Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T15:09:55.571Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Models of Temporal Discounting 1937–2000: An Interdisciplinary Exchange between Economics and Psychology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2015

Till Grüne-Yanoff
Till Grüne-Yanoff*
Affiliation:
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm; TINT Finnish Centre of Excellence in the Philosophy of Social Science, Helsinki E-mail address: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Argument

Today's models of temporal discounting are the result of multiple interdisciplinary exchanges between psychology and economics. Although these exchanges did not result in an integrated discipline, they had important effects on all disciplines involved. The paper describes these exchanges from the 1930s onwards, focusing on two episodes in particular: an attempted synthesis by psychiatrist George Ainslie and others in the 1970s; and the attempted application of this new discounting model by a generation of economists and psychologists in the 1980s, which ultimately ended in the diversity of measurements disappointment. I draw four main conclusions. First, multiple notions of temporal discounting must be conceptually distinguished. Second, behavioral economics is not an integration or unification of psychology and economics. Third, the analysis identifies some central disciplinary markers that distinguish modeling strategies in economics and psychology. Finally, it offers a case of interdisciplinary success that does not fit the currently dominant account of interdisciplinarity as integration.

Type
Research Article
Information
Science in Context , Volume 28 , Issue 4 , December 2015 , pp. 675 - 713
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Ainslie, George, email to author, 29.2.2012.Google Scholar
Ainslie, George, interview with author, Schnader & Harrison Law Offices, Philadelphia, 27.03.2013.Google Scholar
Ainslie, George, Alfred, P. Sloan Foundation seminar notes, New York, dated 20.5.1985.Google Scholar
Laibson, David, email to author, 20.8.2013.Google Scholar
Northwestern University. 2009. Biographical note of Robert Henry Strotz. Northwestern University Archives. http://exhibits.library.northwestern.edu/archives/exhibits/presidents/strotz.html. Last accessed January 25th, 2015.Google Scholar
Walter, Mischel, email to author, 10.3.2015.Google Scholar
Ainslie, George. 1974. “Impulse Control in Pigeons.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21:485–489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainslie, George. 1975. “Specious Reward: A Behavioral Theory of Impulsiveness and Impulse Control.” Psychological Bulletin 82 (4):463–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainslie, George. 1986. “Beyond Microeconomics: Conflict among Interests in a Multiple Self as a Determinant of Value.” In The Multiple Self, edited by Elster, Jon, 133–175. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ainslie, George. 1991. “Intertemporal Choice. Derivation of ‘Rational’ Economic Behavior from Hyperbolic Discount Curves.” American Economic Review 81:334–340.Google Scholar
Ainslie, George. 1992. Picoeconomics: The Strategic Interaction of Successive Motivational States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ainslie, George. 2001. Breakdown of the Will. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainslie, George. 2012. “Pure Hyperbolic Discount Curves Predict ‘Eyes Open’ Self-Control.” Theory and Decision 73:3–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainslie, George. 2013a. “Grasping the Impalpable: The Role of Endogenous Reward in Choices, including Process Addictions.” Inquiry 56 (5):446–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainslie, George. 2013b. “Intertemporal Bargaining in Addiction.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 4:1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainslie, George, and Varda, Haendel. 1983. “The Motives of the Will.” In Etiologic Aspects of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, edited by Gottheil, Edward and Druley, Keith A., 119–40. Springfield IL:C. C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Ainslie, George, and Elmer, J. Schafer. 1981. “The Application of Economic Concepts to the Motivational Conflict in Alcoholism.” In Matching Patient Needs and Treatment Methods in Alcoholism and Drug Abuse, edited by Thomas McLellan, Andrew and Druley, Keith A., 215–45. Springfield IL: C. C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Baum, William M. 2002. “The Harvard Pigeon Lab under Herrnstein.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 77:347–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benzion, Uri, Amnon, Rapoport, and Joseph, Yagil. 1989. “Discount Rates Inferred From Decisions: An Experimental Study.” Management Science 35:270–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boakes, Robert A. 2009. “Learning Theory and the Cognitive Revolution, 1961–1971: A Personal Perspective.” In Inside Psychology: A Science over 50 Years, edited by Rabbitt, Patrick, 37–47. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Camerer, Colin. 1999. “Behavioral Economics: Reunifying Psychology and Economics.