Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T08:31:58.992Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Dilemmas of a Vitalizing Vaccine Market: Lessons from the MMR Vaccine/Autism Debate

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2011

Fredrik Bragesjö
Affiliation:
University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Margareta Hallberg
Affiliation:
University of Gothenburg, Sweden

Argument

A number of issues related to vaccines and vaccinations in society are discussed in this paper. Our purpose is to merge an analysis of some recent changes in the vaccine market with social science research on the relationship between citizens and authorities. The article has two empirical parts. The first shows how the vaccine market, which for many years has had immense financial problems, nowadays seems to becoming economically vitalized, mostly due to the production of new and profitable vaccines. However prosperous the future may appear, certain reactions from the public regarding vaccination initiatives offer insight into inherent problems of vaccine policies in many Western countries. In the second part of the article, these problems are exemplified with the recent controversy over the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine. We conclude that in spite of the improving profit-margins, the vaccine market remains vulnerable and insecure. Vaccines are permeated by society, even more so than pharmaceutics that are used to cure or alleviate illnesses. Radical changes in financial conditions with promises of a more profitable market will not, we argue, solve other even more fundamental problems.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Afzal, M.A., Armitage, E., Ghosh, S., Williams, L.C., and Minor, P.D.. 2000. “Further evidence of the absence of measles virus genome sequence in full thickness intestinal specimens from patients with Crohn's disease.” Journal of Medical Virology 62 (3):377382.3.0.CO;2-1>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Archibugi, Daniele, and Bizzari, Kim. 2004. “Committing to vaccine R&D: A Global Science Policy Priority.” Research Policy 33 (10):16571671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batson, Amie, Glass, Sarah, and Seiguer, Erica. 2003. “Economics of vaccines: from vaccine candidate to a commercialized product.” In The Vaccine Book, edited by Bloom, Barry R. and Lambert, Paul-Henri, 345370. San Diego: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Ulrich. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Blume, Stuart. 2005. “Lock in, the state and vaccine development: Lessons from the history of the polio vaccines.” Research Policy 34 (2):159173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonah, Christian. 2008. “Packaging BCG: Standardizing an Anti-Tuberculosis Vaccine in Interwar Europe.” Science in Context 21 (2):279310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bragesjö, Fredrik, and Hallberg, Margareta. 2006. “Vetenskaplig kunskap som problem för beslutsfattare och praktiker? Exemplet mässlingsvaccination.” Socialvetenskaplig tidskrift 13 (3):228243.Google Scholar
Bragesjö, Fredrik, and Hallberg, Margareta. 2009. I forskningens närhet: en studie av MPR-kontroversens bakgrund och förvecklingar. Nora: Nya Doxa.Google Scholar
Brownlie, Julie, and Howson, Alexandra. 2005. “’Leaps of Faith’ and MMR: An Empirical Study of Trust.” Sociology 39 (2):221239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownlie, Julie, and Howson, Alexandra. 2006. “‘Between the demands of truth and government’: Health practitioners, trust and immunisation work.” Social Science & Medicine 62 (2):433443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burgess, David C., Burgess, Margaret A., and Leask, Julie. 2006. “The MMR vaccination and autism controversy in United Kingdom 1998–2005: Inevitable community outrage or a failure of risk communication?Vaccine 24 (18):39213928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calnan, Michael, and Rowe, Rosemary. 2007. “Trust and Health Care.” Sociology Compass 1 (1):283–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casiday, Rachel. 2007. “Children's health and the social theory of risk: Insights from the British measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) controversy.” Social Science & Medicine 65 (5):10591070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casiday, Rachel, Cresswell, T., Wilson, D., and Panter-Brick, C.. 2006. “A survey of UK parental attitudes to the MMR vaccine and trust in medical authority.” Vaccine 24 (2):177184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassier, Maurice. 2008. “Producing, Controlling, and Stabilizing Pasteur's Anthrax Vaccine: Creating a New Industry and a Health Market.” Science in Context 21 (2):253278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1995. “CDC Vaccine Price List.” URL http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/downloads/archived-vfc-price-list-files/1995-vac-pricelist-archive.pdf (last accessed November 2009).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007. “Recommended Immunization Schedule for Persons Aged 0–6 Years, United States 2007.” URL http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/downloads/child/2007/child-schedule-color-print.pdf (last accessed July 2009).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. “CDC Vaccine Price List.” URL: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/cdc-vac-price-list.htm (last accessed November 2009).Google Scholar
