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Hans Egede (1686–1758) and the alchemical tradition in Denmark-Norway

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 December 2019

Hilde Norrgrén Open the ORCID record for Hilde Norrgrén [Opens in a new window]
Hilde Norrgrén*
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University of Oslo
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Argument

Hans Egede (1686–1758), the famous missionary and natural historian in Greenland, was one of very few known Norwegian alchemists. This article seeks to place Egede’s alchemy in the context of the European alchemical tradition by identifying his sources in alchemical literature. Through an analysis of Egede’s account of an alchemical experiment performed by him in 1727, Ole Borch, Johann Joachim Becher, and Michael Sendivogius are identified as his main sources. Egede’s procedure and choice of materials are shown to be based on texts by these authors. The article argues that Egede’s alchemical interest was more pervasive than hitherto understood, through the demonstration of connections between his alchemical studies and his work as a natural historian. Further it is argued that Egede’s alchemy was not unique or anachronistic but exemplifies the continued belief in and practice of transmutational alchemy in Denmark-Norway in the early decades of the eighteenth century.

Keywords

alchemyHans EgedeGreenlandOle BorchJohann Joachim BecherSendivogiusnatural historychemistryantimonyColony of Hope
Type
Research Article
Information
Science in Context , Volume 32 , Issue 3 , September 2019 , pp. 285 - 307
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019 