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (19):10575–10577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catania, A. Charles. 2002. “The Watershed Years of 1958–1962 in the Harvard Pigeon Lab.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 77 (3):327–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, Shin-Ho. 1965. “Effects of Delayed Reinforcement in a Concurrent Choice Situation.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 8:439–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, Shin-Ho and Richard, J. Herrnstein. 1967. “Choice and Delay of Reinforcement.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 10:67–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, John B. 2013. “Economics Imperialism under the Impact of Psychology: The Case of Behavioral Development Economics.” Œconomia 2013 (1):119–138.Google Scholar
Eigsti, Inge-Marie, Vivian, Zayas, Walter, Mischel, Yuichi, Shoda, Ozlem, Ayduk, Mamta, B. Dadlani, Matthew, C. Davidson, Aber, J. Lawrence and Casey, B. J. 2006. “Predicting Cognitive Control From Preschool to Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood.” Psychological Science 17 (6):478–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellingsen, Tore. 1994. “Cardinal Utility: A History of Hedonimetry.” In Cardinalism: A Fundamental Approach, edited by Allais, Maurice and Hagen, Ole, 105–165. Kluwer Academic Publisher. Netherlands: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elster, Jon, ed. 1986. The Multiple Self. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ferster Charles, B. 1970. “Schedules of Reinforcement with Skinner.” In Festschrift for B. F. Skinner, edited by Dews, Peter B., and Frederic Skinner, Burrhus, 37–46. New York: Irvington.Google Scholar
Fishburn, Peter C. 1989. “Retrospective on the Utility Theory of von Neumann and Morgenstern.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 2 (2):127–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishburn, Peter C., and Ariel, Rubinstein. 1982. “Time Preference.” International Economic Review 232:677–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, Irving. [1930] 1965. The Theory of Interest. New York: Kelley.Google Scholar
Frederick, Shane, George, Loewenstein, and Ted, O'Donoghue. 2002. “Time Discounting and Time Preference: A Critical Review.” Journal of Economic Literature 40 (2):351–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frey, Bruno. S., and Alois, Stutzer. 2001. “Economics and Psychology: From Imperialistic to Inspired Economics.” Revue de philosophie économique 4:5–22.Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, Gerd, and Peter, M. Todd. 1999. Simple Heuristics that Make Us Smart. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Giocoli, Nicola. 2003. Modeling Rational Agents: From Interwar Economics to Early Modern Game Theory. Cheltenham: Edward ElgarCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, Steven Marc. 1979. “Intertemporally Inconsistent Preferences and the Rate of Consumption.” Econometrica 47 (3):621–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Vallejo, Claudia, Aaron, A. Reid, and Joel, Schiltz. 2003. “Context Effects: The Proportional Difference Model and the Reflection of Preference.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 29 (5):942.Google ScholarPubMed
Guala, Francesco. 2005. The Methodology of Experimental Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, Christopher, and David, Laibson. 2001. “Dynamic Choices of Hyperbolic Consumers.” Econometrica 69 (4):935–957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, Richard J. 1961. “Relative and Absolute Strength of Response as a Function of Frequency of Reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 4 (3):267–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, Richard J. 1969. “Method and Theory in the Study of Avoidance.” Psychological Review 76:49–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, Richard J. 1970. “On the Law of Effect.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 13 (2):243–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, Richard J. 1991. “Experiments on Stable Suboptimality in Individual Behavior.” American Economic Review 81 (2):360–364.Google Scholar
Herrnstein, Richard J. 2000. The Matching Law: Papers in Psychology and Economics. Edited by Rachlin, Howard and Laibson, David. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Herrnstein, Richard J., and Drazen Prelec. 1991. “Melioration: A Theory of Distributed Choice.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (3):137–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertwig, Ralph, and Andreas, Ortmann. 2001. “Experimental Practices in Economics: A Methodological Challenge for Psychologists?” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (3):383–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heukelom, Floris. 2011. “Building and Defining Behavioral Economics.” Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology 29:1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heukelom, Floris. 2012. “A Sense of Mission – The Alfred P. Sloan and Russell Sage Foundations Behavioral Economics Program, 1984–1992.” Science in Context 25 (2):263–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heukelom, Floris. 2014. Behavioral Economics: A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heyman, Gene M. 2002. “The Harvard Pigeon Lab, 1970–1998: Graduate Students and Matching Law Research.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 77 (3):380–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hull, Clark L. 1932. “The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis and Maze Learning.” Psychological Review 39 (1):25–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, Clark L. 1943. Principles of Behavior. New York: Appleton-Century.Google Scholar