Colgrove, James K. 2006. State of Immunity: The Politics of Vaccination in Twentieth-Century America. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Collins, Harry, and Pinch, Trevor. 2005. Dr. Golem: How to Think about Medicine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dannetun, Eva, Tegnell, Anders, Hermansson, Göran, Törner, Anna, and Giesecke, Johan. 2004. “Timeliness of MMR vaccination – influence on vaccination coverage.” Vaccine 22 (31/32):42284232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiMasi, Joseph A., Hansen, Ronald W., and Grabowski, Henry G.. 2003. “The Price of Innovation: New Estimates of Drug Development Costs.” Journal of Health Economics 22 (2):151185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durbach, Nadja. 2005. Bodily Matters: The Anti-Vaccination Movement in England, 1853-1907. London: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fine, Paul E. M. 1993. “Herd Immunity: History, Theory, Practice.” Epidemiologic Reviews 15 (2):265302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleck, Fiona. 2003. “UK and Italy Have Low MMR Uptake.” British Medical Journal 327 (7424):1124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fombonne, Eric, and Chakrabarti, Suniti. 2001. “No evidence for a new variant of measles-mumps-rubella-induced autism.” Pediatrics 108 (4):e58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galambos, Louis, and Sewell, Jane Eliot. 1995. Networks of Innovation: Vaccine Development at Merck, Sharp & Dohme, and Mulford, 1895-1995. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gangarosa, Eugene J., Galazka, A.M., Wolfe, C.R., Phillips, L.M., Gangarosa, R.E., Miller, E., and Chen, R.T.. 1998. “Impact of anti-vaccine movements on pertussis control: the untold story.” Lancet 351 (9099):356361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giddens, Anthony. 1991. Modernity and Self-identity. Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Grabowski, Henry G. and Vernon, John M.. 1997. The Search for New Vaccines: The Effects of the Vaccines for Children Program. Washington DC: AEI Press.Google Scholar
Gradmann, Christoph. 2008. “Locating Therapeutic Vaccines in Nineteenth-Century History.” Science in Context 21 (2):145160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallberg, Margareta, and Bragesjö, Fredrik. 2003. Konflikt eller konsensus? Om kontroversstudier som forskningsfält. Stockholm: Forskningsrådet för arbetsliv och socialvetenskap.Google Scholar
Hellbom, Ola. 2007. “Het vaccinmarknad lockar jättarna” (Pharmaceutical Giants drawn to heated Vaccine Market). Dagens Industri (May 3):28–29.Google Scholar
Hess, Volker. 2008. “The Administrative Stabilization of Vaccines: Regulating the Diphtheria Antitoxin in France and Germany, 1894–1900.” Science in Context 21 (2):201227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobson-West, Pru. 2003. “Understanding vaccination resistance: moving beyond risk.” Health, Risk and Society 5 (3):273283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobson-West, Pru. 2007. “’Trusting blindly can be the biggest risk of all’: organised resistance to childhood vaccination in the UK.” Sociology of Health & Illness 29 (2):198215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horton, Richard. 2004a. “A statement by the editors of The Lancet.” The Lancet 363 (9411):820821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, Richard. 2004b. MMR, Science and Fiction: Exploring the Vaccine Crisis. London: Granta Books.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine. 2004. Financing Vaccines in the 21st Century: Assuring Access and Availability. Washington DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Kalla fakta (Cold Facts) on TV4. 2000. “Den enda sanningen” (The only truth). Swedish TV program by Joachim Dyfvenmark, and Sven Bergman, October 26, 2000.Google Scholar
Kirby, David. 2005. Evidence of Harm: Mercury in Vaccines and the Autism Epidemic: a Medical Controversy. New York: St. Martin's press.Google Scholar
Kremer, Michael. 2000a. Creating Markets for New Vaccines. Part I: Rationale. NBER Working Paper w7716. Cambridge MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kremer, Michael. 2000b. Creating Markets for New Vaccines. Part II: Design Issues. NBER Working Paper w7717. Cambridge MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michael, Kremer, and Glennerster, Rachel, eds. 2004. Strong Medicine: Creating Incentives for Pharmaceutical Research on Neglected Diseases. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Leach, Melissa. 2005. “MMR mobilisation: citizens and science in a British vaccine controversy. IDS Working Paper 247.” September 2005. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.Google Scholar
Leach, Melissa, and Fairhead, James. 2007. Vaccine Anxieties. Global Science, Child Health and Society. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Leask, Julie, Chapman, Simon, Hawec, Penelope, and Burgess, Margaret. 2006. “What maintains parental support for vaccination when challenged by anti-vaccination messages? A qualitative study.” Vaccine 24 (49/50):72387245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, Rut, Kremer, Michael, and Albright, Alice. 2005. Making Markets for Vaccines: Ideas to Action. The Report of the Center for the Global Development Advance Market Commitment Working Group. Washington DC: Center for Global Development.Google Scholar
Lindberg, Anders. 2007. “Nya vaccinationsprogrammet” (The New Vaccination Program). Presentation at SMI-dag om barnvaccinationsprogrammet (Information on the vaccination program). Solna, Sweden, 2007-11-21.Google Scholar
Linde, Annika, and Johansen, Kari. 2001. “Vaccination mot mässling, påssjuka och röda hund har god skyddseffekt. Att avstå från att vaccinera skulle allvarligt hota vårt goda immunitetsläge” (MMR vaccination gives good protection). Läkartidningen 98 (35):36583664.Google Scholar
