Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T00:31:35.188Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Agricultural Credit System in the Ottoman Empire between 1863 and 1888

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 October 2017

SERTAÇ DOKUZLU
SERTAÇ DOKUZLU*
Affiliation:
Uludag University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Agricultural Economics, Bursa / [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Agricultural credit organisations are paramount to every country because agriculture must operate under threats of risk and uncertainty. When small-scale family farms are dominant, all types of agricultural organisations become important to keep farmers’ incomes at a reasonable level and encourage agricultural development. Midhat Pasha understood the importance of agricultural organisations, and he created a well-designed system for agricultural credit. He is the founder of Homeland Coffers that distribute credits to farmers. The original side of these credit organisations was capital accumulation and the methods of using it. Capital for these Coffers were provided by the joint actions of credit users. Midhat Pasha connected two cooperatives while the production cooperative provided capital for Homeland Coffers, they operated as a credit cooperative for twenty-five years in the Ottoman Empire. This credit organisation helped development of agriculture and provided many social benefits to the rural area.

Type
Research Article
Information
Rural History , Volume 28 , Issue 2 , October 2017 , pp. 177 - 188
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. Mikhail, Alan, Nature and Empire in Ottoman Egypt – An Environment History (Cambridge, 2013), pp. 4, 5 Google Scholar.

2. Scroggs, Claud L., ‘Historical Highlights’, in Abrahamsen, Martin A. and Scroggs, Claud L., eds, Agricultural Cooperation – Selected Readings (Minneapolis, 1957), p. 3 Google Scholar.

3. Wieting, Maurice, The Progress of Cooperatives with Aids for Teachers (New York, 1957), p. 3 Google Scholar.

4. Frank Robotka, ‘A Theory of Cooperation’, in Abrahamsen and Scroggs, eds, Agricultural Cooperation, p. 121.

5. International Cooperative Alliance. ‘History of the Co-operative Movement’, <http://ica.coop/en/whats-co-op/history-co-operative-movement> [accessed 14th November 2016].

6. George D. Aiken, ‘The Place of Cooperatives in American Agriculture’, in Abrahamsen and Scroggs, eds, Agricultural Cooperation, pp. 428–9.

7. Robotka, ‘A Theory of Cooperation’, p. 123.

8. Herguner, Burak, ‘Revisiting history: social capital formation in Ahi Unions’, Social Sciences and Humanities, 3 (2012), 357–64.Google Scholar

9. Yıldırır Kocabaş, Özlem, Türkiye'de Tarımsal Kooperatif Düşüncesinin Gelişimi (İstanbul, 2010), p. 389 Google Scholar.

10. Herguner, ‘Revisiting history’, 360.

11. Koç, Bekir, ‘Osmanlı Islahhanelerinin İşlevlerine İlişkin Bazı Görüşler’, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6 (2007), 113–27Google Scholar.

12. Mehmet Çelik, ‘Tanzimat in The Balkans: Midhat Pasha's Governorship in the Danube Province (Tuna Vilayeti), 1864–1868’ (Master's thesis, The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University, Department of History, 2007), p. 127.

13. Baskıcı, Murat, ‘Mechanization in the Ottoman agriculture: 1870–1914’, Ankara University, Journal of SBF, 58 (2003), 31–2Google Scholar.

14. Solak, İbrahim, ‘Production of fruit and vegetable in Anatolia in the period of the Ottoman Empire’, Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24 (2008), 219–20Google Scholar.

15. Baskıcı, ‘Mechanization in the Ottoman agriculture: 1870–1914’, 31–2.

16. Çelik, ‘Tanzimat in the Balkans’, p. 58.

17. Ziraat Bankası Archives, 22 Saban 1284 and 6 Kanunevvel 1283.

18. Imece is the name of a tradition, used for the actions of people who help each other with mutual benefit.

19. Selim Kocahanoğlu, Osman, Midhat Paşa'nın Hatıraları, Hayatım İbret Olsun (Tebsıra-i Ibret) (İstanbul, 1997), p. 448.Google Scholar

20. Gökalp Mülayim, Ziya, Kooperatifçilik (Ankara, 2006), p. 48 Google Scholar.

21. Doğan, Cabir and Güngör, Ferhat, ‘Midilli Memleket Sandıkları (Osmanlı Devleti Hâkimiyetindeki Midilli Adası’nda Zirai Kredi Teskilatı Kurma Konusunda ilk Tesebbüs) [Midilli Homeland Coffers (under the rule of the Ottoman Empire in the Island of Lesbos: the first attempt for an agricultural credit organization]’, Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 14 (2015), 303.Google Scholar

22. Rehber, Erkan, Kooperatifçilik (Ankara, 2011), p. 395 Google Scholar.

23. Akçe is name of Ottoman currency.

24. Söğütlü, İlyas, ‘Türk Modernleşmesi Sürecinde Midhat Paşa’, CU İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 11 (2010), 104.Google Scholar

25. Kocahanoğlu, Midhat Paşa'nın Hatıraları, Hayatım İbret Olsun (Tebsıra-i Ibret), p. 51.

26. Ottoman Empire Archives (hereafter OEA), Date: 24/S /1282 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 338, Dust Jacket No. 26, Fon Code: A.}MKT.MHM.

27. Doğan and Güngör, ‘Midilli Memleket Sandıkları’, 298–309.

28. Rehber, Kooperatifçilik, p. 50.

29. Mülayim, Kooperatifçilik, p. 47.

30. Ibid., p. 48.

31. Rehber, Kooperatifçilik, p. 50.

32. Ziraat Bankası Archives, 22 Saban 1284 and 6 Kanunevvel 1283.

33. Çelik, ‘Tanzimat in the Balkans’, pp. 60–1.

34. Rehber, Kooperatifçilik, p. 50.

35. Kocahanoğlu, Midhat Paşa'nın Hatıraları, p. 51.

36. Ziraat Bankasi Archives, the Law of Homeland Coffers, Ankara.

37. OEA, Date: 26/M /1300 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 868, Dust Jacket No. 69424, Fon Code: İ.DH.

38. Mülayim, Kooperatifçilik, p. 49.

39. Kocahanoğlu, Midhat Paşa'nın Hatıraları, p. 51.

40. OEA, Date: 25/M /1291 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 8, Dust Jacket No. 4, Fon Code: YB..04.

41. OEA, Date: 08/Ca/1299 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 2212, Dust Jacket No. 29, Fon Code: ŞD.

42. Mikhail, Nature and Empire in Ottoman Egypt, pp. 23, 65.

43. OEA, Date: 09/M /1305 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 1451, Dust Jacket No. 53, Fon Code: DH.MKT. Istanbul.

44. OEA, Date: 29/S /1305 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 495, Dust Jacket No. 20, Fon Code: A.}MKT.MHM, Istanbul.

45. OEA, Date: 09/S /1305 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 495, Dust Jacket No. 4, Fon Code: A.}MKT.MHM, Istanbul.

46. OEA, Date: 04/N /1302 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 4, Dust Jacket No. 6, Fon Code: MV.

47. OEA, Date: 06/B /1285 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 9, Dust Jacket No. 74, Fon Code: YB..04.

48. Baskıcı, ‘Osmanlı Tarımında Makineleşme: 1870–1914’, 36.

49. OEA, Date: 21/S /1304 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 1379, Dust Jacket No. 43, Fon Code: DH.MKT.

50. OEA, Date: 27/S /1303 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 91, Dust Jacket No. 19, Fon Code: MF.MKT.

51. OEA, Date: 29/B /1303 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 90, Dust Jacket No. 119, Fon Code: MF.MKT.

52. OEA, Date: 18/Ca/1292 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 29, Dust Jacket No. 45, Fon Code: MF.MKT.

53. OEA, Date: 14/Ra/1305 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 1466, Dust Jacket No. 97, Fon Code: DH.MKT.

54. Baskıcı, ‘Osmanlı Tarımında Makineleşme: 1870–1914’, 30.

55. Mülayim, Kooperatifçilik, pp. 49–50.

56. OEA, Date: 11/Ş /1302 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 29, Dust Jacket No. 35, Fon Code: Y..A...RES.

57. OEA, Date: 15/Za/1307 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 1738, Dust Jacket No. 124, Fon Code: DH.MKT.

58. OEA, Date: 29/L /1306 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 1632, Dust Jacket No. 87, Fon Code: DH.MKT.

59. OEA, Date: 27/R /1304 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 16, Dust Jacket No. 33, Fon Code: MV.

60. Bâb-ı Ali is a hall in the palace where managers of the empire gathered.

61. OEA, Date: 06/Za/1305 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 1521, Dust Jacket No. 98, Fon Code: DH.MKT.

62. OEA, Date: 15/L /1305 (Hegira Calendar), Dossier No. 1515, Dust Jacket No. 75, Fon Code: DH.MKT.

63. Çelik, ‘Tanzimat in the Balkans’, p. 59.

64. ‘The History of Turkish Republic Ziraat Bank’, <http://www.ziraat.com.tr/tr/Bankamiz/Hakkimizda/Pages/BankamizTarihcesi.aspx> [last modified 28 March 2016].

65. Nedret Durutan Okan and Cüneyt Okan, ‘An overview of cooperatives in Turkey’, FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Policy Studies on Rural Transition (2013), 26–8.