Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T18:36:22.409Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Society and Place in Nineteenth-Century North Lincolnshire

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2009

Charles Rawding
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Waltham Toll Bar School, South Humbershide, UK.

Extract

The development of any particular society has to be understood in terms of the economic processes at work at the time, together with the cultural influences which permeate society, and the specific nature of the place in which these cultural and economic influences operate. The visible results of these influences and processes must be seen historically. That is to say, the entity being studied is a constantly changing sequence of processes both present and past. These processes need to be viewed dialectically.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. For a full discussion of the work and influence of Vidal de la Blache see Buttimer, A., Society and Milieu in the French Geographic Tradition (Chicago, 1971).Google Scholar
2.Sayer, R. A., Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach (London, 1984), p. 22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Sayer, R. A., Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach (London, 1984), p. 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Abrams, P., Historical Sociology (Shepton Mallet, 1982), p. xvii.Google Scholar
5.Giddens, A., A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (London, 1981), p. 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Gregson, N., ‘On duality and dualism; the case of structuration and time geography’, Progress in Human Geography 10, 1986, p. 185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Reed, M., ‘The peasantry of nineteenth century England: a neglected class?History Workshop 18, 1984, 5374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Cosgrove, D., ‘Towards a radical cultural Geography? Problems of theory’, Antipode 15, 1983, p. 9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Abrams, , Historical Sociology, chapter 7.Google Scholar
10.Abrams, , Historical Sociology, p. 191.Google Scholar
11.Abrams, , Historical Sociology, p. 192.Google Scholar
12.Abrams, , Historical Sociology, p. 196.Google Scholar
13.Holderness, B.A., ‘Capital formation in East Anglia, 1750–1870’, Economic History Review 25, 1972c, 434447.Google Scholar
14.Fuller, H.A., ‘Landownership and the Lindsey landscape’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 66, 1976, 1424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Short, B.M., ‘Indoor farm service in nineteenth century Sussex: a rejoinder’, Sussex Archaeological Collections 123, 1985, p. 240.Google Scholar
16.Hasbach, W., A History of the English Agricultural Labourer (King, 1920), p. 177 and see M., Overton, ‘Agriculture’, in J. Langton and R.J. Morris, Atlas of Industrialising Britain 1780–1914 (London, 1986), 34–53.Google Scholar
17. Short, ‘Indoor Farm Service’, p. 240.Google Scholar
18.Thrift, N., ‘On the determination of social action in space and time’, Environment and Planning D. Society and Space 1, 1983, p. 40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. For a discussion of the geographical variations in nineteenth-century rural settlement see Roberts, B., ‘Rural settlements’, in Langton and Morris, Atlas, pp. 54–7.Google Scholar
20.Phythian, C.-Adams, Rethinking English Local History, University of Leicester, Dept of Local History, Occasional Paper, 4th Series, 1, (1987), p. 9et passim for a discussion of the concept.Google Scholar
21. Geertz quoted in Cosgrove, D. and Daniels, S.The Iconography of Landscape (Cambridge, 1988), p. 4.Google Scholar
22.Jonas, (1988), p. 103.Google Scholar
23.Everitt, A., ‘Country, county and town: patterns of regional evolution in England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 29, 1979b, p. 80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Pred, A., Place, Practice and Structure (Cambridge, 1986), p. 6.Google Scholar
25.Williamson, T. and Bellamy, E., Property and Landscape (1987), pp. 150–1.Google Scholar
26.Frankenberg, R., Communities in Britain: Social Life in Town and Country (Harmondsworth, 1969) p. 280.Google Scholar
27. See for instance Weiner, M., English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850–1950 (Cambridge, 1981).Google Scholar
28.Bennett, E. A., Martin, G., Mercer, C. and Woollacott, J., (eds.), Culture, Ideology and Social Process (Batsford, 1981), p. 187.Google Scholar
29.Williams, R., ‘Base and superstructure in Marxist cultural theory’, New Left Review 82, 1973, p. 8.Google Scholar
30.Williamson, and Bellamy, , Property and Landscape, p. 192.Google Scholar
31. For a more general discussion of this concept see Corrigan, P. and Sayer, D., The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford, 1985), p. 75.Google Scholar
32.Reid, D.A., ‘The decline of Saint Monday, 1776–1876’, Past and Present. 71, 1976, 76101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33. For a more detailed discussion in the context of industrial Lancashire and Yorkshire see Joyce, P., Work, Society and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in Later Victorian England (Hassocks, 1980), particularly chapter 1.Google Scholar
34.Wirth, L. quoted in Ley, D., ‘Social Geography and the Taken-For-Granted World’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, NS 2, 1977, p. 498.Google Scholar
35. Williams, ‘Base and superstructure’. For a critical discussion of Williams, see Neale, R.S., Writing Marxist History, (Oxford, 1988) chapter 10.Google Scholar
36.Williams, , ‘Base and Superstructure’, pp. 1011.Google Scholar
37.Thrift, N.J., ‘Owner's time and own time: the making of a capitalist time consciousness, 1300–1880.’ in Pred, A., (ed.) Space and Time in Geography (Lund, 1981), 5684; E.P. Thompson, ‘Time, work discipline and industrial capitalism’, Past and Present, 38, 1977, 56–97.Google Scholar
38. See, for instance: Rule, J., The Labouring Classes in Early Industrial England 1750–1850 (London, 1986), chapter 4.Google Scholar
39., E. and Yeo, S., Popular Culture and Class Conflict 1590–1914 (Hassocks, 1981); R. W. Malcolmson Popular Recreations in English Society 1700–1850 (Cambridge, 1973).Google Scholar
40. Reid, ‘Saint Monday’.Google Scholar
41.Hall, S., ‘Notes on deconstructing the popular’, in Samuel, R., People's History and Socialist Theory (London, 1981), pp. 227–8.Google Scholar
42.Giddens, , Contemporary Critique, p. 19.Google Scholar
43.Sayer, , Method in Social Science, p. 95.Google Scholar
44.Bateman, J., The Acre-ocracy of England (B.M. Pickering, 1876).Google Scholar
45. Lincoln Archives Office (hereafter LAO), YARB 7/8.Google Scholar
46.Stroud, D., Capability Brown (Feltham, 1950), p. 145.Google Scholar
47. For a more detailed description of the Mausoleum see Lincoln, Rutland and Stamford Mercury (hereafter LRSM), 16th 10 1846.Google Scholar
48.Linstrum, D., Sir Jeffry Wyatville. Architect to the King (Oxford, 1972), p. 231.Google Scholar
49.Turner, R., Capability Brown and the Eighteenth-Century English Landscape (London, 1985), p. 167.Google Scholar
50.Arnold, R., The Farthest Promised Land (Wellington, 1981), p. 141: H.A. Clemenson, English Country Houses and Landed Estates (London, 1982), pp. 76–7.Google Scholar
51.Linstrum, , Sir Jeffry Wyatville, p. 33.Google Scholar
52.Linstrum, , Sir Jeffry Wyatville, pp. 1243Google Scholar
Beastall, T.W., The Agricultural Revolution in Lincolnshire (Lincoln, History of Lincolnshire Committee, 1978), p. 218.Google Scholar
53.Linstrum, , ‘Landownership’, pp. 1516.Google Scholar
54.Linstrum, , For a more general discussion see Williamson and Bellamy, Property and Landscape, pp. 125–9.Google Scholar
For an overview of planned settlements see Darley, G., Villages of Vision (Architectural Press, 1975).Google Scholar
55. LAO, YARB 5/1/20.Google Scholar
56. LAO, YARB 5/1/20.Google Scholar
57. LAO, PL3/102/1, 15th 12 1836.Google Scholar
58. LAO, YARB 9/19/1. Letter from Lord Yarborough to Mr Sewall, 3rd 02 1847.Google Scholar
59.Public Record Office (hereafter PRO), MH12 6677, 15th 07 1847.Google Scholar
60.Wilson, C., Christopher Turnor: An Agricultural Improver, Paper presented to the East Midlands Industrial Archaeology Conference, 24th 10 1987.Google Scholar
61.Russell, R.C., A History of Schools and Education in Lindsey, Lincolnshire 1800–1902. Part I. The foundation and maintenance of schools for the poor; Part II. Sunday schools in Lindsey – the ‘miserable compromise’ of the Sunday school; Part IV. Methodism and the provision of day schools. (Lindsey, Lindsey County Council Education Committee, 1965 and 1966).Google Scholar
62.Russell, R.C., A History of Elementary Schools and Adult Education in Nettleton and Caistor (Nettleton WEA, 1960), p. 26et passim.Google Scholar
63.Russell, R.C., The Water Drinkers in Lindsey (Barton on Humber, Barton on Humber WEA, 1987), p. 18et passim.Google Scholar
64. LNLA, 10th 08 1861.Google Scholar
65. See Olney, R.J., Lincolnshire Politics, 1832–1885 (Oxford, 1973), particularly pp. 68–9.Google Scholar
66. For a fuller description of the Brocklesby Hunt see: Collins, G.E., History of the Brocklesby Hounds, 1700–1901 (Sampson Low, 1902); and Farming and Fox Hunting (Sampson Low, undated).Google Scholar
67.Olney, , Lincolnshire Politics, p. 44.Google Scholar
68.Olney, , Lincolnshire Politics, p. 34.Google Scholar
69.Olney, , Lincolnshire Politics, p. 33.Google Scholar
70.Olney, , Lincolnshire Politics, p. 33.Google Scholar
71.Olney, , Lincolnshire Politics, pp. 176–81.Google Scholar
72.Rawding, C., ‘The iconography of churches: a case study of landownership and power in nineteenth-century Lincolnshire’. Journal of Historical Geography. 16:2, 1990, 157–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73. In a different context see: Daniels, S., ‘The political iconography of woodland in later Georgian England’ in Cosgrove and Daniels, Iconogrphy, p. 73.Google Scholar
74.Harrison, M., ‘Symbolism, “ritualism” and the location of crowds in early nineteenth-century English towns’, in Cosgrove and Daniels, Iconography, p. 210.Google Scholar
75. LAO, YARB 5/1/20.Google Scholar
76. LAO, YARB 5/14/16.Google Scholar
77. LAO, YARB 5/1/20.Google Scholar
78. See British Parliamentary Papers (hereafter BPP), 1848, Report from the Select Committee on Agricultural Customs, for a more detailed discussion of the Lincolnshire system and also BPP 1881, Report from the Commissioners, Inspectors and others on Agricultural Interest, para 6846 – 7234.Google Scholar
79. BPP, 1836, Report of the Select Committee on Agricultural Distress, para 5852.Google Scholar
80.Grigg, D.B., ‘The development of tenant-right in South Lincolnshire’, Lincolnshire Historian, 2, 1962, p. 42.Google Scholar
81.Pusey, P., ‘On the agricultural improvements of Lincolnshire’, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 4, 1843, p. 299.Google Scholar
82.Victoria County History of Lincolnshire (VCH) (Constable, 1906), p. 406. There are several different versions of this story – see also Sidney (1848), p. 80; Collins Brocklesby Hounds, p. 307; Farmer's Magazine, July 1849. p. 5.Google Scholar
83. See, for instance, Farmer's Magazine 07, 1849, pp. 58.Google Scholar
84.Collins, , Brocklesby Hounds, p. 10.Google Scholar
85. See Collins, , Brocklesby Hounds, p. 10., for a detailed history.Google Scholar
86.Collins, , Brocklesby Hounds, p. 29.Google Scholar
87.Collins, , Farming and Fox Hunting, p. 132, delimited the boundaries of the hunt as the River Trent to the west, the Humber to the north, the North Sea to the east and the line from Gainsborough to Louth to the south; all together an area some 25 miles by 45 miles. The pre-eminence of the Brocklesby pack, particularly during the early part of the century, undoubtedly enhanced the standing of the Yarboroughs nationally as well as locally, see E.W., Boville, The England of Nimrod and Surtees 1815–1854 (Oxford, 1959), chapter 9.Google Scholar
88.Olney, , Lincolnshire Politics pp. 26–7; LAO, YARB 5 Surveys, Farm size does not necessarily correlate with acreage occupied by a single farmer. Many of the wealthier tenant farmers seem to have held several farms at a time.Google Scholar
89.Olney, , Lincolnshire Politics, p. 39.Google Scholar
90.Olney, , Lincolnshire Politics, p. 40.Google Scholar
91.Clemenson, H.A., English Country Houses and Landed Estates (Croom Helm, 1982), pp. 103–4.Google Scholar
92.Frankish, W., ‘Report of the Steward of Implements’, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 2nd series, 16, 1880, 177–94.Google Scholar
93.Collins, , Brocklesby Hounds, p. 215–6.Google Scholar
94.Olney, , Lincolnshire Politics, p. 183.Google Scholar
95. 16 per cent of all enclosed land in Lincolnshire was allotted to the clergy; Evans, E., ‘Some reasons for the growth of English rural anti-clericalism c.1750–1830’, Past and Present, 66, 1975, p. 96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
96. See Ward, W.R., ‘The tithe question in England in the early nineteenth century’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 16, 1965, 6781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97. LAO, COR B5/4/4/1.Google Scholar
98. LAO, COR B5/4/4/1.Google Scholar
99. BPP, 1834, Report of the Poor Law Commissioners, Appendix B.Google Scholar
100. LRSM, Various Assizes Reports.Google Scholar
101. LRSM, 12th 01 1843.Google Scholar
102.Louth and North Lincolnshire Advertiser (hereafter LNLA), 26th 12 1861.Google Scholar
103.Grimsby Free Press, 19th 10 1869.Google Scholar
104.Ambler, R.W., ‘The transformation of harvest celebrations in nineteenth century Lincolnshire’, Midland History 3, 1976, pp. 298306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
105. LNLA, 5th 08 1865.Google Scholar
106.Davidoff, L., ‘Mastered for life: servant and wife in Victorian and Edwardian England’, Journal of Social History 7, 1974, 406–28.Google Scholar
107. BPP 1867, Report of the Commissioners on the employment of children, young persons and women in agriculture, p. 6.Google Scholar
108. For a more general discussion see Gregory, D., ‘The friction of distance? Information circulation and the mails in early nineteenth-century England’, Journal of Historical Geography 13, 1987, 130–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
109. See Yeo and Yeo, Popular Culture; Malcolmson, R.W., Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700–1850 (Cambridge, 1973) for a fuller discussion of notions of popular culture.Google Scholar
110. As late as 1872, the tin-pot band was used against a promiscuous coal-dealer in Market Rasen, LRSM, 19th 01 1872.Google Scholar
111. These were reported with surprising regularity in the first half of the century, although not specifically in the Wolds area – for Barton-on-Humber see LRSM 2nd February 1821, 12th March 1847 and 22nd 08 1856. I am grateful to Rex Russell for this information.Google Scholar
112. LRSM, 1837 cited in Russell, , Elementary Schools, pp. 23–4.Google Scholar
113. LRSM, 22nd 01 1841.Google Scholar
114. LRSM, 24th 05 1844.Google Scholar
115.Market Rasen Weekly Mail, llth 01, 1862.Google Scholar
116.Russell, R.C., Friendly Societies in the Caistor, Binbrook and Brigg Area in the Nineteenth Century (Nettleton, Nettleton WEA, 1975)Google Scholar
Rawding, C., Poor Relief and the Rural Workforce: A Case Study of North Lincolnshire, 1834–1861 University of Sussex Research Paper in Geography, 16, 1986.Google Scholar
117.Russell, R.C., The Revolt of the Field in Lincolnshire (Lincoln, National Union of Agricultural Workers, 1956), pp. 52–6.Google Scholar