholar
Cohen-Cole, Jamie. 2007. “Instituting the Science of Mind: Intellectual Economies and Disciplinary Exchange at Harvard's Center for Cognitive Studies.” British Journal for the History of Science 40 (4):567–597.Google Scholar
Crowther-Heyck, Hunter. 2005. Herbert A. Simon: The Bounds of Reason in Modern America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowther-Heyck, Hunter. 2006. “Patrons of the Revolution, Ideals and Institutions in Postwar Behavioral Science.” Isis 97:420–446.Google Scholar
Danziger, Kurt. 1997. Naming the Mind:, How Psychology Found Its Language. London: SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
De Bondt, Werner F. M. and Thaler, Richard H.. 1985. “Does the Stock Market Overreact?” Journal of Finance 40 (3):793–805.Google Scholar
Dowie, Mark. 2001. American Foundations, An Investigative History. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, Ward. 1954. “The Theory of Decision Making.” Psychological Bulletin 51:380–417.Google Scholar
Edwards, Ward. 1961. Behavioral decision theory. Annual Review of Psychology (12):473–498.Google Scholar
Emmet, Ross B., ed. 2010. The Elgar Companion to the Chicago School of Economics. Northampton: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Festinger, Leon and Katz, Daniel, eds. 1953. Research Methods in the Behavioral Sciences. Fort Worth: Dryden Press.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Craufurd David. 1998. “The Patrons of Economics in a Time of Transformation.” History of Political Economy Annual supplement:53–81.Google Scholar
Grossman, David M. 1982. “American Foundations and the Support of Economic Research, 1913–1929.” Minerva 20 (1–2):59–82.Google Scholar
Hammack, David C. and Wheeler, Santon, eds. 1994. Social Science in the Making: Essays on the Russell Sage Foundation, 1907–1972. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Hammond, Debora and Wilby, Jennifer. 2006. “The Life and Work of James Grier Miller.” Systems Research and Behavioral Science 23:429–435.Google Scholar
Hauptmann, Emily. 2006. “From Opposition to Accommodation: How Rockefeller Foundation Grants Redefined Relations between Political Theory and Social Science in the 1950s.” American Political Science Review 100 (4):643–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heukelom, Floris. 2010. “Measurement and Decision Making at the University of Michigan in the 1950s and 1960s.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 46 (2):187–205.Google Scholar
Heukelom, Floris. 2011a. “Building and Defining Behavioral Economics.” In Research in History of Economic Thought and Methodology, edited by Emmet, Ross E. and Bingley, Jeff E. Biddle, Emerald, . 29 (A):1–30.Google Scholar
Heukelom, Floris. 2011b. “What to Conclude from Psychological Experiments: The Contrasting Cases of Experimental and Behavioral Economics.” History of Political Economy 43 (4):649–682.Google Scholar
Heukelom, Floirs. 2012. “Three Explanations for the Kahneman-Tversky Programme of the 1970s.” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 19 (5).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Edgar and Rahman, Shahina. 2009. “The Maudsley Hospital and the Rockefeller Foundation: The Impact of Philanthropy on Research and Training.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 64 (3):273–299.Google Scholar
Juster, F. Thomas. 2004. “The Behavioral Study of Economics.” In A Telescope on Society, Survey Research & Social Science at the University of Michigan & Beyond, edited by House, James S., Juster, F. Thomas, Kahn, Robert L., Schuman, Howard and Singer, Eleanor, 119–130. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel. 1973. Attention and Effort. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel. 2002. Autobiography. http://nobelprize.org/economics/laureates/2002/kahneman-autobio.html (last accessed 2 November, 2011)Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, Amos. 1972. “Subjective Probability: A Judgment of Representativeness.” Cognitive Psychology 3:430–454.Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, Amos. 1973. “On the Psychology of Prediction.” Psychological Review 80:237–251.Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, Amos. 1979. “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk.” Econometrica 47:313–327.Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, Amos, eds. 2000. Choices, Values and Frames. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Leonard, Robert. 1991. Essays in the History of Economic Thought: Theory and Institutions in the Mid-Twentieth-Century Economics. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Levy, Clifford J. 1992. “Albert Rees, 71, Labor Economist And an Adviser to President Ford.” New York Times, September 7.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, George and Elster, Jon, eds. 1992. Choice over Time. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
McCleery, William. 1976. “A Conversation with Albert Rees.” Princeton Alumni Weekly. March 15:11–16.Google Scholar
Mills, John A. 1998. Control: A History of Behavioral Psychology. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Mirowski, Philip and Sent, Esther-Mirjam, eds. 2003. Science Bought and Sold: Essays in the Economics of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mirowski, Philip and Sent, Esther-Mirjam. 2008. “The Commercialization of Science and Response of STS.” In The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, edited by Hackett, Edward J., Amsterdamska, Olga, Lynch, Michael and Wajcman, Judy, 635–690. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Neumann, John von, and Morgenstern, Oskar. [1944] 2004. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pooley, Jefferson and Solovey, Mark. 2010. “Marginal to the Revolution: The Curious Relationship between Economics and the Behavioral Sciences Movement in Mid-Twentieth-Century America.” History of Political Economy 42 (annual supplement):199–233.Google Scholar
Porter, Theodore and Ross, Dorothy, eds. 2003. The Modern Social Sciences. Cambridge MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rees, Albert. 1963. “The Effects of Unions on Resource Allocation.” Journal of Law and Economics 6 (October):69–78.Google Scholar
Rees, Albert. 1973. The Economics of Work and Pay. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Rees, Albert. 1984. Striking a Balance, Making National Economic Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rees, Albert and Schultz, George Pratt. 1970. Workers and Wages in an Urban Labor Market. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rizvi, S. Abu Turab. 2003. “Postwar Neoclassical Microeconomics.” In The History of Economic Thought, edited by Samuels, Warren J., Biddle, Jeff E. and Davis, John B., 377–395. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Savage, Leonard Jimmy. 1954. The Foundations of Statistics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Scheiding, Thomas D. and Mata, Tiago. 2010. “The Only Disinterested Source of Funds’ – Embedded Science, Lobbying, and the NSF's Patronage of Social Science in the 1980s.” SSRN Working paper 1653482.Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas Crombie. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas Crombie. 1969. “Models of Segregation.” American Economic Review 59 (2):488–493.Google Scholar
Senn, Peter R. 1966. “What is ‘behavioral science’? — notes toward a history.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 2 (2):107–122.Google Scholar
Sent, Esther-Mirjam. 2004. “Behavioral Economics: How Psychology Made Its (limited) Way Back into Economics.” History of Political Economy 36 (4):735–760.Google Scholar
Shiller, Robert James. 1989. Market Volatility. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Shiller, Robert James. 2000. Irrational Exuberance. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Simon, Herbert Alexander. 1955. “A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 69 (1):99–118.Google Scholar
Simon, Herbert Alexander. 1959. “Theories of Decision-Making in Economics and Behavioral Sciences.” American Economic Review 49 (1):253–283.Google Scholar
Simon, Herbert Alexander. 1962. “New Developments in the Theory of the Firm.” American Economic Review 52 (3):1–15.Google Scholar
Solovey, Mark. 2001. “Project Camelot and the 1960s Epistemological Revolution: Rethinking the Politics-Patronage-Social Science Nexus.” Social Studies of Science 31:171–206.Google Scholar
Solovey, Mark. 2004. “Riding Natural Scientists’ Coattails onto the Endless Frontier: The SSRC and the Quest for Scientific Legitimacy.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 40 (4):393–422.Google Scholar
Sutton, Francis X. 1987. “The Ford Foundation: The Early Years.” Daedalus 116 (1):41–91.Google Scholar
Thaler, Richard, ed. 1992. The Winners Curse: Paradoxes and Anomalies of Economic Life. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Thaler, Richard, ed. 1993. Advances in Behavioral Finance. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Thaler, Richard. 1991. Quasi Rational Economics. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Tversky, Amos. 1967. “Utility Theory and Additivity Analysis of Risky Choices.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 75 (1):27–36.Google Scholar
Tversky, Amos. 1969. “The Intransitivity of Preferences.” Psychological Review 76:31–48.Google Scholar
Tversky, Amos. 1972. “Elimination by Aspects: A Theory of Choice.” Psychological Review 79:218–299.Google Scholar
Tversky, Amos and Kahneman, Daniel. 1971. “Belief in the Law of Small Numbers.” Psychological Bulletin 76:105–110.Google Scholar
Tversky, Amos and Kahneman, Daniel. 1973. “Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability.” Cognitive Psychology 5:207–232.Google Scholar
Tversky, Amos and Kahneman, Daniel. 1974. “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.” Science 185:1124–1131.Google Scholar
Wanner, Eric. 1973. “Do We Understand Sentences from the Outside-in or from the Inside-out?” Daedalus 102 (3 Language as a Human Problem):163–183.Google Scholar
Wanner, Eric. 1974. On Remembering, Forgetting, and Understanding Sentences. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Wanner, Eric and Gleitman, Lila R., eds. 1982. Language Acquisition, the State of the Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wanner, Eric and Shiner, Sandra. 1976. “Measuring Transient Memory Load.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 15:159–167.Google Scholar
Wanner, Eric, Shiner, Sandra, and Kaplan, Ronald M.. 1975. Garden Paths in Relative Clauses. S.L.: S.N.Google Scholar
Weaver, Warren. 1967. U.S. Philanthropic Foundations: Their History, Structure, Management, and Record. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Wheeler, Stanton. 1994. “The Commitment to Social Science: A Case Study of Organizational Innovation.” In Social Science in the Making: Essays on the Russell Sage Foundation, 1907–1972, edited by Hammack, David. C. and Wheeler, Stanton, 81–139. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Wright, Patricia, and Kahneman, Daniel. 1971. “Evidence for Alternative Strategies of Sentence Retention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 23:197–213.Google Scholar