Huutoniemi, Katri, Julie, Thompson Klein, Henrik, Bruun, and Janne, Hukkinen. 2010. “Analyzing Interdisciplinarity: Typology and Indicators.” Research Policy 39 (1):79–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irwin, Francis W., Fannie, M. Armitt, and Charles, W. Simon. 1943. “Studies in Object Preferences. I: The Effect of Temporal Proximity.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 33 (1):64–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamison, Dean. 1970. “Time Preference and Utility: A Comment.” Economic Journal 80 (317):179–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jantsch, Erich. 1970. “Inter-and Transdisciplinary University: A Systems Approach to Education and Innovation.” Policy Sciences 1 (1):403–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johannesson, Magnus, and Per-Olov, Johansson. 1997. “Quality of Life and the WTP for an Increased Life Expectancy at an Advanced Age.” Journal of Public Economics 65 (2):219–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Killeen, Peter. 1970. “Preference for Fixed-Interval Schedules of Reinforcement.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 14 (20):127–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, Judith T. 2010. “A Taxonomy of Interdisciplinarity.” The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, edited by Frodeman, Robert, Klein, Judith T. and Mitcham, Carl, 15–30. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Koopmans, Tjalling. 1960. “Stationary Ordinal Utility and Impatience.” Econometrica 28 (2):287–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laibson, David. 1997. “Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (2):443–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lancaster, Kelvin J. 1963. “An Axiomatic Theory of Consumer Time Preference.” International Economic Review 4 (2):221–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lattal, Kennon A. 2010. “Delayed Reinforcement of Operant Behavior.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 93 (1):129–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loewenstein, George. 1987. “Anticipation and the Valuation of Delayed Consumption.” Economic Journal 97 (387):666–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewenstein, George. 1996. “Out of Control: Visceral Influences on Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 65 (3):272–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewenstein, George, and Drazen, Prelec. 1992. “Anomalies in Intertemporal Choice: Evidence and an Interpretation.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (2):573–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewenstein, George, and Richard, H. Thaler. 1989. “Anomalies: Intertemporal Choice.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 3 (4):181–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Logan, Frank A. 1965. “Decision Making by Rats: Delay versus Amount of Reward.” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 59 (1):1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Logue, Alexandra W. 2002. “The Living Legacy of the Harvard Pigeon Lab: Quantitative Analysis in the Wide World.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 77 (3):357–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahrer, Alvin R. 1956. “The Role of Expectancy in Delayed Reinforcement.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 52 (2):101–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazur, James. E. 1987. “An Adjustment Procedure for Studying Delayed Reinforcement.” In The Effect of Delay and of Intervening Events on Reinforcement Value: Quantitative Analyses of Behavior, vol. 5 (Quantitative Analyses of Behavior Series), edited by Commons, Michael L., Mazur, James E., Nevin, John A., Rachlin, Howard, 55–73. Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
McDonough, Terrence. 2003. “Of Rats and Economists.” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 25 (4):397–411CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melikian, Levon. 1959. “Preference for Delayed Reinforcement: An Experimental Study among Palestinian Arab Refugee Children.” Journal of Social Psychology 50 (1):81–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mischel, Walter. 1958. “Preference for Delayed Reinforcement: An Experimental Study of a Cultural Observation.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 56 (1):57–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mischel, Walter. 1961. “Preference for Delayed Reinforcement and Social Responsibility.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62 (1):1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mischel, Walter. 1968. Personality and Assessment, London, Wiley.Google Scholar
