Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-68ccn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-14T09:14:07.795Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Moral Enhancement and Climate Change: Might it Work?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 October 2018

Aleksandra Kulawska*
Affiliation:
University of Birmingham
Michael Hauskeller*
Affiliation:
University of Liverpool

Abstract

Climate change is one of the most urgent global problems that we face today. The causes are well understood and many solutions have been proposed; however, so far none have been successful. Ingmar Persson and Julian Savulescu have argued that this is because our moral psychology is ill-equipped to deal with global problems such as this. They propose that in order to successfully mitigate climate change we should morally enhance ourselves. In this chapter we look at their proposal to see whether moral enhancement is indeed a viable solution to the climate crisis, and conclude that due to various theoretical and practical problems it most likely is not.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Philosophy and the contributors 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Walther, Gian-Reto, et al. , ‘Ecological Responses to Recent Climate Change’, Nature 416:6879 (2002), 389395CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

2 Parmesan, Camille and Yohe, Gary, ‘A Globally Coherent Fingerprint of Climate Change Impacts Across Natural Systems’, Nature 421:6918 (2003), 3742CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

3 Patz, Jonathan, et al. , ‘Impact of Regional Climate Change on Human Health’, Nature 438:7066 (2005), 310317CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

4 IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014)Google Scholar.

5 IPCC, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013)Google Scholar.

6 Henson, Robert, The Rough Guide to Climate Change (London: Rough Guides, 2008)Google Scholar.

7 Houghton, J. T., et al. , Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Report Prepared for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change by Working Group I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), xiGoogle Scholar.

8 IPCC, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007)Google Scholar.

9 IPCC, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013)Google Scholar.

10 Chander, William, et al. , Climate Change Mitigation in Developing Countries: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey (Arlington: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2002)Google Scholar.

11 EEA, Climate Change, Impacts and Vulnerability in Europe 2016 (Luxembourg: European Environmental Agency, 2016)Google Scholar.

12 Pacala, Stephen and Socolow, Robert, ‘Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies’, Science 305:5686 (2004), 968972CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

13 Lal, Rattan, ‘Soil Carbon Sequestration to Mitigate Climate Change’, Geoderma 123:1 (2004), 122CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 Sims, R. E. H., ‘Renewable Energy: A Response to Climate Change’, Solar Energy 76:1 (2004), 917CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Leiserowitz, Anthony, ‘International Public Opinion, Perception, and Understanding of Global Climate Change’, Human Development Report (Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper, 2007)Google Scholar.

16 IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014)Google Scholar.

17 NASA, Vital Signs: https://climate.nasa.gov/.

18 Persson, Ingmar and Savulescu, Julian, Unfit for the Future: The Need for Moral Enhancement (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19 Beauchamp, T. L., ‘Are We Unfit for the Future?’, Journal of Medical Ethics 41:4 (2015), 346348CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

20 Persson, Ingmar and Savulescu, Julian, ‘Reply to Commentators on “Unfit for the Future”’, Journal of Medical Ethics 41:4 (2015), 348352CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21 Kosfeld, Michael, et al. , ‘Oxytocin Increases Trust in Humans’, Nature 435:7042 (2005), 673676CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Zak, P. J., et al. , ‘Oxytocin Increases Generosity in Humans’, PloS ONE 2:11 (2007)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed, e1128.

23 Persson and Savulescu, Unfit for the Future, 120.

24 Henson, The Rough Guide to Climate Change.

25 Henson, The Rough Guide to Climate Change.

26 Archer, David and Rahmstorf, Stefan, The Climate Crisis (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 22Google Scholar.

27 Pacala and Socolow, ‘Stabilization Wedges’.

28 Lal, ‘Soil Carbon Sequestration to Mitigate Climate Change’.

29 Sims, ‘Renewable Energy’.

30 Wigley, T. M., ‘A Combined Mitigation/Geoengineering Approach to Climate Stabilization’, Science 314:5798 (2006), 452454CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

31 Gifford, Robert, ‘The Dragons of Inaction: Psychological Barriers that Limit Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation’, American Psychologist 66:4 (2011), 290302CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

32 Markowitz, E. M. and Shariff, A. F., ‘Climate Change and Moral Judgement’, Nature Climate Change 2:4 (2012), 243247CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

33 Markowitz and Shariff, ‘Climate Change and Moral Judgement’.

34 Bernhard, Helen, et al. , ‘Parochial Altruism in Humans’, Nature 442:7105 (2006), 912915CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

35 Loewenstein, George and Elster, Jon, Choice Over Time (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1992)Google Scholar.

36 Dickinson, J. L., et al. , ‘Which Moral Foundations Predict Willingness to Make Lifestyle Changes to Avert Climate Change in the USA?’, PloS ONE 11:10 (2016)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed, e0163852.

37 Knez, Ignor, ‘How Concerned, Afraid and Hopeful Are We? Effects of Egoism and Altruism on Climate Change Related Issues’, Psychology 4:10 (2013), 744752CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

38 Knez, Igor, ‘Is Climate Change a Moral Issue? Effects of Egoism and Altruism on Pro-Environmental Behavior’, Current Urban Studies 4:2, 157174CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

39 Knez, ‘How Concerned, Afraid and Hopeful are We?’.

40 Henson, The Rough Guide to Climate Change.

41 O'Connor, R. E., et al. , ‘Risk Perceptions, General Environmental Beliefs, and Willingness to Address Climate Change’, Risk Analysis 19:3 (1999), 461471CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

42 Milfont, T. L., ‘The Interplay Between Knowledge, Perceived Efficacy, and Concern About Global Warming and Climate Change: A One-Year Longitudinal Study’, Risk Analysis 32:6 (2012), 10031020CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

43 Leiserowitz, Anthony, et al. , Climate Change in the American Mind: Americans' Global Warming Beliefs and Attitudes in November, 2013 (Yale University and George Mason University, New Haven: Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, 2014)Google Scholar.

44 Singh, A. S., et al. , ‘The Perceived Psychological Distance of Climate Change Impacts and its Influence on Support for Adaptation Policy’, Environmental Science and Policy 73 (2017), 9399CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

45 Spence, Alexa, et al. , ‘Perceptions of Climate Change and Willingness to Save Energy Related to Flood Experience’, Nature Climate Change 1:1 (2011), 4649CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

46 Alexa Spence, et al., ‘Perceptions of Climate Change’.

47 Schultz, P. W., et al. , ‘Implicit Connections With Nature’, Journal of Environmental Psychology 24:1 (2004), 3142CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

48 Arnocky, Steven, et al. , ‘Self-Construal Predicts Environmental Concern, Cooperation, and Conservation’, Journal of Environmental Psychology 27:4 (2007), 255264CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

49 Milfont, T. L., et al. , ‘A Cross-Cultural Study of Environmental Motive Concerns and Their Implications for Proenvironmental Behavior’, Environment and Behavior 38:6 (2006), 745767CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

50 Feinberg, Matthew and Willer, Robb, ‘Apocalypse Soon? Dire Messages Reduce Belief in Global Warming by Contradicting Just-World Beliefs’, Psychological Science 22:1 (2011), 3438CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

51 Tobler, Christina, et al. , ‘Addressing Climate Change: Determinants of Consumers’ Willingness to Act and to Support Policy Measures’, Journal of Environmental Psychology 32:3 (2012), 197207CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

52 Dimitri Zenghelis and Nicholas Stern, ‘Climate Change and Cities: a Prime Source of Problems, Yet Key to Solution’, The Guardian, 17th November 2015: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/nov/17/cities-climate-change-problems-solution.

53 Dickinson, J. L., ‘The People Paradox: Self-Esteem Striving, Immortality Ideologies, and Human Response to Climate Change’, Ecology and Society 14:1 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss1/art34/.

54 Hirsh, J. B., ‘Personality and Environmental Concern’, Journal of Environmental Psychology 30:2 (2010), 245248CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

55 Milfont, T. L. and Sibley, C. G., ‘The Big Five Personality Traits and Environmental Engagement: Associations at the Individual and Societal Level’, Journal of Environmental Psychology 32:3 (2012), 187195CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

56 Nordhaus, W. D., Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change, Vol. 31 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994)Google Scholar.

57 Markus MacGill, ‘Oxytocin: What Is it and What Does it Do?’, Medical News Today: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/275795.php.

58 De Dreu, C. K., et al. , ‘The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Regulates Parochial Altruism in Intergroup Conflict Among Humans’, Science 328:5984 (2010), 14081411CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

59 De Dreu, C. K., et al. , ‘Oxytocin Promotes Human Ethnocentrism’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:4 (2011), 12621266CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

60 Shalvi, Shaul and De Dreu, C. K., ‘Oxytocin Promotes Group-Serving Dishonesty’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111:15 (2014), 55035507CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

61 Radke, Sina and De Bruijn, E. R., ‘The Other Side of Coin: Oxytocin Decreases the Adherence to Fairness Norms’, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6 (2012)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00193/full.

62 Marsh, Nina, et al. , ‘The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Induces a Social Altruism Bias’, Journal of Neuroscience 35:47 (2015), 1569615701CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

63 Siegel, J. Z. and Crockett, M. J., ‘How Serotonin Shapes Moral Judgement and Behavior’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 111:15 (2014), 55035507Google Scholar.

64 Crockett, M. J., et al. , ‘Serotonin Selectively Influences Moral Judgement and Behavior Through Effects on Harm Aversion’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:40 (2010), 1743317438CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

65 Crockett, M. J., ‘Moral Bioenhancement: A Neuroscientific Perspective’, Journal of Medical Ethics 40:6 (2014), 370371CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

66 Handfield, Toby, et al. , ‘Climate Change, Cooperation and Moral Bioenhancement’, Journal of Medical Ethics 42 (2016), 742747CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

67 Handfield, et al., ‘Climate Change, Cooperation and Moral Bioenhancement’.

68 Grillon, Christian, et al. , ‘Oxytocin Increases Anxiety to Unpredictable Threat’, Molecular Psychiatry 18:9 (2013), 958960CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

69 Bernhard, ‘Parochial Altruism in Humans’.

70 Gifford, ‘The Dragons of Inaction’.

71 Reynolds, T. W., et al. , ‘Now What Do People Know About Climate Change? Survey Studies of Educated Laypeople’, Risk Analysis 30:10 (2010), 15201538CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

72 Crockett, ‘Moral Bioenhancement’.

73 IPCC, Climate Change 2007.