Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T22:57:00.491Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Receding Animal: Theorizing Anxiety and Attachment in Psychoanalysis from Freud to Imre Hermann

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 February 2016

Lydia Marinelli  and
Andreas Mayer
Lydia Marinelli
Affiliation:
Centre Alexandre Koyré – Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS-EHESS E-mail: [email protected]
Andreas Mayer
Affiliation:
Centre Alexandre Koyré – Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS-EHESS E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Argument

Animals played an important role in the formation of psychoanalysis as a theoretical and therapeutic enterprise. They are at the core of texts such as Freud's famous case histories of Little Hans, the Rat Man, or the Wolf Man. The infantile anxiety triggered by animals provided the essential link between the psychology of individual neuroses and the ambivalent status of the “totem” animal in so-called primitive societies in Freud's attempt to construct an anthropological basis for the Oedipus complex in Totem and Taboo. In the following, we attempt to track the status of animals as objects of indirect observation as they appear in Freud's classical texts, and in later revisionist accounts such as Otto Rank's Trauma of Birth and Imre Hermann's work on the clinging instinct. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Freudian conception of patients' animal phobias is substantially revised within Hermann's original psychoanalytic theory of instincts which draws heavily upon ethological observations of primates. Although such a reformulation remains grounded in the idea of “archaic” animal models for human development, it allows to a certain extent to empiricize the speculative elements of Freud's later instinct theory (notably the death instinct) and to come to a more embodied account of psychoanalytic practice.

Type
Research Article
Information
Science in Context , Volume 29 , Issue 1: Animal-Man Relations , March 2016 , pp. 55 - 76
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amouroux, Rémy. 2012. Marie Bonaparte. Entre biologie et freudisme. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.Google Scholar
Bonaparte, Marie. 1994. Topsy: The Story of a Golden-Haired Chow. With a new introduction by Gary Genosko. London: Transaction.Google Scholar
Bowlby, John. 1989. “Psychoanalysis as a Natural Science.” In Dimensions of Psychoanalysis, edited by Sandler, Joseph, 99–121. London: Karnac Books.Google Scholar
Brabant, Eva, ed. 2007. Imre Hermann et la théorie du cramponnement. Special issue of Le Coq-Héron, no. 188.Google Scholar
Buytendijk, Frederik Jacobus Johannes. 1933. Wesen und Sinn des Spiels: Das Spielen des Menschen und der Tiere als Erscheinungsform der Lebenstriebe. Berlin: Der Neue Geist.Google Scholar
Burt, Jonathan. 2006. “Solly Zuckerman: The Making of a Primatological Career in Britain, 1925–1945.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 37 (2):295–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Csillag, Mária. 1989. “Imre Hermann as a Man.” In Memorial Conference on the Centennial of Imre Hermann's Birth: Hermann's Place in the Contemporary Psychoanalytic Theory, 16–19. Budapest.Google Scholar
Deleuze, Gilles, and Guattari, Félix. 1987. A Thousand Plateaus. Translated by Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.Google Scholar
Eysenck, Hans. 1986. Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Fenichel, Otto. [1935]1953. “A Critique of the Death Instinct.” In Collected Papers, 1st Series, edited by Fenichel, Hanna and Rapaport, David, 363–72. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Ferenczi, Sàndor. [1909]1952. “Introjection and Transference.” In First Contributions to Psychoanalysis, edited by Ferenczi, Sandor; translated by Jones, Ernest, 35–93. New York: Brunner and Mazel.Google Scholar
Ferenczi, Sàndor. [1913]1952. “A Little Chanticleer.” In First Contributions to Psychoanalysis, edited by Ferenczi, Sandor; translated by Jones, Ernest, 204–252. New York: Brunner and Mazel.Google Scholar
Ferenczi, Sàndor, and Rank, Otto. [1924]1925. The Development of Psychoanalysis. Washington DC: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Fonagy, Peter. 2001. Attachment Theory and Psychoanalysis. New York: Other Press.Google Scholar
Forrester, John. 1980. Language and the Origins of Psychoanalysis. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 1900. The Interpretation of Dreams. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, translated and edited by Strachey, James [hereafter SE], vol. 4–5. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 1905. “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.” In SE, vol. 7, 125–248.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 1908. “On the Sexual Theories of Children.” In SE, vol. 9, 205–226.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 1909. “Analysis of a Phobia in Five-year-old Boy.” In SE, vol. 10, 1–152.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 1913. “Totem and Taboo. Some Points of Agreement between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics.” In SE, vol. 13, 1–162.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 1916–17. Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (Parts I and II). SE vol. 15.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. [1914]1918. “From the History of an Infantile Neurosis.” In SE, vol. 17, 1–124.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 1920. “Beyond the Pleasure Principle.” In SE, vol. 18, 1–66.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 1921. “Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego.” In SE, vol. 18, 65–143.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 1926. “Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety.” In SE, vol. 20, 77–178.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund, and Ferenczi, Sándor. 1992. The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi. Volume 1, 1908–1914. Edited by Brabant, Eva, Falzeder, Ernst, and Giampieri-Deutsch, Patricia; translated by Hoffer, Peter T.. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Genosko, Gary. 1993. “Freud's Bestiary: How Does Psychoanalysis Treat Animals?” Psychoanalytic Review 80 (4):603–632.Google ScholarPubMed
Geröly, Stefan. 1963. “Die Theorie des primären Anklammerungstriebes nach Imre Hermann: Ein Beitrag zur psychoanalytischen Theorie der Objektbeziehungen und des Kontaktverhaltens.” Ph.D. diss. München. Ujvary: Greif.Google Scholar
Geyskens, Thomas, and Haute, Philippe van. 2007. From Death Instinct to Attachment Theory: The Primacy of the Child in Freud, Klein, and Hermann. New York: Other Press.Google Scholar
Ginzburg, Carlo. 1989. “Freud, the Wolf-Man, and the Werewolves.” In Clues, Myths, and the Historical Method, translated by Tedeschi, John and Anne, 146–55. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacking, Ian. 1998. Mad Travelers: Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illnesses. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Harmat, Paul. 1986. “Leben und Werk von Imre Hermann.” Psyche 40 (7):640–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Hermann, Imre. 1923. “Zur Psychologie der Schimpansen.” Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse 9:80–87.Google Scholar
Hermann, Imre. 1926. “Modelle zu den Ödipus- und Kastrationskomplexen bei Affen.” Imago. Zeitschrift für Anwendung der Psychoanalyse auf die Geisteswissenschaften 12:59–69.Google Scholar
Hermann, Imre. 1931. “Zur Psychologie eines Gorilla-Kindes.” Psychoanalytische Bewegung 3 (1):38–40.Google Scholar
Hermann, Imre. 1934. Die Psychoanalyse als Methode. Wien: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag.Google Scholar
Hermann, Imre. 1935. “Das Unbewußte und die Triebe vom Standpunkte einer Wirbeltheorie”. Imago. Zeitschrift für Anwendung der Psychoanalyse auf die Geisteswissenschaften 21, 412–428.Google Scholar
Hermann, Imre. [1936] 1976. “Clinging — Going-in-Search: A Contrasting Pair of Instincts and their Relation to Sadism and Masochism.” Translated by Nunberg, Margaret and Hartman, Frank R.. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 45 (1):5–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermann, Imre. 1943. Az ember ösi ösztönei: Összehasonlitó vizsgálatok a pszichoanalízis és föemlösök biológiája alapján [The primal instincts of Man. Comparative Investigations based on Psychoanalysis and the Biology of primates]. Budapest: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Hermann, Imre. 1972. L'instinct filial. Paris: Denoel.Google Scholar
Hermann, Imre, and Hermann-Cziner, Alice. 1923. “Zur Entwicklungspsychologie des Umgehens mit Gegenständen: Eine experimentell-psychologische Untersuchungs zum Hebelprinzip.” Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie 22:337–386.Google Scholar
Jones, Ernest. 1955. Sigmund Freud. Life and Work. Volume II: Years of Maturity 1901–1919. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Kächele, Horst. 2010. “A Hungarian Precursor of Attachment Theory: Ferenczi's Successor, Imre Hermann.” American Imago 66 (4):419–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, David, and Révész, Géza. 1907. “Experimentell-psychologische Untersuchungen mit Hühnern.” Zeitschrift für Psychologie 50:93–116.Google Scholar
Kellogg, Winthrop, and Kellogg, Luella. 1933. The Ape and the Child: A Study of Environmental Influence Upon Early Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Melanie. 1928. “Early Stages of the Oedipus Conflict.” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 9:167–180.Google Scholar
Kofman, Sarah. [1980]1985. The Enigma of Woman: Woman in Freud's Writings. Translated by Porter, Catherine. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Köhler, Wolfgang. 1921. Intelligenzprüfung an Menschenaffen. 2nd ed. Berlin: Julius Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, James E. 1985. Acts of Will: The Life and Work of Otto Rank. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lieberman, James E., and Kramer, James. 2012. The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Otto Rank: Inside Psychoanalysis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lunbeck, Elizabeth. 2011. “Empathy as a Psychoanalytic Mode of Observation: Between Sentiment and Science.” In Histories of Scientific Observation, edited by Daston, Lorraine and Lunbeck, Elizabeth, 255–275. Chicago, London: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Marinelli, Lydia, and Mayer, Andreas. [2002]2003. Dreaming by the Book: Freud's ‘The Interpretation of Dreams’ and the History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. Translated by Fairfield, Susan. New York: Other Press.Google Scholar
Mayer, Andreas. 2006. “Lost Objects: A Genealogy of the Psychoanalytic Setting.” Science in Context 19 (1):37–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, Andreas. 2013. Sites of the Unconscious: Hypnosis and the Emergence of the Psychoanalytic Setting. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGrath, William. 1986. Freud's Discovery of Psychoanalysis: The Politics of Hysteria. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Memorial Conference on the centennial of Imre Hermann's birth. 11–12 November 1989. Budapest: Hungarian Psychoanalytic Society.Google Scholar
Molnar, Michael. 1996. “Of Dogs and Doggerel.” American Imago 53 (3):269–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nunberg, Hermann, and Federn, Ernst, eds. 1967. Minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, vol. 2: 1908–1910. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Nunberg, Hermann, and Federn, Ernst. 1975. Minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, vol. 4: 1912–1918. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Nunberg, Hermann, and Federn, Ernst. 1981. Protokolle der Wiener Psychoanalytischen Vereinigung, vol. 4: 1912–1918. Frankfurt/Main: S. Fischer.Google Scholar
Rank, Otto. [1924]1988. Das Trauma der Geburt und seine Bedeutung für die Psychoanalyse. Frankfurt/Main: Fischer.Google Scholar
Rank, Otto. [1929]1994. The Trauma of Birth. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
Reiser, Lynn W. 1987. “Topsy – Living and Dying: A Footnote to History.” Psychoanalytic Quarterly 56:667–688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Révész, Géza. [1944]1958. The Human Hand: A Psychological Study. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Roheim, Geza, and Stoll, Otto. 1908. Das Geschlechtsleben in der Völkerpsychologie. Leipzig: Veit.Google Scholar
Roheim, Geza. 1921. “Das Selbst.” Imago 7:33–34, 142-179, 310–348, 453–504.Google Scholar
Rudnytsky, Peter. 1987. Freud and Oedipus. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schorske, Carl E. 1979. “Politics and Patricide in Freud's Interpretation of Dreams.” In Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture, 328–47. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Shapira, Michal. 2013. The War Inside: Psychoanalysis, Total War, and the Making of the Democratic Self in Postwar Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storfer, Adolf. 1931. “Über psychoanalytische Tierpsychologie.” Psychoanalytische Bewegung 3 (1): 40–52.Google Scholar
Vicedo, Marga. 2013. The Nature and Nurture of Love: From Imprinting in Ducks to Attachment in Infants. Chicago, London: Chicago University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wakefield, Jerome C. 2007. “Max Graf's ‘Reminiscences of Professor Sigmund Freud’ Revisited: New Evidence from the Freud Archives.” Psychoanalytic Quarterly 76:149–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolpe, Joseph, and Rachman, Stanley. 1960. “Psychoanalytic Evidence: A Critique Based on Freud's Case of Little Hans.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 131: 135–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yerkes, Robert M. 1927. The Mind of a Gorilla. Genetic Psychology Monographs, Vol. 2. Clark University, Worcester MA.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, Solly. 1932. The Social Life of Monkeys and Apes. London: Harcourt, Brace.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, Solly. 1933. Functional Affinities of Man, Monkeys, and Apes: A Study of the Bearings of Physiology and Behaviour on the Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Lemurs, Monkeys, Apes, and Man. London: Kegan Paul.Google Scholar