Mischel, Walter. 2007. “Walter Mischel.” In A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. IX, edited by Lindzey, Gardner and Runyan, William M., 229–267. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mischel, Walter, and Ebbe, B. Ebbesen. 1970. “Attention in Delay of Gratification.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16 (2):329–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mischel, Walter, Ebbe, B. Ebbesen, and Antonette, Raskoff Zeiss. 1972. “Cognitive and Attentional Mechanisms in Delay of Gratification.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 21 (2):204–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mischel, Walter, and Ralph, Metzner. 1962. “Preference for Delayed Reward as a Function of Age, Intelligence, and Length of Delay Interval.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 64 (6):425–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mischel, Walter, Shoda, Yuichi, and Monica, I. Rodriguez. 1989. “Delay of Gratification in Children.” Science 244 (4907):933–938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moscati, Ivan. 2013. “How Cardinal Utility Entered Economic Analysis: 1909–1944.” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 20 (6):906–939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mowrer, O. Hobart, and Albert, D. Ullman. 1945. “Time as a Determinant in Integrative Learning.” Psychological Review 52 (2):61–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peart, Sandra J. 2000. “Irrationality and Intertemporal Choice in Early Neoclassical Thought.” Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 33 (1):175–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palacios-Huerta, Ignacio. 2003. “Time-Inconsistent Preferences in Adam Smith and David Hume.” History of Political Economy 35 (2): 241–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peleg, Bezalel, and Menahem, E. Yaari. 1973. “On the Existence of a Consistent Course of Action when Tastes Are Changing.” Review of Economic Studies 40 (3):391–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelps, Edmund S., and Robert, A. Pollak. 1968. “On Second-Best National Saving and Game-Equilibrium Growth.” Review of Economics Studies 35 (2):185–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pleskac, Tim J., and Ralph, Hertwig. 2014. “Ecologically Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143 (5):2000–2019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prelec, Drazen. 1989. “Decreasing Impatience: Definition and Consequences.” Harvard Business School Working Paper.Google Scholar
Pickren, Wade, and Alexandra, Rutherford. 2010. A History of Modern Psychology in Context. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Rabin, Matthew. 1998. “Psychology and Economics.” Journal of Economic Literature 36 (1):11–46.Google Scholar
Rachlin, Howard. 1970. Introduction to Modern Behaviorism. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Co.Google Scholar
Rachlin, Howard, and Leonard, Green. 1972. “Commitment, Choice, and Self-Control.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 17 (1):15–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renner, K. Edward. 1964. “Delay of Reinforcement: A Historical Review.” Psychological Bulletin 61 (5):341–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roelofsma, Peter HMP, and Daniel, Read. 2000. “Intransitive Intertemporal Choice.” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 13 (2):161–177.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, Don. 2014. Philosophy of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubinstein, Ariel. 2003. “Economics and Psychology? The Case of Hyperbolic Discounting.” International Economic Review 44 (4):1207–1216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, Paul A. 1937. “A Note on Measurement of Utility.” Review of Economic Studies 4 (2):155–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, Paul. A. 1938. “A Note on the Pure Theory of Consumers' Behaviour.” Economica 5 (17):61–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schelling, Thomas C. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas. 1984. “Ethics, Law, and the Exercise of Self-Command.” In Choice and Consequence. Perspectives of an Errant Economist. Edited by Schelling, Thomas, 83–112. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sent, Esther. M. 2005. “Behavioral Economics: How Psychology Made Its (Limited) Way back into Economics.” History of Political Economy 36 (4):735–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimp, Charles P. 1969. “The Concurrent Reinforcement of Two Interresponse Times: The Relative Harmonic Length.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12 (3):403–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, Burrus Frederic. 1938. The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis. New York: Appleton Century Crofts.Google Scholar
Spence, Kenneth. W. 1956. Behavior Theory and Conditioning. New Haven: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strotz, Robert H. 1953. “Cardinal Utility.” American Economic Review 43 (2):384–397.Google Scholar
Strotz, Robert H. 1956. “Myopia and Inconsistency in Dynamic Utility Maximization.” Review of Economic Studies 23 (3):165–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarpy, Roger M., and Frederick, L. Sawabini. 1974. “Reinforcement Delay: A Selective Review of the Past Decade.” Psychological Bulletin 81 (12):984–987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaler, Richard. H. 1981. “Some Empirical Evidence on Dynamic Inconsistency.” Economic Letters 8 (3):201–07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaler, Richard H., and Hersh, M. Shefrin. 1981. “An Economic Theory of Self-Control.” Journal of Political Economy 89 (2):392–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorndike, Edward Lee. 1911. Animal Intelligence. New York: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Watson, John B. 1917. “The Effect of Delayed Feeding Upon Learning.” Psychobiology 1 (1):51–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, Stanley. [1978] 2006. The Foundations of Paul Samuelson's Revealed Preference Theory, revised edition. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainslie, George, email to author, 29.2.2012.Google Scholar
Ainslie, George, interview with author, Schnader & Harrison Law Offices, Philadelphia, 27.03.2013.Google Scholar
Ainslie, George, Alfred, P. Sloan Foundation seminar notes, New York, dated 20.5.1985.Google Scholar
Laibson, David, email to author, 20.8.2013.Google Scholar
Northwestern University. 2009. Biographical note of Robert Henry Strotz. Northwestern University Archives. http://exhibits.library.northwestern.edu/archives/exhibits/presidents/strotz.html. Last accessed January 25th, 2015.Google Scholar
Walter, Mischel, email to author, 10.3.2015.Google Scholar
Ainslie, George. 1974. “Impulse Control in Pigeons.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21:485–489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainslie, George. 1975. “Specious Reward: A Behavioral Theory of Impulsiveness and Impulse Control.” Psychological Bulletin 82 (4):463–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainslie, George. 1986. “Beyond Microeconomics: Conflict among Interests in a Multiple Self as a Determinant of Value.” In The Multiple Self, edited by Elster, Jon, 133–175. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ainslie, George. 1991. “Intertemporal Choice. Derivation of ‘Rational’ Economic Behavior from Hyperbolic Discount Curves.” American Economic Review 81:334–340.Google Scholar
Ainslie, George. 1992. Picoeconomics: The Strategic Interaction of Successive Motivational States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ainslie, George. 2001. Breakdown of the Will. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainslie, George. 2012. “Pure Hyperbolic Discount Curves Predict ‘Eyes Open’ Self-Control.” Theory and Decision 73:3–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainslie, George. 2013a. “Grasping the Impalpable: The Role of Endogenous Reward in Choices, including Process Addictions.” Inquiry 56 (5):446–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainslie, George. 2013b. “Intertemporal Bargaining in Addiction.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 4:1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainslie, George, and Varda, Haendel. 1983. “The Motives of the Will.” In Etiologic Aspects of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, edited by Gottheil, Edward and Druley, Keith A., 119–40. Springfield IL:C. C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Ainslie, George, and Elmer, J. Schafer. 1981. “The Application of Economic Concepts to the Motivational Conflict in Alcoholism.” In Matching Patient Needs and Treatment Methods in Alcoholism and Drug Abuse, edited by Thomas McLellan, Andrew and Druley, Keith A., 215–45. Springfield IL: C. C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Baum, William M. 2002. “The Harvard Pigeon Lab under Herrnstein.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 77:347–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benzion, Uri, Amnon, Rapoport, and Joseph, Yagil. 1989. “Discount Rates Inferred From Decisions: An Experimental Study.” Management Science 35:270–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boakes, Robert A. 2009. “Learning Theory and the Cognitive Revolution, 1961–1971: A Personal Perspective.” In Inside Psychology: A Science over 50 Years, edited by Rabbitt, Patrick, 37–47. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Camerer, Colin. 1999. “Behavioral Economics: Reunifying Psychology and Economics.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (19):10575–10577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catania, A. Charles. 2002. “The Watershed Years of 1958–1962 in the Harvard Pigeon Lab.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 77 (3):327–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, Shin-Ho. 1965. “Effects of Delayed Reinforcement in a Concurrent Choice Situation.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 8:439–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, Shin-Ho and Richard, J. Herrnstein. 1967. “Choice and Delay of Reinforcement.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 10:67–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, John B. 2013. “Economics Imperialism under the Impact of Psychology: The Case of Behavioral Development Economics.” Œconomia 2013 (1):119–138.Google Scholar
Eigsti, Inge-Marie, Vivian, Zayas, Walter, Mischel, Yuichi, Shoda, Ozlem, Ayduk, Mamta, B. Dadlani, Matthew, C. Davidson, Aber, J. Lawrence and Casey, B. J. 2006. “Predicting Cognitive Control From Preschool to Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood.” Psychological Science 17 (6):478–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellingsen, Tore. 1994. “Cardinal Utility: A History of Hedonimetry.” In Cardinalism: A Fundamental Approach, edited by Allais, Maurice and Hagen, Ole, 105–165. Kluwer Academic Publisher. Netherlands: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elster, Jon, ed. 1986. The Multiple Self. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ferster Charles, B. 1970. “Schedules of Reinforcement with Skinner.” In Festschrift for B. F. Skinner, edited by Dews, Peter B., and Frederic Skinner, Burrhus, 37–46. New York: Irvington.Google Scholar
Fishburn, Peter C. 1989. “Retrospective on the Utility Theory of von Neumann and Morgenstern.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 2 (2):127–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishburn, Peter C., and Ariel, Rubinstein. 1982. “Time Preference.” International Economic Review 232:677–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, Irving. [1930] 1965. The Theory of Interest. New York: Kelley.Google Scholar
Frederick, Shane, George, Loewenstein, and Ted, O'Donoghue. 2002. “Time Discounting and Time Preference: A Critical Review.” Journal of Economic Literature 40 (2):351–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frey, Bruno. S., and Alois, Stutzer. 2001. “Economics and Psychology: From Imperialistic to Inspired Economics.” Revue de philosophie économique 4:5–22.Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, Gerd, and Peter, M. Todd. 1999. Simple Heuristics that Make Us Smart. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Giocoli, Nicola. 2003. Modeling Rational Agents: From Interwar Economics to Early Modern Game Theory. Cheltenham: Edward ElgarCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, Steven Marc. 1979. “Intertemporally Inconsistent Preferences and the Rate of Consumption.” Econometrica 47 (3):621–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Vallejo, Claudia, Aaron, A. Reid, and Joel, Schiltz. 2003. “Context Effects: The Proportional Difference Model and the Reflection of Preference.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 29 (5):942.Google ScholarPubMed
Guala, Francesco. 2005. The Methodology of Experimental Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, Christopher, and David, Laibson. 2001. “Dynamic Choices of Hyperbolic Consumers.” Econometrica 69 (4):935–957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, Richard J. 1961. “Relative and Absolute Strength of Response as a Function of Frequency of Reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 4 (3):267–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, Richard J. 1969. “Method and Theory in the Study of Avoidance.” Psychological Review 76:49–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, Richard J. 1970. “On the Law of Effect.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 13 (2):243–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, Richard J. 1991. “Experiments on Stable Suboptimality in Individual Behavior.” American Economic Review 81 (2):360–364.Google Scholar
Herrnstein, Richard J. 2000. The Matching Law: Papers in Psychology and Economics. Edited by Rachlin, Howard and Laibson, David. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Herrnstein, Richard J., and Drazen Prelec. 1991. “Melioration: A Theory of Distributed Choice.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (3):137–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertwig, Ralph, and Andreas, Ortmann. 2001. “Experimental Practices in Economics: A Methodological Challenge for Psychologists?” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (3):383–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heukelom, Floris. 2011. “Building and Defining Behavioral Economics.” Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology 29:1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heukelom, Floris. 2012. “A Sense of Mission – The Alfred P. Sloan and Russell Sage Foundations Behavioral Economics Program, 1984–1992.” Science in Context 25 (2):263–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heukelom, Floris. 2014. Behavioral Economics: A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heyman, Gene M. 2002. “The Harvard Pigeon Lab, 1970–1998: Graduate Students and Matching Law Research.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 77 (3):380–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hull, Clark L. 1932. “The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis and Maze Learning.” Psychological Review 39 (1):25–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, Clark L. 1943. Principles of Behavior. New York: Appleton-Century.Google Scholar
Huutoniemi, Katri, Julie, Thompson Klein, Henrik, Bruun, and Janne, Hukkinen. 2010. “Analyzing Interdisciplinarity: Typology and Indicators.” Research Policy 39 (1):79–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irwin, Francis W., Fannie, M. Armitt, and Charles, W. Simon. 1943. “Studies in Object Preferences. I: The Effect of Temporal Proximity.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 33 (1):64–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamison, Dean. 1970. “Time Preference and Utility: A Comment.” Economic Journal 80 (317):179–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jantsch, Erich. 1970. “Inter-and Transdisciplinary University: A Systems Approach to Education and Innovation.” Policy Sciences 1 (1):403–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johannesson, Magnus, and Per-Olov, Johansson. 1997. “Quality of Life and the WTP for an Increased Life Expectancy at an Advanced Age.” Journal of Public Economics 65 (2):219–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Killeen, Peter. 1970. “Preference for Fixed-Interval Schedules of Reinforcement.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 14 (20):127–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, Judith T. 2010. “A Taxonomy of Interdisciplinarity.” The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, edited by Frodeman, Robert, Klein, Judith T. and Mitcham, Carl, 15–30. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Koopmans, Tjalling. 1960. “Stationary Ordinal Utility and Impatience.” Econometrica 28 (2):287–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laibson, David. 1997. “Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (2):443–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lancaster, Kelvin J. 1963. “An Axiomatic Theory of Consumer Time Preference.” International Economic Review 4 (2):221–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lattal, Kennon A. 2010. “Delayed Reinforcement of Operant Behavior.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 93 (1):129–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loewenstein, George. 1987. “Anticipation and the Valuation of Delayed Consumption.” Economic Journal 97 (387):666–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewenstein, George. 1996. “Out of Control: Visceral Influences on Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 65 (3):272–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewenstein, George, and Drazen, Prelec. 1992. “Anomalies in Intertemporal Choice: Evidence and an Interpretation.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (2):573–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewenstein, George, and Richard, H. Thaler. 1989. “Anomalies: Intertemporal Choice.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 3 (4):181–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Logan, Frank A. 1965. “Decision Making by Rats: Delay versus Amount of Reward.” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 59 (1):1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Logue, Alexandra W. 2002. “The Living Legacy of the Harvard Pigeon Lab: Quantitative Analysis in the Wide World.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 77 (3):357–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahrer, Alvin R. 1956. “The Role of Expectancy in Delayed Reinforcement.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 52 (2):101–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazur, James. E. 1987. “An Adjustment Procedure for Studying Delayed Reinforcement.” In The Effect of Delay and of Intervening Events on Reinforcement Value: Quantitative Analyses of Behavior, vol. 5 (Quantitative Analyses of Behavior Series), edited by Commons, Michael L., Mazur, James E., Nevin, John A., Rachlin, Howard, 55–73. Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
McDonough, Terrence. 2003. “Of Rats and Economists.” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 25 (4):397–411CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melikian, Levon. 1959. “Preference for Delayed Reinforcement: An Experimental Study among Palestinian Arab Refugee Children.” Journal of Social Psychology 50 (1):81–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mischel, Walter. 1958. “Preference for Delayed Reinforcement: An Experimental Study of a Cultural Observation.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 56 (1):57–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mischel, Walter. 1961. “Preference for Delayed Reinforcement and Social Responsibility.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62 (1):1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mischel, Walter. 1968. Personality and Assessment, London, Wiley.Google Scholar
Mischel, Walter. 2007. “Walter Mischel.” In A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. IX, edited by Lindzey, Gardner and Runyan, William M., 229–267. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mischel, Walter, and Ebbe, B. Ebbesen. 1970. “Attention in Delay of Gratification.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16 (2):329–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mischel, Walter, Ebbe, B. Ebbesen, and Antonette, Raskoff Zeiss. 1972. “Cognitive and Attentional Mechanisms in Delay of Gratification.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 21 (2):204–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mischel, Walter, and Ralph, Metzner. 1962. “Preference for Delayed Reward as a Function of Age, Intelligence, and Length of Delay Interval.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 64 (6):425–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mischel, Walter, Shoda, Yuichi, and Monica, I. Rodriguez. 1989. “Delay of Gratification in Children.” Science 244 (4907):933–938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moscati, Ivan. 2013. “How Cardinal Utility Entered Economic Analysis: 1909–1944.” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 20 (6):906–939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mowrer, O. Hobart, and Albert, D. Ullman. 1945. “Time as a Determinant in Integrative Learning.” Psychological Review 52 (2):61–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peart, Sandra J. 2000. “Irrationality and Intertemporal Choice in Early Neoclassical Thought.” Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 33 (1):175–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palacios-Huerta, Ignacio. 2003. “Time-Inconsistent Preferences in Adam Smith and David Hume.” History of Political Economy 35 (2): 241–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peleg, Bezalel, and Menahem, E. Yaari. 1973. “On the Existence of a Consistent Course of Action when Tastes Are Changing.” Review of Economic Studies 40 (3):391–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelps, Edmund S., and Robert, A. Pollak. 1968. “On Second-Best National Saving and Game-Equilibrium Growth.” Review of Economics Studies 35 (2):185–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pleskac, Tim J., and Ralph, Hertwig. 2014. “Ecologically Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143 (5):2000–2019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prelec, Drazen. 1989. “Decreasing Impatience: Definition and Consequences.” Harvard Business School Working Paper.Google Scholar
Pickren, Wade, and Alexandra, Rutherford. 2010. A History of Modern Psychology in Context. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Rabin, Matthew. 1998. “Psychology and Economics.” Journal of Economic Literature 36 (1):11–46.Google Scholar
Rachlin, Howard. 1970. Introduction to Modern Behaviorism. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Co.Google Scholar
Rachlin, Howard, and Leonard, Green. 1972. “Commitment, Choice, and Self-Control.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 17 (1):15–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renner, K. Edward. 1964. “Delay of Reinforcement: A Historical Review.” Psychological Bulletin 61 (5):341–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roelofsma, Peter HMP, and Daniel, Read. 2000. “Intransitive Intertemporal Choice.” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 13 (2):161–177.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, Don. 2014. Philosophy of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubinstein, Ariel. 2003. “Economics and Psychology? The Case of Hyperbolic Discounting.” International Economic Review 44 (4):1207–1216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, Paul A. 1937. “A Note on Measurement of Utility.” Review of Economic Studies 4 (2):155–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, Paul. A. 1938. “A Note on the Pure Theory of Consumers' Behaviour.” Economica 5 (17):61–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schelling, Thomas C. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas. 1984. “Ethics, Law, and the Exercise of Self-Command.” In Choice and Consequence. Perspectives of an Errant Economist. Edited by Schelling, Thomas, 83–112. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sent, Esther. M. 2005. “Behavioral Economics: How Psychology Made Its (Limited) Way back into Economics.” History of Political Economy 36 (4):735–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimp, Charles P. 1969. “The Concurrent Reinforcement of Two Interresponse Times: The Relative Harmonic Length.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12 (3):403–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, Burrus Frederic. 1938. The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis. New York: Appleton Century Crofts.Google Scholar
Spence, Kenneth. W. 1956. Behavior Theory and Conditioning. New Haven: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strotz, Robert H. 1953. “Cardinal Utility.” American Economic Review 43 (2):384–397.Google Scholar
Strotz, Robert H. 1956. “Myopia and Inconsistency in Dynamic Utility Maximization.” Review of Economic Studies 23 (3):165–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarpy, Roger M., and Frederick, L. Sawabini. 1974. “Reinforcement Delay: A Selective Review of the Past Decade.” Psychological Bulletin 81 (12):984–987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaler, Richard. H. 1981. “Some Empirical Evidence on Dynamic Inconsistency.” Economic Letters 8 (3):201–07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaler, Richard H., and Hersh, M. Shefrin. 1981. “An Economic Theory of Self-Control.” Journal of Political Economy 89 (2):392–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorndike, Edward Lee. 1911. Animal Intelligence. New York: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Watson, John B. 1917. “The Effect of Delayed Feeding Upon Learning.” Psychobiology 1 (1):51–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, Stanley. [1978] 2006. The Foundations of Paul Samuelson's Revealed Preference Theory, revised edition. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar