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Saxony: Dresden
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 October 2009
Extract
Three days of the last week have been devoted here to the Third Centenary Commemoration of the Publication at the Diet of Augsburg of the Articles of the Protestant Faith as adopted by Luther and his Followers.
On this occasion whatever of Party Zeal the existence of a Catholic Family on the Throne keeps alive here, was called into action.
A Drunken Riot originating in some insult offered to a Bust of Luther which took place on the first night, occasioned much alarm to the Authorities of this, at other times, very peaceable Town, and the Military were called out to disperse the crowds assembled.
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References
1 Confessio Augustana cf. n. 211 in Prussia section.
2 Karl Heinrich Konstantin von Ende.
3 Proclamation by the Commission for Upholding the Peace, 10 September 1830.
4 Johannes von Minckwitz.
5 For the demands cf. p. 295 in this section.
6 Seven people in all were involved – amongst them the popular community judge Friedrich August Rätzsch – who were commissioned to prepare an address by the citizens of the old town of Dresden. It was delivered on 16 December 1830.
7 Cf. n. 3 in this section.
8 Proclamation of 13 September 1830.
9 Enclosures: Original and Translation of the Proclamation of King Anton and Duke Maximilian, dated 13 September 1830.
10 Enclosure: Translation. Project of the new Saxon System submitted to the States relative to the Composition of the future Chambers (§§ 58–65).
11 Gottlob Adolf Ernst von Nostiz und Jänckendorf.
12 Friedrich August.
13 Enclosure: Translation. Decree addressed to the States relative to the new constitution of Saxony, 1 March 1831.
14 The Dresdener Bürgerverein was founded in December 1830. Under the leadership of the lawyer Bernhard Moßdorf it became increasingly influential and supported democratic ideas.
15 The National Guard was disbanded on 4 December 1830 because its members had participated in the disturbances in Dresden.
16 The two merchants Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Schramm and Heinrich Moritz Müller.
17 Heinrich Adolf Freiherr von Gablenz.
18 Carl Friedrich Anger.
19 Cf. p. 299 in this section.
20 This was the ‘Constitution, which the Saxon people want’ (Constitution, wie sie das sächsische Volk wünscht), drawn up by Bernhard Moßdorf.
21 Franz Graf von Colloredo-Wallsee.
22 Andrej Andrejewitsch Schreder.
23 Johann Ludwig von Jordan.
24 After the failed Warsaw Uprising of 1831 many Poles temporarily settled in Saxony; cf. n. 18 in Prussia section.
25 For the Six Articles of 28 June 1832 cf. pp. 35–39 in Frankfurt section.
26 Otto Friedrich von Watzdorf and Peter Wilhelm Graf von Hohenthal.
27 For the Allgemeine Zeitung cf. n. 33 in Bavaria section.
28 Allgemeine deutsche Bürgerzeitung für Alle, die an der Entwicklung des constitutionellen Labens im Vaterlande Theil nehmen, founded and edited by Ferdinand Philippi in 1832; from 1833 onwards published as the Constitutionelle Staatsbürgerzeitung.
29 Le Constitutionnel, founded in Paris in 1815, important organ for liberal and antirestoration policy in France.
30 Saxony joined the Zollverein on 30 03 1833.Google Scholar
31 Johann Ludwig von Jordan.
32 Cf. n. 24 m this section.
33 Not traceable.
34 Johannes von Minckwitz.
35 Not traceable.
36 According to Palmerston's instructions of 28 May 1833 passports could be issued to those Polish refugees, ‘who have the means of supporting themselves, the number of course of those who could avail themselves of this permission not being such as would create any inconvenience here. Passports should not be given to those Poles who, having no means of maintaining themselves here, would soon after they arrive find themselves in distress; nor to any whose character and conduct have not been entirely unobjectionable’.
37 Bernhard August von Lindenau.
38 Johannes von Minekwitz.
39 In Münchengrätz, negotiations took place in autumn 1833 regarding measures to be taken against the Polish independence movement. They concluded with the Alliance of Münchengrätz between Austria, Prussia, and Russia of 15 October 1833.
40 News of the supposed conspiracy originated in a letter of Metternich's to Karl Philipp von Wrede of 21 April 1834. According to Metternich, Germany should also be part of a pan-European revolution on 4 May led primarily by Polish emigrants.
41 Friedrich August.
42 Not traceable.
43 Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte (Society for Human Rights), successor to the Dresdener Bürgerverein, cf. n. 14 in this section. Whether there was a connection with the organization of the same name founded by Georg Büchner in 1834 is unclear.
44 Not traceable.
45 Cf. pp. 306–307 in this section.
46 Saxony joined the Zollverein on 30 03 1833.Google Scholar
47 On the occasion of King Anton's 81st birthday on 27 November 1835 numerous celebrations were held in Dresden, including a great procession.
48 Friedrich August.
49 Friedrich Albert von Langenn.
50 The house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha owed its prominent position to its dynastic connections with Belgium and Portugal. Russia's influence resulted from its role in maintaining the kingdom of Saxony in 1815.
51 Forbes is referring here to the support given to the Polish independence movement by Republican circles in France.
52 Cf. n. 79 in Prussia section.
53 Jules Edmond Louis Baron Renouard de Bussière.
54 Senior English order of knighthood established in the fourteenth century.
55 Cf. pp. XX in Prussia section.
56 Adelaide von Saxe—Meiningen was the wife of William IV; Marie Luise Viktoria of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was the mother of Queen Victoria.
57 Friedrich August.
58 Maria Leopoldine.
59 Enclosures: 1. Translation of a Note from M. de Zeschau; 2. Translation of a Proclamation of King Frederick Augustus of Saxony on ascending the Throne.
60 Based on a resolution of the Saxon Landtag of 10 April 1835 a decree was issued concerning a change in the organization of the church authorities.
61 Education Law of 6 June 1835.
62 The main points in the laws concerning the organization of the courts and the administration of justice, which came into force on 1 May 1835, were the separation of justice and administration, the establishment of new supreme courts, the introduction of administrative jurisdiction, and the three-stage appeal procedure.
63 When Saxony joined the Zollverein on 30 03 1833Google Scholar this meant not only a new and uniform customs tariff, but also reform of the entire fiscal system.
64 The Oberlausitz region and the territories of the princes of Schönberg were not completely integrated into the kingdom. Their special rights were further diminished by agreements reached in 1835.
65 Law regarding compulsory military service of 26 October 1834.
66 In the revised military code of 14 February 1835 punishments for soldiers were made less severe and brutal methods of punishment abolished.
67 The law of 18 May 1837 allowed Jews in Dresden and Leipzig – the only two cities in which Jews had the right of abode – to form religious communities and to build synagogues.
68 Cf. n. 90 in Prussia section.
69 Franz Freiherr von Binder-Kriegelstein.
70 On the Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung cf. n. 215 in Frankfurt section.
71 Wilhelm Adolf Lindau.
72 Constitution of 4 September 1831.
73 For the division into a north German and a south German currency area cf. n. 169 in Frankfurt section.
74 In a decree of 4 December 1837 Duke Ernst of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ordered coins of reduced value to be minted for regional trade. The new Coburg coin ran counter to attempts at uniformity, but also suppressed ‘more valuable’ currencies in neighbouring duchies.
75 Cf. pp. 88–91 in Frankfurt section.
76 Stephan organized night-time ‘edification and relaxation’ sessions.
77 For the dispute over mixed marriages in Cologne cf., inter alia, pp. 88–91Google Scholar in Frankfurt section, and pp. 169–170 in Prussia section.
78 Eine feste Burg ist unser Gott; the hymn is based on the 46th psalm.
79 Not traceable; it was one of Luther's descendants from Prussia.
80 FO 68/46: Francis Reginald Forbes to Viscount Palmerston, No. 33, Dresden, 16 November 1839; not included in this volume.
81 Friedrich Erdmann August von Thielau.
82 Cf. pp. 263–264 in Hanover section.
83 In its proclamation of 10 September the Hanoverian government interpreted the federal resolution of 5 September as official recognition of the repeal of the 1833 constitution, even though it only established that there was currently no reason to intervene.
84 Cf. n. 39 in Hanover section.
85 On 14 November 1816 the provisional rules of procedure for the Diet of the German Confederation were passed.
86 Quotation from Wilhelm Tell. Ein Schauspiel, Act II, Scene II.
87 The Province of Saxony, formerly the northern part of the Kingdom of Saxony, which fell to Prussia after the division of Saxony in February 1815.
88 Sächsischer Industrieverein, founded in 1830.Google Scholar
89 Karl Konstantin Freiherr von Künßberg.
90 Education Law of 6 June 1835.
91 The Saxon constitution came into force on 4 September 1831.
92 From July 1841 the British envoy in Dresden was also accredited to the court of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
93 Karl Friedrich.
94 Bernhard.
95 For the German Catholics cf. pp. 102–104 in Frankfurt section, and pp. 228–229 in Prussia section.
96 The Breslau branch of German Catholics led by Johannes Ronge represented an extreme theological rationalism. In contrast to the Schneidemühl branch, it recognized only two sacraments, baptism and communion.
97 Johann Paul Freiherr von Falkenstein and Carl August Wilhelm Eduard von Wietersheim.
98 Carl Balthasar Hübler.
99 Franz Graf von Kuefstein.
100 Klemens August Graf von Waldkirch.
101 Cf. pp. 316–317 in Saxony section.
102 Allgemeine Zeitung, cf. n. 33 in Bavaria section.
103 In 1697 Prince Elector August converted to Catholicism in order to become King of Poland. The population of Saxony, on the other hand, was overwhelming Protestant.
104 During the Napoleonic Wars of 1812/1813, when Saxony was France's ally, and also during the revolutionary events following the French revolution of July 1830, the Saxon royal house felt itself to be on the defensive as regards its subjects, on confessional grounds.
105 Ernestine line of the House of Wettin; in 1547 it lost the title of Elector.
106 The first Diet constituted after the new constitution of 4 September 1831 convened on 22 January 1833.
107 Ministerial Decrees respecting the Protestant Church, issued on 17 and 19 of July 1845.
108 On 12 August eight citizens of Leipzig were killed and many injured during a demonstration against Prince Johann and the anti-liberal system he represented.
109 Not traceable.
110 The second chamber in Saxony was opened on 14 September 1845 with an address by Friedrich August.
111 Cf. p. 395 in Württemberg section.
112 Convention between Austria, Prussia, Saxony, Hanover, Denmark, Mècklenburg-Schwerin, Anhalt-Coethen, Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Bernburg, Lübeck, and Hamburg relative to the regulation of the Brunshausen and Stade Toll. Signed at Dresden, April 13, 1844.
113 Cf. n. 108 in this section.
114 Karl Braun.
115 Heinrich Anton von Zeschau.
116 Gustav von Nostitz-Wallwitz.
117 Johann Paul Freiherr von Falkenstein.
118 Cf. n. 108 in this section.
119 Not traceable.
120 Charles Townshend Barnard.
121 Herzog Ernst II.
122 Moriz Briegleb.
123 Haubold von Speßhardt.
124 Cf. n. 221 in Frankfurt section.
125 Carl Gottlob Todt.
126 Karl Braun.
127 Wilhelm Michael Schaffrath.
128 Wilhelm Michael Schaffrath was refering to deputy Thielau's false interpretation of a memorandum by Carl Biedermann. According to Thielau, in this memorandum to the Berlin church conference Biedermann had described Jesus and his Apostles as noisy seducers of the people.
129 Friedrich Erdmann August von Thielau.
130 Not traceable.
131 Kreuzschule (Holy Cross School), founded in the thirteenth century.
132 On the secret organization Junges Deutschland as well as the literary movement Junges Deutschland which have nothing to do with the case here; cf. nn. 151, 158 in Frankfurt section.
133 Robert Blum, Carl Biedermann, and Wilhelm Michael Schaffrath.
134 Not traceable.
135 For the Allgemeine Zeitung cf. n. 33 in Bavaria section.
136 For the Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung cf. n. 215 in Frankfurt section.
137 The Zollvereinsblatt was published from 1 January 1843 until 1846. It was the organ of supporters of the economic unification of Germany and of a German policy of protective tariffs.
138 The published letters contained the reactions of Sir Robert Peel (22 August 1846) and Lord Palmerston (8 September 1846) to the memorandum On the Advantages and Conditions of an Intimate Alliance between Greatbritain [!] and Germany. In this Pamphlet (the so-called Alliance Memorandum), List stressed the significance of Anglo-German trade relations and called for England's support in further extending the German Zollverein and for the English government to tolerate the German policy of protective tariffs. Both Peel and Palmerston rejected List's suggestions.
139 Ernst II.
140 The Hohenlohes belonged to the Standesherren, not the ruling houses. In the dukedom of Gotha their feudal rights were secured by the old Saxon Ständeverordnung of 1653–1666.
141 Cf. pp. 235–236 in Prussia section.