Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T08:28:37.505Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Invisible Architectures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2009

Abstract

In this essay I will sketch a few instances of how, and a few forms in which, the “invisible” became an epistemic category in the development of the life sciences from the seventeenth century through the end of the nineteenth century. In contrast to most of the other papers in this issue, I do not so much focus on the visualization of various little entities, and the tools and contexts in which a visual representation of these things was realized. I will be more concerned with the basic problem of introducing entities or structures that cannot be seen, as elements of an explanatory strategy. I will try to review the ways in which the invisibility of such entities moved from the unproblematic status of just being too small to be accessible to the naked or even the armed eye, to the problematic status of being invisible in principle and yet being indispensable within a given explanatory framework. The epistemological concern of the paper is thus to sketch the historical process of how the “unseen” became a problem in the modern life sciences. The coming into being of the invisible as a space full of paradoxes is itself the product of a historical development that still awaits proper reconstruction.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Balbiani, Edouard G. 1861. Recherches sur les phénomènes sexuels des infusoires. Paris: V. Masson et fils.Google Scholar
Bernard, Claude. [1872] 1965. De la physiologie générate. Bruxelles: Culture et Civilisation.Google Scholar
Bernard, Claude. [1885] 1966. Leçons sur les phénomènes de la vie communs aux animaux et aux végétaux. 2nd ed. Paris: Vrin.Google Scholar
Brücke, Ernst. 1874. Vorlesungen über Physiologie. Vol. 1. Wien: Wilhelm Braunmüller.Google Scholar
Brücke, Ernst. [1861] 1898. Die Elementarorganismen. In Pflanzenphysiologische Abhandlungen. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.Google Scholar
Buffon, Georges Leclerc Comte de. 1749. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière. Tome second. Paris: Imprimerie Royale.Google Scholar
Cheung, Tobias. 1999. Cuvier's Concept of Life. Machine's Individuality and Natural Types in the Science of Organization. Manuscript.Google Scholar
Cuvier, Georges. [1810] 1970. Rapport historique sur les progrès des sciences naturelles depuis 1789. Amsterdam: N. V. Boekhandel & Antiquariaat B. M. Israel.Google Scholar
Darwin, Erasmus. [1803] 1978. The Temple of Nature; or, the Origin of Society. New York and London: Garland.Google Scholar
Dawson, Virginia P. 1987. Nature's Enigma: The Problem of the Polyp in the Letters of Bonnet, Trembley and Reaumur. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.Google Scholar
Descartes, René. [1637] 1982. Discours de la mé. Oeuvres, Tome VI. Edited by Adam, Charles and Tannery, Paul. Paris: Vrin.Google Scholar
Descartes, René. 1986a. Primae cogitationes circa generationem animalium. Oeuvres, Tome XI. Edited by Adam, Charles and Tannery, Paul. Paris: Vrin.Google Scholar
Descartes, René. 1986b. La description du corps humain. Oeuvres, Tome XI. Edited by Adam, Charles and Tannery, Paul. Paris: Vrin.Google Scholar
DuBois-Reymond, Emil. 1848. Untersuchungen über thierische Elektricität. Berlin: G. Reimer.Google Scholar
Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried. 1838. Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen. Ein Blick in das tiefere organische Leben der Natur. Leipzig: Voss.Google Scholar
Fleck, Ludwik. 1979. Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fournier, Marian. 1996. The Fabric of Life. Microscopy in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Haraway, Donna J. 1976. Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology. New Haven: Yale.Google Scholar
Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. Année 1741. Avec les Mémoires de mathématique & de Physique, pour la même Année, Tirés des Registres de cette Académie. 1744. Paris: Imprimerie Royale.Google Scholar
Jacob, François. 1970. La logique du vivant. Une histoire de l'hérédité. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de. [1768] 1965. Vénus physique. Oeuvres, Tome II. Hildesheim: Olms.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, Peter. 1989. Kants Kritik der teleologischen Urteilskraft. Bonn: Bouvier.Google Scholar
Milne Edwards, Henri. 1834. Elémens de zoologie. Paris: Crochard.Google Scholar
Milne Edwards, Henri. 1851. Introduction à la zoologie générale. Paris: Masson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, Johannes. 1834. Handbuch der Physiologie. Coblenz: J. Hölscher.Google Scholar
Owen, Richard. [1868] 1973. On the Anatomy of Vertebrates. Vol. 3. New York: AMS Press.Google Scholar
Reil, Johann Christian. [1796] 1910. Von der Lebenskraft. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth.Google Scholar
Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg. 1987. “Zum Organismusbild der Physiologie im 19. Jahrhundert: Johannes Müller, Ernst Brücke, Claude Bernard.” Medizinhistorisches Journal 22:342351.Google Scholar
Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg. 1994. “Morphologie bei Claude Bernard.” Aufsätze und Reden der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 41:137150.Google Scholar
Roe, Shirley A. 1981. Matter, Life and Generation: Eighteenth-Century Embryology and the Holler-Wolff Debate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Roger, Jacques. 1963. Les sciences de la vie dans la pensee française du XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Armand Colin.Google Scholar
Ruestow, Edward G. 1996. The Microscope in the Dutch Republic. The Shaping of Discovery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schleiden, Matthias Jacob. 1846. Grundzüge der wissenschaftlichen Botanik. Second Part, 2nd ed. Leipzig: Engelmann.Google Scholar
Schwann, Theodor. [1839] 1910. Mikroskopische Untersuchungen. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.Google Scholar
Sonntag, Otto, ed. 1983. The Correspondence between Albrecht von Haller and Charles Bonnet. Bern: Huber.Google Scholar
Wolff, Caspar Friedrich. [1764] 1966. Theorie von der Generation in zwo Abhandlungen erklärt und bewiesen und Theoria Generationis. Hildesheim: Georg Olms.Google Scholar