Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T01:31:12.371Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Wolf in the Landscape: Antonio Cesena and Attitudes to Wolves in Sixteenth-Century Liguria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2015

ROBERT HEARN
Affiliation:
Laboratorio di Archeologia e Storia Ambientale, DAFIST & DISTAV, Dipartimento di Antichità, Filosofia e Storia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Balbi 6, Genova, 16126, Italy [email protected]
ROSS BALZARETTI
Affiliation:
Department of History, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
CHARLES WATKINS
Affiliation:
School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK [email protected]

Abstract:

The recent reappearance of wolves in many areas of Europe has stimulated an interest in the past relationships between the species and humans in various different geographical locations and historical epochs. The image of wolves approaching and entering human settlements is a potent image of the wild, ‘natural’ world encroaching on that of the domestic and ‘cultural’. This paper examines the existence of the wolf in the psychological and physical landscape through a micro-historical analysis of a vernacular manuscript from the mid sixteenth century in north-west Italy. The paper demonstrates that the wolf existed both as a ‘mythological beast’ and as a ‘biological animal’ that was a normal, frequently encountered component of the Ligurian faunal assemblage.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. See, for example, Hoyle, R. W., ed., Our Hunting Fathers (Lancaster, 2007)Google Scholar; Lovegrove, Roger, Silent Fields: The Long Decline of a Nation's Wildlife (Oxford, 2007)Google Scholar; Tichelar, MichaelA blow to the men in Pink’: The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Opposition to Hunting in the Twentieth Century’, Rural History, 22:1 (2011), 89113 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Matless, D., Merchant, P. and Watkins, C., ‘Animal Landscapes: Otters and Wildfowl in England 1945–1970’, Transactions Institute of British Geographers, 30 (2005), 191205 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hearn, R., Watkins, C. and Balzaretti, R.The Cultural and Land Use Implications of the Reappearance of the Wild Boar in North West Italy: A Case Study of the Val di Vara’, Journal of Rural Studies, 36 (2014), 5263 CrossRefGoogle Scholar;. For innovative work on cultural geography and animals see Lorimer, H.Herding Memories of Humans and Animals’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 24 (2006), 497518 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2. Pluskowski, A., Wolves and the Wilderness in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 2006), p. 199 Google Scholar.

3. Boitani, L., Dalle parte del lupo: la riscoperta scientifica e culturale del mitico predatore (Milan, 1987), p.1 Google Scholar.

4. Ortalli, G., Lupi, genti, culture: uomo e ambiente nel Medioevo (Turin, 1997), p. 72 Google Scholar.

5. Oriani, A., ‘Ipotesi sull’insorgenza del comportamento antropofagico del lupo’, in Comincini, M., ed., L’uomo e la ‘bestia antropofaga’: storia del lupo nell’Italia settentrionale dal XV al XIX secolo (Milan, 2002), 119–22Google Scholar.

6. L. Cagnolaro, M. Comincini, A. Martinoli, and A. Oriani, ‘Dati storici sulla presenza e sui casi di antropofagia del lupo nella Padania centrale’, in F. Cecere, ed., Atti conv. Naz. ‘Dalla parte del lupo’, Parma 9–10 Ottobre 1992 (1996).

7. Nobili, F., Uomini e lupi nell’Europa Moderna (Florence, 2002)Google Scholar.

8. De Caro, G., ‘Antonio Cesena’, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, 24 (1980)Google Scholar; Lagomarsini, S., Relatione dell’origine et succesi della terra di Varese descritta dal r.p. Antonio Cesena l’anno 1558 (La Spezia, 1993)Google Scholar; Raggio, O., ‘Costruzione delle fonti e prova: testimoniali, possesso e giurisdizione’, Quaderni storici, 91 (1996), 153 Google Scholar; Balzaretti, R., ‘The History of the Countryside in Sixteenth-Century Varese Ligure’, in Balzaretti, R., Pearce, M. and Watkins, C., eds, Ligurian Landscapes: Studies in Archaeology, Geography and History (London, 2004), pp. 113–28Google Scholar.

9. It is named after the Fiume Vara the longest river in Liguria which flows for nearly sixty kilometres from Monte Zatta (1404masl) to its confluence with the river Magra at Vezzano Ligure.

10. This agro-sylvo-pastoral economy has been examined by researchers at Genoa. See for example Moreno, D., Dal Documento al Terreno: storia e archeologia dei sistemi agro-silvo-pastorali (Bologna, 1990)Google Scholar; Moreno, D. and Raggio, O., ‘The Making and Falling of an Intensive Pastoral Land Use System, Eastern Liguria’, Rivista di Studi Liguri, A:LVI (1990), 193217 Google Scholar; D. Moreno, ‘Escaping from ‘landscape’: The Historical and Environmental Identification of Local Land-Management Practices in the Post-Medieval Ligurian Mountains’, in Balzaretti, Pearce and Watkins, Ligurian Landscapes, pp. 129–40; Cevasco, R., ‘Environmental Heritage of a Past Cultural Landscape: Alder Woods in the Upper Aveto Valley of the Northwestern Apennnines’, in Armiero, M. and Hall, M., Nature and History in Modern Italy (Ohio, 2010), pp. 126–40Google Scholar; R. Cevasco, ‘Multiple Use of Tree-Land in the Northern Apennines during the Post-Medieval Period’, in Balzaretti, Pearce and Watkins, Ligurian Landscapes, pp. 155–78; Cevasco, R., Memoria Verde: nuovi spazi per la geografia (Reggio-Emilia, 2007)Google Scholar.

11. Gian Luigi Fieschi staged an ill-fated conspiracy against the doge Andrea Doria in 1547 which had a significant impact on political thinking across Europe in the early modern period. Schiller's play Fiesco was first performed in 1783.

12. Lagomarsini, Relatione, 44–5.

13. See Charles Watkins, ‘The Management History and Conservation of Terraces in the Val di Vara, Liguria’, in Balzaretti, Pearce and Watkins, Ligurian Landscapes, pp. 141–54, p. 143.

14. Lagomarsini, Relatione, p. 86; Varese parish archives, Inventory 1606.

15. Lagomarsini, Relatione, p. 5; see Balzaretti ‘History of the Countryside’.

16. Lagomarsini, Relatione, p. 5.

17. ‘Qui acceperit ursum, lupum et apros’, in Statutorum Civilium Triorie [1599], Biblioteca Civica Berio Genova, m.r.V.5.14.

18. Augustine casts doubt on the opinion of Varro that men had become wolves in some of the myths concerning Troy in City of God, Book 18, Chapter 17.

19. The reference is to Pliny, Natural History, Book 8, 34, 80. The translation of H. Rackham, in the Loeb Library (London, 1940) gives ‘We are bound to pronounce with confidence that the story of men being turned into wolves and restored to themselves again is false’. Pliny considers that the origin of the idea of men turning into wolves stems from an Arcadian tradition reported by Evanthes, Pliny Natural History, Book 8, 34, 81.

20. Sandro Lagomarsini, ‘La Relatione di Antonio Cesena: una lettera contestualizzata’, Memorie della Accademia Lunigianense di Scienze ‘Giovanni Capellini’, 64–65, 177–98

21. Manoscritto Antonio Cesena, Relatio dell’origine et successi della Terra di Varese l’anno 1558, transcribed and translated by R. Balzaretti, Biblioteca di Varese Ligure, Provincia della Spezia, fasc, 157–159; Lagomarsini, Relatione, pp. 88–89.

22. Livy, , History of Rome, translated Sage, E. T. and Schlesinger, A. C. (1938, London), 27.37Google Scholar.

23. Livy, History of Rome 41.9.6; another example is at 33.26.9.

24. Trinquier, J., ‘Les loups sont entres dans la ville: de la peur du loup a la hantise de la cité ensauvagée’, in Charpienter, M. C., ed., Les espaces du sauvage dans la monde antique (Besançon, 2004), pp. 85118 Google Scholar.

25. Calvino, N., ed., La Cronaca del Calvi: il convento dei P.P. Domenicani e la citta di Taggia dal 1460–1623 (Taggia, 1982), p. 277 Google Scholar. This collection of documents was started by Father Calvi in 1454 and records socio-political events in and around the convent and the city of Taggia until 1623.

26. Porta, G., ed., G. Villani - Nuova Cronica (Parma, 1991), p. 1530 Google Scholar.

27. Costanzi, C., ed., Statuti di Rossiglione (Rossiglione, 1979)Google Scholar.

28. Ibid, pp. 25–6.

29. Ibid, pp. 45–6.

30. Archivio di Stato di Genova, Antico Comune, 15, Introitus ex exitus massariorum generalium comunis Ianue (1377), illegible fasc.

31. A. Giustiniani, Castigatissimi Annali di Genova (Genoa, 1537), Biblioteca Berio Genova, m.r.Colomb.D.III.2.3, libro quarto, cart. Cxxxiii, fasc. qu.iii.

32. Faccioli, E., ed., Franco Sacchetti – Il Trecentonovelle (Turin, 1970), p. 516 Google Scholar.

33. Fumagalli, V., Landscapes of Fear: Perceptions of Nature and the City in the Middle Ages, translated by Mitchell, S. (Cambridge, 1994), p. 136 Google Scholar.

34. Fabiani, G., Ascoli nel Quattrocento: con illustrazioni e appendice di documenti (Ascoli, 1968), p. 329 Google Scholar.

35. Morigia, P., Historia dell’antichità di Milano (Venice, 1592), p. 206 Google Scholar.

36. G. M. Burigozzo, Cronaca di Milano dall’anno 1500 al 1544 in M. Comincini, ‘L’antropofagia del lupo nelle fonti storiche’, in Comincini, L’uomo e la bestia, pp. 7–8.

37. Calvi, D., Effemeride sagro profana di quanto di memorabile sia successo in Bergamo, sua diocese et territorio (Milan, 1676)Google Scholar in Comincini, ‘L’antropofagia del lupo’, p. 8

38. Cherubini, G., L’Italia rurale del basso medioevo (Rome-Bari, 1984), p. 206 Google Scholar.

39. Statutorum Trioriae liber, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Citta del Vaticano, Vat. Lat. 14688, transcribed by R. Savelli.

40. Statuti di Sassello del 1533, Archivio del Comune Sassello, Archivio Storico I. 1/4. Transcribed by R. Savelli.

41. Riforma de statuti. . .de danni campestri 1633, Archivio di Stato di Genova, Senato, Sala Senarega, 1923. Transcribed by R. Savelli.

42. Capitoli de danni campestri della Magnifica Comunitá del presente luogo di Sassello, Archivio del Comune Sassello, Archivio Storico I.1/2. Transcribed by R. Savelli.

43. Stagno, A. M., Cevasco, R. and Hearn, R., ‘Archeologia del lupo. Controllo delle risorse animali nella montagna ligure XIX secolo’, in Bianchi, P. and d’Entrèves, P. Passerin, eds, La caccia nello stato sabaudo: pratiche e spazi (Turin, 2011), pp. 91–107Google Scholar