Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T05:37:56.669Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Can We Measure the Badness of Death for the Person who Dies?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 November 2021

Thomas Schramme*
Affiliation:
University of Liverpool

Abstract

I aim to show that the common idea according to which we can assess how bad death is for the person who dies relies on numerous dubious premises. These premises are intuitive from the point of view of dominant views regarding the badness of death. However, unless these premises have been thoroughly justified, we cannot measure the badness of death for the person who dies. In this paper, I will make explicit assumptions that pertain to the alleged level of badness of death. The most important assumption I will address is the assignment of a quantitative value of zero to death, which leads to the conclusion that there are lives not worth living for the affected person. Such a view interprets the idea of a live worth living in quantitative terms. It is in conflict with actual evaluations of relevant people of their lives.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Philosophy and the contributors 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arrhenius, Gustaf and Rabinowicz, Włodek, ‘The Value of Existence’ in: Hirose, Iwao and Olson, Jonas (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 424443.Google Scholar
Belshaw, Christopher, Annihilation: The Sense and Significance of Death (Stocksfield: Acumen, 2009).Google Scholar
Bernfort, Lars, Gerdle, Bjørn, Husberg, Magnus, Levin, Lars-Åke, ‘People in states worse than dead according to the EQ-5D UK value set: would they rather be dead?’, Quality of Life Research, 27 (7) (2018), 18271833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradley, Ben, Well-Being and Death (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandt, Richard B., ‘The Morality and Rationality of Suicide’, in: Morality, Utilitarianism, and Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 315335.Google Scholar
Broome, John, Ethics out of Economics (Cambridge University Press, 1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broome, John, Weighing Lives (Oxford University Press, 2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broome, John, ‘What Is Your Life Worth?Daedalus, 137 (2008), 4956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broome, John, ‘The Badness of Death and the Goodness of Life’, in: Bradley, Ben, Feldman, Fred, and Johansson, Jens (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Death (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 218–32.Google Scholar
Burri, Susanne, ‘How Death Is Bad for Us as Agents’, in: Gamlund, Espen, Solberg, Carl Tollef and McMahan, Jeff (eds.), Saving People from the Harm of Death (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 175–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bykvist, Krister, ‘Being and Wellbeing’, in: Hirose, Iwao and Reisner, Andrew (eds.), Weighing and Reasoning: Themes from the Philosophy of John Broome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 8794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, Ruth, ‘Value Incomparability and Incommensurability’. in: Hirose, Iwao and Olson, Jonas (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory (Oxford University Press, 2015), 205224.Google Scholar
Collard, David, ‘Research on Well-Being. Some Advice from Jeremy Bentham’, Philosophy of the Social Sciences 36, (2006), 330354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conly, Sarah, ‘Better Off Dead: Paternalism and Persistent Unconsciousness’, in: Cohen, Glenn, Lynch, Holly Fernandez, Robertson, Christopher T. (eds.) Nudging Health: Health Law and Behavioral Economics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016), 287–96.Google Scholar
De Boer, Jelle, ‘Scaling happiness’, Philosophical Psychology, 27 (2014), 703718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeGrazia, David, Creation Ethics. Genetics, Reproduction, and Quality of Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeGrazia, David, ‘Procreative Responsibility in View of What Parents Owe Their Children’, in: Francis, Leslie (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Reproductive Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 641–55.Google Scholar
Draper, Kai, ‘Disappointment, sadness, and death’, Philosophical Review 108 (1999), 387414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epicurus, ‘Letter to Menoeceus’, in Oates, W. J. (ed.) The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers (New York: The Modern Library, 1940), 3034.Google Scholar
Feinberg, Joel, Harm to Others (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984).Google Scholar
Feinberg, Joel, ‘Wrongful Life and the Counterfactual Element in Harming’, Social Philosophy and Policy 4 (1986), 145–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feit, Neil, ‘Death Is Bad for Us When We're Dead’, in Cholbi, Michael and Timmerman, Travis (eds.), Exploring the Philosophy of Death and Dying: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives (London: Routledge, 2021), 8592.Google Scholar
Feldman, Fred, ‘Some Puzzles About the Evil of Death’, Philosophical Review 100 (1991), 205227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, Fred, Confrontations with the Reaper: A Philosophical Study of the Nature and Value of Death (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Fischer, John M., J.M., Our Stories: Essays on Life, Death, and Free Will (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Fischer, John Martin, ‘Mortal Harm’, in: Luper, Steven (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 132148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, Guy, The Philosophy of Well-Being: An Introduction (London: Routledge, 2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleurbaey, Marc and Voorhoeve, Alex, ‘On the Social and Personal Value of Existence’, in: Hirose, Iwao and Reisner, Andrew (eds.), Weighing and Reasoning: Themes from the Philosophy of John Broome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 95109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fumagalli, Roberto, ‘Eliminating “life worth living”’, Philosophical Studies, 175 (3) (2018), 769792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gert, Bernard, Morality: Its Nature and Justification (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greaves, Hilary, ‘The Social Disvalue of Premature Deaths’, in: Hirose, Iwao and Reisner, Andrew (eds.), Weighing and Reasoning: Themes from the Philosophy of John Broome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 7286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grill, Kalle, ‘Asymmetric population axiology: Deliberative neutrality delivered’, Philosophical Studies, 174 (2016), 219236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, James, Well-Being: Its Meaning, Measurement, and Moral Importance (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986).Google Scholar