Madsen, Kreesten Meldgaard, Hviid, Anders, Vestergaard, Mogens, Schendel, Diana, Wohlfahrt, Jan, Thorsen, Poul, Olsen, Jørn, and Melbye, Mads. 2002. “A population based study of Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccination and autism.” New England Journal of Medicine 347 (19):14771483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mercer Management Consulting. 2002. Lessons Learned: New Procurement Strategies for Vaccines. Final report to the GAVI Board, June. URL: http://www.gaviftf.info/docs_activities/pdf/lessons_learned_draft_final.pdf (last accessed June 2006).Google Scholar
Milstien, Julie, and Candries, Brenda. 2002. Economics of vaccine development and implementation: changes over the past 20 years. Department of Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO). Switzerland: Geneva.Google Scholar
Murch, Simon, Anthony, Andrew, Casson, David H., Malik, Mohsin, Berelowitz, Mark, Dhillon, Amar P., Thomson, Michael A., Valentine, Alan, Davies, Susan E, and Walker-Smith, John A.. 2004. “Retraction of an interpretation.” The Lancet 363 (9411):750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Offit, Paul A., and Coffina, Susan E.. 2003. “Communicating science to the public: MMR vaccine and autism.” Vaccine 22 (1):16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrovic, Marko, Roberts, Richard, and Ramsay, Mary. 2001. “Second dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: questionnaire survey of health professionals.” British Medical Journal 322 (7294):8285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petts, Judith, and Niemeyer, Simon. 2004. “Health risk communication and amplification: learning from the MMR vaccination controversy.” Health, Risk & Society 6 (1):723CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poltorak, Mike, Leach, Melissa, Fairhead, James, and Cassell, Jackie. 2005. “’MMR talk’ and vaccination choices: an ethnographic study in Brighton.” Social Science and Medicine 61 (3):709719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rappuoli, Rino, Miller, Henry I., and Falkow, Stanley. 2002. “The Intangible Value of Vaccination.” Science 297 (5583):937939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reportrarna [The Reporters] on SvT. 1999. “Vaccination för vem?” (Vaccination for whom?). Television program by Erik Tjernström, and Hasse Karlsson, 1999-09-07.Google Scholar
Shapin, Steven. 1994. A Social History of Truth: Gentility, Credibility, and Scientific Knowledge in Seventeenth-Century England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serpell, Lucy, and Green, John. 2006. “Parental decision-making in childhood vaccination.” Vaccine 24 (19):40414046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, Alan, Yarwood, Joanne, and Salisbury, David M.. 2007. “Tracking mothers’ attitudes to MMR immunisation 1996–2006.” Vaccine 25 (20):39964002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stratton, Kathleen, Durch, Jane S., and Lawrence, Robert. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st century: a tool for decisionmaking. Committee to Study Priorities for Vaccine Development, Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Institute of Medicine. Washington DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Stratton, Kathleen, Gable, Alicia, and McCormick, Marie C.. 2001 . Immunization safety review: thimerosal-containing vaccines and neurodevelopmental disorders. Immunization Safety Review Committee, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Institute of Medicine. Washington DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control. 2005. Epidemiologisk årsrapport 2004 [The Annual Epidemiolocial Report 2004 of The Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control]. Stockholm: Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control.Google Scholar
Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control. 2007. SMI-dag om barnvaccinationsprogrammet (Information on Child Vaccination Programs). Solna, Sweden, 2007-11-21. URL http://www.smittskyddsinstitutet.se/om-smi/utbildningar/smi-dagar/tidigare-smi-dagar/vaccinationer-i-barn-och-skolhalsovarden/ (last accessed November 2009).Google Scholar
Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control. 2008. Vaccinationsstatistik från barnavårdscentralerna, insamlad januari 2008, gällande barn födda 2005 (Vaccination statistics from Swedish child healthcare centers, collected in January 2008, for children born in 2005). URL http://www.smittskyddsinstitutet.se/upload/5216/vaccrapport-08-bvc-sverige.pdf (last accessed September 2009).Google Scholar
Taylor, Brent, Miller, Elizabeth, and Farrington, C. Paddy. 1999. “Autism and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association.” The Lancet 353 (9169):20262029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakefield, Andrew, Harvey, Peter, and Linnell, John. 2004. “MMR - responding to retraction.” The Lancet 363 (9417):13271328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakefield, Andrew J., Murch, Simon, Anthony, Andrew, Linnell, John, Casson, David H., Malik, Mohsin, Berelowitz, Mark, Dhillon, Amar P., Thomson, Michael A., Harvey, Peter, Valentine, Alan, Davies, Susan E., and Walker-Smith, John A.. 1998. “Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children.” The Lancet 351 (9103):637641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, James A, and Polack, Clare. 2006. “Understanding variation in measles-mumps- rubella immunization coverage – a population-based study.”European Journal of Public Health 16 (2):137142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (WHO). 2005. “The history of vaccination.” URL http://www.who.int/vaccines-diseases/history/history.shtml (last accessed December 2007).Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). 2007. “Benefits of immunization.” URL http://www.who.int/immunization_delivery/benefits_of_immunization/en/index.html (last accessed June 2007).Google Scholar
Yearley, Steven. 2005. Making Sense of Science: Understanding the Social Study of Science. London: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar