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34 The English terms available for translating the Swedish and Finnish terms for different categories of country people are all misleading in one way or another and must be taken as indicative only.

35 Jägerskiöld, Stig, Studier rörande receptionen av främmande rätt i Sverige under den yngre landslagens tid (Lund, 1963), pp. 29–48, 90–8, 135–7.Google Scholar

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44 Lindegren, ‘Men, Money, and Means’, pp. 131–44, 161–2; Olsson, ‘Manorial economy and corvée labour’; Olsson, Storgodsdrift, pp. 82–4.

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48 Herlitz, Jordegendom och ränta, pp. 27–75; Myrdal, Jordbruket under feodalismen, 323–32.

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50 The mantal was a fiscal assessment unit for land and people used for determining taxes, land rent, labour service, etc. (see note 24 above).

51 Ågren, Adelns bönder och kronans, pp. 156–78.

52 Herlitz, Jordegendom och ränta, pp. 35–56, 74–5; Magnusson, Ty som ingenting angelägnare är…, pp. 57–90; Myrdal, Jordbruket under feodalismen, 326–8; Ulväng, Göran, Herrgårdarnas historia: Arbete, liv och bebyggelse på uppländska herrgårdar (Uppsala, 2008), pp. 37, 45–8, 57–8, 86–99.Google Scholar

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56 Katajala, Kimmo, ‘The Changing Face of Peasant Unrest in Early Modern Finland’, in Katajala, Kimmo, ed., Northern Revolts: Medieval and Early Modern Peasant Unrest in the Nordic Countries (Helsinki, 2004), pp. 149–87Google Scholar; Katajala, Kimmo, Suomalainen kapina: Talonpoikaislevottomuudet ja poliittinen kulttuuri Suomessa Ruotsin ajalla (n. 1150–1800) (Helsinki, 2002), pp. 220–60, 318–22.Google Scholar

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61 Olsson, Storgodsdrift, pp. 93–5.

62 Katajala, Suomalainen kapina, pp. 20–90; Kujala, The Crown, the Nobility and the Peasants, 105–08.

63 Sirén, Olle, ‘Godsdriften och godssamhället ca 1690–1950’, in Degerman, Henrik, Edgren, Torsten and Sirén, Olle, eds, Stensböle i Borgå: En herrgård under 700 år (Helsingfors, 2004), pp. 163–251 Google Scholar; on talkon, see pp. 236–8.

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67 The closest English equivalent for ‘torpare’ would be crofter (in Scotland), but the institutional framework differed.

68 The Hired Labour Acts, or Servant Acts, of 1664, 1686, 1723, 1739 and 1805 stated a labour obligation for underprivileged men and women (see also German Gesindeordnung).

69 Gadd, Den agrara revolutionen, pp. 85–92; Gadd, ‘The agricultural revolution in Sweden, 1700–1870’, 138–43, 176–9; Morell, Mats, Jordbruket i industrisamhället 1870–1945: Det svenska jordbrukets historia, band 4 (Stockholm, 2001), pp. 61–73 Google Scholar; Morell, Mats, ‘Agriculture in Industrial Society’, in Myrdal, and Morell, , eds, The Agrarian History of Sweden, pp. 165–213 Google Scholar; Utterström, Gustaf, Jordbrukets arbetare: Levnadsvillkor och arbetsliv på landsbygden från frihetstiden till mitten av 1800-talet. Första delen (Stockholm, 1957), pp. 778–876.Google Scholar

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74 See, for example, Åbo Allmänna Tidning, 24th October 1815, 18th January 1817; Åbo Tidning, 8th March, 23rd August 1899; Finlands Allmänna Tidning, 24th April 1821, 20th February 1823, 17th November 1827, 9th September 1828, 20th August 1913, 4th November 1914; Hufvudstadsbladet, 25th November 1910, 11th June 1914, 22nd August 1915, 2nd April 1916, 7th October 1917.

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82 For earlier crossings, see Zilmer, Kristel, ‘He Drowned in Holmr's Sea – His Cargo-Ship Drifted to the Sea-Bottom, Only Three Came Out Alive’: Records and Representations of Baltic Traffic in the Viking Era and the Early Middle Ages in Early Nordic Sources (Tartu, 2005).Google Scholar

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