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References

References

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Bobé, Louis, ed. [1738 and 1741] 1925. Relationer fra Grønland 1721–36 og Det gamle Grønlands ny Perlustration, 1741 [Relations from Greenland 1721–36, and The new Perlustration of old Greenland, 1741]. Meddelelser om Grønland 54.Google Scholar
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Roth-Scholtz, Friedrich, ed. 1718a. Michael Sendivogii Chymische Schriften: Derinnen Gar Deutlich Von Dem Ursprung, Bereit- Und Vollendung Des Gebenedeiten Steins Der Weisen Gehandelt Wird. Nuremberg: Johann Daniel Tauber seel. Erben.Google Scholar
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Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus. [c.30–15 BC] 1914. Ten Books on Architecture. Translated by Morris Hicky Morgan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
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Barfoed, Niels Aage. 1950. Hans Egede Grønlands Apostel [Hans Egede Greenland’s Apostle]. Stavanger: Misjonsselskapets Forlag.Google Scholar
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Dahl, Gina. 2010. Book Collections of Clerics in Norway, 1650–1750. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahl, Gina. 2005. “Paracelsianism in Norway.” In Western Esoterism in Scandinavia, edited by Bogdan, Henrik and Hammer, Olav, 417–424. Brill: Leiden.Google Scholar
Danneskiold-Samsøe, Jakob. 2006. “Renæssancekemiens forestillingsverden.” [The conceptual world of Renaissance chemistry]. In Ole Borch (1626–1690): En dansk renæssancekemiker [Ole Borch (1626–1690): A Danish Renaissance chemist], edited by Riis Larsen, Børge, 21–49. Dansk Selskab for Historisk Kemi: Historisk-kemiske skrifter 16.Google Scholar
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Fenger, Hans Mathius. 1879. “Hans Egedes og den grønlandske Missions Historie 1721–1760.” [History of Hans Egede and the Greenlandic Mission] PhD. diss. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Fenger, Nils. 1971. Palasé Hans Egede i Grønland [Palasé Hans Egede in Greenland]. Copenhagen: Wøldike.Google Scholar
Figala, Karin, and Priesner, Claus, eds. 1998. Lexicon einer hermetischen Wissenschaft. Munich: C.H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Fink-Jensen, Morten. 2016. “Alchemy in Denmark.” In Western Esoterism in Scandinavia, edited by Bogdan, Henrik and Hammer, Olav, 11–17. Brill: Leiden.Google Scholar
Fink-Jensen, Morten. 2006. “Ole Borch: Et biografisk rids.” [Ole Borch: A biographical outline] In Ole Borch (1626–1690): En dansk renæssancekemiker [Ole Borch (1626–1690): A Danish Renaissance chemist], edited by Riis Larsen, Børge, 11–20. Dansk Selskab for Historisk Kemi: Historisk-kemiske skrifter 16.Google Scholar
Fink-Jensen, Morten. 2000. “Ole Borch mellem naturlig magi og moderne naturvidenskab.” [Ole Borch between natural magic and modern natural science] In Historisk Tidsskrift 100(1):35–67.Google Scholar
Fink-Jensen, Morten. 2002. “Paracelsus og Danmark: Medicin og teologi i 1500- og 1600-tallet.” [Paracelsus and Denmark: Medicine and theology in the 1500s and 1600s] In Mentalitet og historie: Om fortidige forestillingsverdener [Mentality and history: About conceptual worlds of the past], edited by Appel, Charlotte, Henningsen, Peter, Hybel, Nils, and Wittendorff, Alex, 95–118. Ebeltoft: Skippershoved.Google Scholar
Flood, John L. 2006. Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook, vol. III. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fors, Hjalmar. 2015. The Limits of Matter: Chemistry, Mining, and Enlightenment. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Forshaw, Peter Jonathan. 2013. “‘Chemistry, that Starry Science’: Early Modern Conjunctions of Astrology and Alchemy” in Sky and Symbol, edited by Greene, Liz and Campion, Nicholas, 143–184. Lampeter: Sophia Centre Press.Google Scholar
Furuset, Kjell. 2006. “En alkymistisk tolkning av Hans Egedes drømmefabel”. [An alchemical interpretation of Hans Egede’s dream fable] In Tidsskriftet Grønland 6:312–320.Google Scholar
Gant, Erik. 1994. “Omvendelse: Om Hans Egede og det store værk.” [Conversion: About Hans Egede and the great work] In Tidsskriftet Grønland 7:227–245.Google Scholar
Gulløv, Hans Christian. 1978. Kampen om sjælene: Grønland og Oplysningstiden [The battle for the souls: Greenland and the Age of Enlightenment]. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet.Google Scholar
Gulløv, Hans Christian, and Kapel, Hans. 1979. Haabetz Colonie 1721–1728: A Historical-Archaelogical Investigation of the Danish-Norwegian Colonization of Greenland. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet.Google Scholar
Gulløv, Hans Christian and Kapel, Hans. 1971. Håbets koloni: Hans Egedes første syv år på Grønland [The Colony of Hope: Hans Egede’s first seven years in Greenland]. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet.Google Scholar
Harr, Karl Erik. 2008. Is og ild: I Hans Egedes kjølvann [Ice and fire: In Hans Egede’s wake]. Oslo: Verbum.Google Scholar
Hiortdahl, Thorstein. 1905. “Bidrag til kemiens historie i Norge”. [Contribution to the history of chemistry in Norway] In Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 43:339–366.Google Scholar
Joly, Bernard. 2013. Histoire de l’alchimie. Paris: Vuibert/Adapt.Google Scholar
Kragh, Helge. 2006. “Alkymi og hermetisk kemi fra Severinus til Borch.” [Alchemy and hermetic chemistry from Severinus to Borch] In Renessansens verden [The world of the Renaissance], edited by Høiris, Ole and Vellev, Jens, 21–44. Aarhus: Aarhus universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Kragh, Helge. 2002. “Hans Egede – Apostel og alkymist.” [Hans Egede – Apostle and alchemist] In Dansk Kemi 83(12):32–33.Google Scholar
Larsen, Børge Riis, ed. 2006. Ole Borch (1626–1690): En dansk renæssancekemiker. [Ole Borch (1626–1690): A Danish Renaissance chemist]. Dansk Selskab for Historisk Kemi: Historisk-kemiske skrifter 16.Google Scholar
Lund, Jacob Johan. 1778. Første Missionaire på Grønland, Biskop Hans Egedes Levnet [First Missionary in Greenland, the Life of Bishop Hans Egede]. Copenhagen, Det Kongelig Waysenhuses Bogtrykkerie.Google Scholar
Newman, William R. 2003. Gehennical Fire: The Lives of George Starkey. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Hans Toftlund, and Pedersen, Fritz Saaby. 2006. “Nogle bemærkelsesværdige eksempler på selvantændelser: Først observeret af Ole Borch.” [Some remarkable examples of self-ignitions: First observed by Ole Borch] In Ole Borch (1626–1690): En dansk renæssancekemiker [Ole Borch (1626–1690): A Danish Renaissance chemist], edited by Riis Larsen, Børge, 65–74. Dansk Selskab for Historisk Kemi: Historisk-kemiske skrifter 16.Google Scholar
Ostermann, Hother Bertel Simon. 1935. Dagbøker av nordmenn på Grønland før 1814 [Diaries by Norwegians in Greenland before 1814]. In Norges Svalbard- og Ishavs-Undersøkelser. Meddelelser 33. Oslo: Jacob Dybwad.Google Scholar
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