Harman, Elizabeth, ‘Can We Harm and Benefit in Creating?Philosophical Perspectives, 18 (2004), 89113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanser, Matthew, ‘Still More on the Metaphysics of Harm’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research LXXXII (2) (2011), 459469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, Ross, Bentham (London: Routledge, 1983).Google Scholar
Hausman, Daniel, Preference, Value, Choice, and Welfare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).Google Scholar
Hausman, Daniel, ‘The Value of Health’, in: Hirose, Iwao and Olson, Jonas (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).Google Scholar
Haybron, Daniel M., The Pursuit of Unhappiness: The Elusive Psychology of Well-Being (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Heyd, David, ‘The Intractability of the Nonidentity Problem’, in Roberts, Melinda A. and Wasserman, David T. (eds.), Harming Future Persons: Ethics, Genetics and the Nonidentity Problem (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009), 325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirose, Iwao, Moral Aggregation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holtug, Nils, ‘On the Value of Coming into Existence’, The Journal of Ethics, 5 (2001), 361384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holtug, Nils, ‘Who Cares About Identity?’, in Roberts, Melinda A. and Wasserman, David T. (eds.), Harming Future Persons: Ethics, Genetics and the Nonidentity Problem (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009), 7192CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, Joe, ‘Partial aggregation in ethics’, Philosophy Compass 16: e12719 (2021), 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagan, Shelly, Death (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012).Google Scholar
Kamm, Frances M., Morality, Mortality. Volume I: Death and whom to save from it (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamm, Frances, Almost Over: Aging, Dying, Dead (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lizza, John P., ‘Defining Death in a Technological World. Why Brain Death is Death’, in: Timmerman, Travis and Cholbi, Michael (eds.) Exploring the Philosophy of Death and Dying: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives (London: Routledge, 2021), 1018.Google Scholar
Luper, Steven, The Philosophy of Death (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malek, Janet, ‘The Possibility of Being Harmed by One's Own Conception’, in: Francis, Leslie (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Reproductive Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 571588.Google Scholar
McMahan, Jeff, The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millum, Joseph, ‘Putting a Number on the Harm of Death’, in: Gamlund, et al. , Saving People from the Harm of Death (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 6175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, Thomas, ‘Death’, in: Mortal questions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).Google Scholar
Nord, Erik, ‘Quantifying the Harm of Death’, in: Gamlund, Espen, Solberg, Carl Tollef and McMahan, Jeff (eds.), Saving People from the Harm of Death (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 2132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parfit, Derek, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Melinda A., ‘Can it Ever Be Better Never to Have Existed at All? Person-Based Consequentialism and a New Repugnant Conclusion’, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 20 (2), (2003), 159185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rønnow-Rasmussen, Toni, Personal Value (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, Stephen E., ‘Appraising Death in Human Life: Two Modes of Valuation’, Midwest Studies In Philosophy 24 (2000), 151171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, Stephen E., ‘Concepts of Value and Ideas about Death’, in: Taylor, James Stacey (ed.), The Metaphysics and Ethics of Death: New Essays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 149168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarre, Geoffrey, Death (Stocksfield: Acumen, 2007).Google Scholar
Shiffrin, Seana V., ‘Harm and Its Moral Significance’, Legal Theory 18 (2012), 357398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sider, Theodore, ‘The Evil of Death: What Can Metaphysics Contribute?’ In: Bradley, Ben, Feldman, Fred, and Johansson, Jens (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Death (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012) 155166.Google Scholar
Sumner, Lawrence, Welfare, Happiness, and Ethics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).Google Scholar
Tenenbaum, Sergio, ‘Good and Good For’, in Tenenbaum, Sergio (ed.), Desire, Practical Reason, and the Good (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 202233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David Velleman, J., ‘Well-Being and Time’, in Beyond Price: Essays on Birth and Death (Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2015), 141174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, James, Facing Death: Epicurus and his Critics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wodak, Daniel, ‘What If Well-Being Measurements Are Non-Linear?Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 97 (2019), 2945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar