^{page 11 note 1} Lewis, P. S., ‘Decayed and Non-Feudalism in Later Medieval France’, BIHR, xxxvi (1964), 157–84Google Scholar; idem, ‘Of Breton Alliances and Other Matters’, War, Literature and Politics in the Late Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of G. W. Coopland, ed. Allmand, C. T. (Liverpool, 1976), 122–43Google Scholar, both reprinted in Essays in Later Medieval French History (London, 1985), 41–90.Google Scholar

^{page 11 note 2} Soranzo, G., ‘Collegati, raccomandati, aderenti negli stati italiani dei sec. XIV e XV’, Archivio Storico Italiano, xcix (1941), 3–35Google Scholar; Dean, T., ‘Lords, vasals and clients in Renaissance Ferrara’, EHR, c (1985), 106–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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^{page 11 note 4} Wormald, J., Lords and Men in Scotland: Bonds of Manrent 1442–1603 (Edinburgh, 1985).Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 5} Leroy, B., Le Royaume de Navarre à la fui du moyen âge. Gouvernement et société (London, 1990), 94Google Scholar; Lewis, , Essays in Later Medieval French History, 46, 88–9Google Scholar; Registrum Honoris de Morton, ed. T. Thomson et al. (Bannantyne Club, 1853), ii. 101.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 6} Vale, M., War and Chivalry. Warfare and Aristocratic Culture in England, France and Burgundy at the End of the Middle Ages (London, 1981), 67Google Scholar; Lewis, , 68.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 7} Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Dugdale 18 f. 39v; The Red Book of the Earls of Kildare, ed. MacNiocaill, G. (Dublin, 1964)Google Scholar, nos. 139, 165–9; Calendar of Ormond Deeds, ed. Curtis, E. (Dublin, 1932–1943), ii. nos. 22, 34–6, 38, 90, 219 and 347.Google Scholar

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^{page 12 note 9} Cherry, M., ‘The Courtenay Earls of Devon: Formation and Disintegration of a late Medieval Aristocratic Affinity’, Southern History, i (1979), 71–99Google Scholar; Carpenter, C., ‘The Beauchamp Affinity, A Study of Bastard Feudalism at Work’, EHR, xcv (1980), 514–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Walker, S., The Lancastrian Affinity 1361–1399 (Oxford, 1990), 8–38.Google Scholar

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^{page 14 note 13} Clanchy, M. T., From Memory to Written Record. England 1066–1307 (Oxford, 2nd ed. 1993), 87–8Google Scholar; Cheney, C. R., English Bishops’ Chanceries 1100–1250 (Manchester, 1950), 132.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 14} PRO, E40/391 (Philip, lord Basset and William de Wydendon); E40/14378 (Philip, lord Basset and William Aylwyn); DL25/1308 (Hugh de Neville and John Filliol).

^{page 14 note 15} Simpson, G. G., ‘The familia of Roger de Quincy, earl of Winchester and Constable of Scotland’, Essays on the Nobility of Medieval Scotland, ed. Stringer, K. J. (Edinburgh, 1985), 102–29Google Scholar; Crouch, D., William Marshal (London, 1990), 135–68Google Scholar; Ridgeway, H., ‘William de Valence and his Familiares, 1247–72’, Historical Research, lxv (1992), 239–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Carpenter, D. A., ‘Simon de Montfort: the first leader of a political movement in English history’, History, lxxvi (1991), 10–13Google Scholar; idem, ‘King, Magnates and Society: The Personal Rule of Henry III, 1234–1258’, Speculum, ix (1985), 39–70.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 16} Red Book of the Earls of Kildare, nos. 11–15.

^{page 14 note 17} Brand, P. A., ‘Oldcotes v. Darcy’, Medieval Legal Records, ed. Hunnisett, R. F. and Post, J. B. (London, 1978), 64, 69–70Google Scholar; PRO, CP40/134 m. 202d (Sir William Devereux and Walter Langten, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield); CP40/207, enrolled deeds m. 1 (Hervey de Stainton and John de Bradfield); Saul, N., ‘A“Rising” Lord and a “Declining” Esquire: Sir Thomas de Berkeley III and Geoffrey Gascelyn of Sheldon’, Historical Research, lxi (1988), 345–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 15 note 18} Prestwich, J. O., ‘The Military Household of the Anglo-Norman Kings’, EHR, xcvi (1981), 2–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar (quotation p. 33); Lyon, B. D., ‘The Feudal Antecedents of the Indenture System’, Speculum, xxix (1954), 503–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Prestwich, M., War, Politics and Finance under Edward I (London, 1972), 41–91.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 19} Richardson, H. G. and Sayles, G. O., The Governance of Medieval England from the Conquest to Magna Carta (Edinburgh, 1963), 464–5Google Scholar; Lloyd, S. D., ‘The Lord Edward's Crusade 1270–2: Its setting and significance’, War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of J. O. Prestwich, ed. Gillingham, J. and Holt, J. C. (Woodbridge, 1984), 120–33.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 20} Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, Gregory Hood Collection, DR 10/2094. For other examples of agreements to discharge the service of ecclesiastical tenants-in-chief: William Thome's Chronicle of St Augustine's, Canterbury, ed. Davis, A. H. (Oxford, 1934), 286Google Scholar; Registrum Ricardi de Swinfield, episcopi Herefordensis, ed. Capes, W. W. (Canterbury & York Soc., 1909), 375–6Google Scholar; The Register of Roger Martival, bishop of Salisbury, iii. ed. Reynolds, S. (Canterbury & York Soc., 1965), 97–8, 193Google Scholar; Lewis, N. B., ‘The Summons of the English Feudal Levy, 5 April 1327’, Essays in Medieval History presented to Bertie Wilkinson, ed. Sandquist, T. A. and Powicke, M. R. (Toronto, 1969), 248–9.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 21} E.g., the indented letters patent of Hugh Despenser the elder retaining Sir Robert Fitzwalter for six months, granting him robes and saddles in time of peace and a fee of 200 marks in time of war, for the service of Fitzwalter and his company of 20 men-at-arms: PRO, E42/271, 29 Oct. 1317.

^{page 16 note 22} E.g., the indenture between Gilbert Umfraville, earl of Angus and Sir William Swynburne, retaining Swynburne and two valets for three quarters of a year at a fee of 20 marks: Northumberland RO, Swinburne of Capheaton, ZSW 1/58, 22 Sept. 1334.

^{page 16 note 23} Infra, nos. 11, 16, 26, 29, 30.

^{page 16 note 24} Infra, 8.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 25} Prince, A. E., ‘The Indenture System under Edward III’, Historical Essays in Honour of James Tait, ed. Edwards, J. G., Galbraith, V. H. and Jacob, E. F. (Manchester, 1933), 283–99Google Scholar; Goodman, A., ‘The Military Subcontracts of Sir Hugh Hastings, 1380’, EHR, xcv (1980), 114–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Walker, S., ‘Profit and Loss in the Hundred Years War: the subcontracts of Sir John Strother, 1374’, BIHR, lviii (1985), 100–6.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 26} Northumbs. RO, ZSW 4/50; PRO, E101/68/9/202.

^{page 16 note 27} Note, for instance, the very few names that occur in both the lists of the earl of Norfolk's household drawn up in 1294–5 ancl 1297 and me considerable turnover in the names of Henry, earl of Lancaster's annuitants, 1330–2: PRO, 047/2/10/8; Documents Illustrating the Crisis of 1297–8 in England, ed. M. Prestwich (Camden Soc., 4th ser. xxiv, 1980), 157–8; PRO, DL.40/1/11 ff. 45v, 51v.

^{page 17 note 28} Infra, 23.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 29} 1, 2, 8, 13, 20, 22, 29, 38–9.

^{page 17 note 30} 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14–18, 21, 26, 28, 30, 33, 43, 45.

^{page 17 note 31} 6, 9, 19.

^{page 17 note 32} 2, 8, 13, 20; Wormald, , Lords and Men in Scotland, 30–1.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 33} 23–5, 27, 32, 34–7, 40–2, and passim.

^{page 18 note 34} 98, 112.

^{page 18 note 35} E.g., the letters patent of William, lord Zouche, granting John Clifford a fee of 8 marks p.a. together with bouche of court for himself and a valet, and livery for two horses: PRO, C66/398 m. 15, 24 Sept. 1414.

^{page 18 note 36} This was the practice of Richard, duke of Gloucester: PRO, DL29/648/10485 m. 14.

^{page 18 note 37} Holmes, 79.

^{page 18 note 38} 1, 2, 10, 12, 13, 23–7, 31–2, 38, 43–5, 91–2, 94–6, 100, 102, 105, 116, 119 and passim.

^{page 18 note 39} 118, 133; Dunham, forms B, C, D, F-K, N, Q, S, W.

^{page 18 note 40} 104, 106–11.

^{page 19 note 41} 11, 24–5, 27, 31–4.

^{page 19 note 42} 85, 92.

^{page 19 note 43} 87, 93. Despenser was clearly anxious to secure himself a substantial peacetime retinue. For his request to the prior of Llanthony-by-Gloucester to supply him with five men-at-arms and 15 archers to attend the Parliament of September 1397: PRO, C115/K2/6684 f. 193.

^{page 19 note 44} Horrox, R., Richard III. A Study of Service (Cambridge, 1989), 7.Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 45} Infra, 77.Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 46} 37, 68, 75, 79, 89, 90.

^{page 19 note 47} 112, 113; John of Gaunt's Register, 1372–1376, ed. S. Armitage-Smith (Camden Soc., 3rd ser., xx–xxi, 1911), nos. 792, 797Google Scholar; Reeves, A. Compton, ‘Some of Humphrey Stafford's Military Indentures’, Nottingham Mediaeval Studies, xvi (1972), 91Google Scholar. Note also the indenture between Sir Philip Thornbury, his wife Margaret, and Richard Whitwick, retaining him in the offices of lardyner, ‘catour’ and cook in their household for the term of their lives. Whitwick was to receive a fee of 20 shillings p.a. and a suit of yeoman's livery and to hold a tenement at Pottern Green (Herts.) for a rose rent: PRO, E210/1172.

^{page 19 note 48} 117, 119; Madox, T., Formulare Anglicanum (London, 1702), no. cclxiii.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 49} Bean, J. M. W., ‘“Bachelor” and “Retainer”’, Medievalia et Humanistica, n.s. iii (1972), 117–31Google Scholar; Bean, , 22–32.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 50} E.g., Rotuli Parliamentorum (London, 1783), iii. 57–8Google Scholar; The Babees Book, ed. Furnivall, F.J. (Early English Text Soc., o.s. xxxiii, 1868), i. 186, 284Google Scholar. For a general discussion of the distinction between knights banneret and knights bachelor see Saul, N., Knights and Esquires. The Gloucestershire Gentry in the Fourteenth Century (Oxford, 1981), 7–10Google Scholar; Crouch, D., The Image of Aristocracy in Britain 1000–1300 (London, 1992), 114–19.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 51} Infra, 70, 122Google Scholar. Note also the provision that knights of the royal household were to be ‘xij bachelers sufficiantz and most valent men of war of that ordre of every cuntrey’: The Household of Edward IV. The Black Book and the Ordinance of 1478, ed. Myers, A. R. (Manchester, 1959), 108.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 52} 13, 24, 27, 31.

^{page 20 note 53} 41, 42.

^{page 20 note 54} Given-Wilson, 160–74, 204–12 for the King's chamber knights and, for a similar group in John of Gaunt's household, Walker, , Lancastrian Affinity, 11–13Google Scholar. Note too the indenture retaining Camoys Mavow as an esquire of the earl of Cambridge's chamber (69).

^{page 21 note 55} Infra, 87.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 56} 12, 13, 20, 23–7, 31–2, 43–5, 100, 102, 105, 116, and passim. All Lord Hastings' indentures reserve the retainer's allegiance to the king.

^{page 21 note 57} 129–31, 134–7

^{page 21 note 58} 91–2, 141.

^{page 21 note 59} 116, 126; Dunham, forms C, I, L, Y. For one fourteenth-century example, infra, 43.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 60} 5, 94–6.

^{page 21 note 61} 8, 119, 121, 126, 132, 150.

^{page 22 note 62} 21, 73, 87.

^{page 22 note 63} 118, 127, 130–1, 133, 142, 151; Dunham, forms C, F, G, H, J, K, N, W.

^{page 22 note 64} Dunham, forms D, H, Q, S, T, U, V.

^{page 22 note 65} Maddern, P., ‘Honour among the Pastons: gender and integrity in fifteenth-century English provincial society’, Journal of Medieval History, xiv (1988), 357–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Keen, M., ‘The End of the Hundred Years War: Lancastrian France and Lancastrian England’, England and her Neighbours, 1066–1453. Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais, ed. Jones, M. and M., Vale (London, 1989), 297–311.Google Scholar

^{page 22 note 66} 7, 11, 14, 16, 28, 33.

^{page 23 note 67} Infra, 15.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 68} Infra, 37Google Scholar; Vale, J., Edward III and Chivalry (Woodbridge, 1982), 57–75Google Scholar; Barker, J., The Tournament in England, 1100–1400 (Woodbridge, 1986), 12–16, 120–3.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 69} 3, 5–7, 18.

^{page 23 note 70} 14, 40, 85, 93; Lewis, N. B., ‘Indentures of retinue with John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, enrolled in Chancery, 1367–1399’, Camden Miscellany xxii (1964), no. 1Google Scholar; Walker, , Lancastrian Affinity, 294–5.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 71} 13, 19, 21, 28. Note also the terms of the indenture, preserved in a sixteenth-century transcript, by which Maurice FitzThomas, first earl of Desmond, retained Thomas, son of Walter Mandeville, 22 Sept. 1341, granting him two suits of livery and a war-horse, with suitable saddle and bridle, each year: Nicholls, K. W., ‘Abstracts of Mandeville Deeds, NLI Ms. 6136’, Analecta Hibemica, xxxii (1985), 18–19.Google Scholar

^{page 24 note 72} E.g., PRO, CP40/235, enrolled deeds, m. 1: letters patent of Sir John Cockfield, 16 April 1320, announcing that whereas Sir Richard Damory was obliged by his writing to pay him a fee of 100 shillings a year, he now wished Damory to substitute for the fee two robes and a saddle suitable for a knight ‘of such livery as he makes for his bachelors each year’.

^{page 24 note 73} 59, 62, 64, 66, 69–70.

^{page 24 note 74} 27, 31.

^{page 24 note 75} McFarlane, K. B., The Nobility of Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1973), 111–2Google Scholar. The lists of livery distributed by successive priors of Christ Church, Canterbury, between 1439 and 1466, for instance, suggest a provision for up to 80 generosi: Bodl., MS Tanner 165 ff. 155v–176v.

^{page 24 note 76} 115, 150.

^{page 24 note 77} 11, 26, 29, 43–5.

^{page 24 note 78} 5, 31, 34, 38, 48, 52, 65, 90, 118, 126.

^{page 24 note 79} 31.

^{page 25 note 80} 104, 111, 122.

^{page 25 note 81} Dunham, 10.

^{page 25 note 82} ibid, form D.

^{page 25 note 83} 149, 155.

^{page 25 note 84} 22, 99.

^{page 25 note 85} 138–40, 142–5, 152–3.

^{page 25 note 86} St John Hope, W. H., ‘The Last Testament and Inventory of John de Vere, Thirteenth Earl of Oxford’, Archaeologia, lxvi (1915), 318–20.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 87} Wright, S. M., The Derbyshire Gentry in the Fifteenth Century (Derbys. Rec, Soc., viii, 1983), 75–82Google Scholar; Rowney, I., ‘The Hastings Affinity in Staffordshire and the Honour of Tutbury’, BIHR, lvii (1984), 35–45Google Scholar; Hicks, M. A., Richard III and his rivals (London, 1991), 229–46Google Scholar; Carpenter, G., Locality and Polity, 516–46.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 88} 67, 76, 78–9, 84, 87–8, 93–6, 101, 142.

^{page 26 note 89} 4, 5, 31, 40, 52, 54, 62, 71–2, 82; Walker, , Lancastrian Affinity, 68–9Google Scholar for John of Gaunt's practice in this respect; approximately a quarter of his indentures, most of them concluded in 1372, offer an increment for the retainer's service on campaign.

^{page 26 note 90} 97, 102, 105, 114, 128, 132.

^{page 26 note 91} Infra, 55–6Google Scholar; PRO, CHES 2/48 mm. 2, 2d, 49 m. 1 for the Prince's letters patent, announcing grants of £40 p.a. for past and future services to nine knights, all of whom were to serve him in war with two esquires ‘saunz aucun autre fee prendre de nous pour lui ou pour les dictes esquiers…’.

^{page 26 note 92} Infra, 40.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 93} 4, 5, 7, 11, 13, 18, 19, 23–5; 27, 29, 30, 32–4, 36–7, 39; Lewis, N. B., ‘An early indenture of military service, 27 July 1287’, BIHR, xiii (1935–1936), 85–9.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 94} 40, 54; Hay, D., ‘The Division of Spoils of War in Fourteenth-Century England’, TRHS, 5th ser. iv (1954), 91–109Google Scholar; Hewitt, H. J., The Black Prince's Expedition of 1355–7 (Manchester, 1958), 155–7Google Scholar; Keen, M. H., The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages (London, 1965), 146–7Google Scholar; Bean, , 238–46Google Scholar. Note also the contract between Richard, earl of Arundel and Sir Gerard de Lisle for service for a year with 30 men-at-arms in which Arundel offered restoration of horses lost to Lisle and his company and claims half of all their gains of war: Berkeley Castle, Select Charter 526, 5 March 1350.

^{page 27 note 95} BL, Add. MS 37494 ff. 8v, 9; PRO, E364/8 mm. 9–10.

^{page 27 note 96} 64, 70, 97.

^{page 27 note 97} The Black Book of the Admiralty, ed. Sir T. Twiss (Rolls Series, lv, 1871), i. 456Google Scholar. Note also Richard II's mandate to the earl of Northumberland to regulate the ransoming of prisoners on the March, with full powers to punish those who ransomed prisoners without the consent of their masters ‘to whom the third belongs, as it is determined by the law of arms and the usages of war’: PRO, C81/1349/13, 5 Feb. 1386.

^{page 27 note 98} 59, 62, 65, 66, 82, 85, 94–6, 98, 102, 105, 126, 128.

^{page 27 note 99} 75, 80, 104, 104, 106–11, 114, 122, 124–5, 127, 132, 138–9, 144–5, 147–8, 152–3.

^{page 28 note 100} Powicke, M. R., ‘Lancastrian Captains’, Essays … presented to Bertie Wilkinson, ed. Sandquist and Powicke, 371–82.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 101} Saul, , Knights and Esquires, 96–7, 265–6Google Scholar; Bean, , 14–17.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 102} Infra, 81.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 103} Registrum palatinum Dunelmense. The Register of Richard de Kellawe, lord palatine and bishop of Durham, 1314–16, ed. Sir T. D. Hardy (Rolls Series, lxii, 1873–1878), iii. 1256–7.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 104} BPR ii. 9–10Google Scholar (Kindly brought to our attention by Chris Given-Wilson).

^{page 28 note 105} 35, 70, 81, 98.

^{page 28 note 106} 33–4.

^{page 28 note 107} 58, 77–80, 84, 87, 91, 93, 115, 118.

^{page 29 note 108} 59, 61, 66, 70.

^{page 29 note 109} Bean, , 251–68Google Scholar for a tabulation of Gaunt's practice. Only 15 of his 160 surviving indentures include a right of distraint.

^{page 29 note 110} 7, 12, 13, 22. Note also the indenture between Sir Nicholas de Loveyne and Simon, son of Walter de Woodham in which Loveyne enters into a bond of £100 to provide Woodham with the wardship of an heiress, to the value of 20 marks p.a., and to maintain him ‘en aussi covenable mauere come un des meillours esquiers estaunt demorant et servant en lostil’, in return for Woodham's undertaking to serve him as an esquire in all parts of England: PRO, C54/198 m. 7d, 1 Dec. 1360, a reference owing to the kindness of Simon Payling.

^{page 29 note 111} 7, 8, 11, 18. Edward I wrote to the Council, 8 Sept. 1297, ordering them to take action against one of Roger de Mowbray's retainers, who had failed to go on campaign in Flanders as he had contracted to do; Prestwich, Documents Illustrating the Crisis of 1297–98, 146 no. 135.

^{page 29 note 112} Pollock, F. and Maitland, F. W., The History of English Law before the time of Edward I (Cambridge, 1898, repr. 1968), ii. 219–20.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 113} 134–7.

^{page 30 note 114} 40.

^{page 30 note 115} 8, 13, 20.

^{page 30 note 116} 6, 7, 23–4, 31–2, 35, 38–9, 43–4, 81, 97.

^{page 30 note 117} 2, 22, 24, 32, 43–4, 91–2; Wormald, , Lords and Men in Scotland, 70Google Scholar for the same practice.

^{page 30 note 118} 100, 105, 116.

^{page 30 note 119} 129, 152–3; all Lord Hastings' indentures, except forms A, B and U, bear the retainer's sign manual.

^{page 30 note 120} Cruickshank, C. G., Army Royal. Henry VIII's Invasion of France, 1513 (Oxford, 1969), 197–8.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 121} Dunham, , 90–116Google Scholar; Stone, L., The Crisis of the Aristocracy 1558–1641 (Oxford, 1965), 201–17Google Scholar; Cameron, A., ‘The Giving of Livery and Retaining in Henry VII's Reign’, Renaissance and Modern Studies, xviii (1974), 17–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cooper, J. P., ‘Retainers in Tudor England’, Land, Men and Beliefs (London, 1983), 78–96.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 122} Rot. Parl., ii. 63 and iii. 428Google Scholar; Statutes of the Realm (Record Comm., 1816), ii. 113–4Google Scholar (1 H. IV, c. 7); Bean, 200–30 provides a helpful survey of the statutory changes.

^{page 31 note 123} Statutes of the Realm, ii, 155–6Google Scholar (7 H. IV, c. 14); Rot. Parl., v. 487–8.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 124} Rot. Parl., v. 633–4Google Scholar; Statutes of the Realm, ii. 426–9Google Scholar (8 E. IV, c. 2).

^{page 31 note 125} Statutes of the Realm, ii. 658–60Google Scholar (19 H. VII, c. 14).

^{page 31 note 126} Dunham, , 67–89Google Scholar; Bellamy, J. G., ‘Justice under the Yorkist Kings’, American Journal of Legal History, ix (1965), 152–4Google Scholar; Ross, C., Edward IV (London, 1974), 412–3Google Scholar; Hicks, M. A., ‘The 1468 Statute of Livery’, Historical Research, lxiv (1991), 15–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 32 note 127} Besides the indentures printed below (152–5), Richard of Gloucester concluded indentures for life service with at least 15 further retainers between 1471 and 1473, for example: PRO, DL29/648/10485 m. 14.

^{page 32 note 128} Infra, 149, n. 372.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 129} Ramsay, N., ‘Retained Legal Counsel, c. 1275–c. 1475’. TRHS, 5th ser. xxxiv (1985), 111–12.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 130} Given-Wilson, C., The English Nobility in the late Middle Ages (London, 1987), 69–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Payling, , Political Society, 1–19Google Scholar; Carpenter, , Locality and Polity, 35–97.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 131} James, M., English Politics and the Concept of Honour (Past & Present Supplement, 3, 1978), 20–2.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 132} Infra, 146Google Scholar; Cooper, , Land, Men and Beliefs, 91–3Google Scholar; Goring, J., ‘Social Change and Military Decline in Mid-Tudor England’, History, lx (1975), 189–90Google Scholar. Note also the elements of a tenancy agreement in the contract between John, duke of Exeter and Thomas Proudfoot (92).

^{page 33 note 133} Gray, H. L., ‘Incomes from Land in England in 1436’, EHR, xlix (1934), 607–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pugh, T. B., ‘The magnates, knights and gentry’, Fifteenth-Century England, 1399–1509, ed. Chrimes, S. B., Ross, C. D. and Griffiths, R. A. (Manchester, 1972), 101–9.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 134} E.g., George, duke of Clarence's lengthy indenture with John Archer, esquire, retaining him for a year's service in Normandy and France: Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, ER 3/667, 28 Feb. 1475, a reference kindly provided by Christine Carpenter.

^{page 33 note 135} James, M., A Tudor Magnate and the Tudor State. Henry, Fifth Earl of Northumberland (Borthwick Paper, 30, 1966), 5–9Google Scholar; Willen, D., John Russell, First Earl of Bedford (London, 1981), 35–43Google Scholar; Bernard, G. W., The Power of the Early Tudor Nobility. A Study of the Fourth and Fifth Earls of Shrewsbury (Brighton, 1985), 156–62, 180–3Google Scholar; Harris, B. J., Edmund Stafford, Third Earl of Buckingham, 1478–1521 (Stanford, 1986), 136–48Google Scholar; Merles, K., The English Noble Household 1250–1600 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), 136, 186–91, 218Google Scholar; Gunn, S. J., Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, c. 1484–1545 (Oxford, 1988), 123–30, 154–60, 210–19, 224–5Google Scholar; idem, ‘Henry Bourchier, earl of Essex’, The Tudor Nobility, ed. Bernard, G. W. (Manchester, 1992), 158–65Google Scholar.

^{page 35 note 1} We are grateful to Mr J. Browne-Swinburne and Northumberland Record Office for permission to publish this document and 2 below.

^{page 35 note 2} Hedley, W. Percy, Northumberland Families (2 vols., Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1968), i. 99–100Google Scholar for the career of Sir William de Swynburne (d. 1289), of West Swinburne, parish of Chollerton, treasurer of Queen Margaret of Scotland. Kellawe was still in Swynburne's service in May 1289, when he acknowledged receipt of ten shillings for his fee for Pentecost term (Northumbs. RO, ZSW 1/44).

^{page 36 note 3} Probably John de Lisle of Woodburn, who appears as an occasional witness to Swynburne charters between 1274 and 1299, though the Swynburnes' relations with the Lisles of Chipchase were also good: Northumbs. RO, ZSW, 1/38, 45, 4/10; Hedley, , Northumbserland Families, ii. 228–38Google Scholar for the Lisles.

^{page 36 note 4} In the opening clause of the agreement the date is given as Sunday after St Barnabas the Apostle, i.e. 15 June in 1292, but in the dating clause as 17 June.

^{page 36 note 5} GEC, vii. 681–6Google Scholar for Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln (1258–1311); Moor, , lxxxiv. 9Google Scholar for Sir Richard de Tanny (d. by 1 June 1296).

^{page 37 note 6} First published in Gough, H., Scotland in 1298 (London & Paisley, 1888), 260–1Google Scholar after the original, then PRO, Exchequer, Treasury of Receipt, Miscellanea no. 42/13. See Phillips, J. R. S., Aymar de Valence, earl of Pembroke 1307–1324 (Oxford, 1972), 261–7Google Scholar for the earl's relations with the Berkeleys, and GEC, ii. 127–8 for Thomas, lord Berkeley (1295–1321). For two further indentures between Valence and Berkeley, concluded in May and August 1298, regulating the fulfilment of the terms of this agreement, see PRO, E101/68/1/2 and 3.

^{page 39 note 7} We are grateful to the Trustees of the late Mrs Yvonne Studd-Trench-Gascoigne for permission to publish this document and to W. J. Connor, District Archivist, for his help in obtaining it. Sir John de Grey (d. 1311) had succeeded his father in 1295; the family's estates included scattered but quite considerable lands in Yorkshire (GEC, vi. 144–5Google Scholar; CIPM, iii. 284Google Scholar; v. 345; Moor, , lxxxi. 150Google Scholar). Robert de Tothaie, lord of Enesbury, Caldecote, Hardwick and Barkford, Hunts., knight of the shire for Buckingham in 1313, was blind and unfit for service in 1324 (Moor, lxxxiv. 34).

^{page 39 note 8} 20 July.

^{page 39 note 9} Yapham, near Pocklington, E. R. Yorks.

^{page 40 note 10} In a seventeenth-century hand.

^{page 40 note 11} A small armorial seal, an eagle displayed; first edited in Owen, Edward, A Catalogue of Manuscripts relating to Wales in the British Museum, iii (1908), 641–2Google Scholar, no. 1130, and reading the legend: IESU SEL BON E BEL. Contemporary rolls of arms give Bluet variations on the arms of a double-headed eagle displayed; he was dead by 24 March 1322 (Moor, lxxx. 100).

^{page 40 note 12} No firm evidence has been discovered on the branch of the Martel family to which William belonged (cf. Moor, , lxxxii. 82).Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 13} Bluet held two knights' fees at Langstone and Wyteston, Gwent, of the late Gilbert de Clare in 1314.

^{page 41 note 14} Owen prints Cilcester, neither placename has been securely located.

^{page 42 note 15} We are grateful to Mary Duchess of Roxburghe for permission to publish this document and to Jonathan Pepler, Principal Archivist, Cheshire RO, for help in obtaining this. It was first published in Barraclough, G., ‘The Earldom and County Palatine of Chester’, Trans. of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, ciii (1951), 54Google Scholar and reprinted with a reproduction in Barraclough, G., The Earldom and County Palatine of Chester (Oxford: Blackwell, 1953), 36–7Google Scholar. Edmund, baron of Stafford, came of age in 1294 and died in 1308 (GEC, xii, pt 1. 173).

^{page 42 note 16} Jones, Michael, ‘Sir John de Hardreshull, King's Lieutenant in Brittany, 1343–5’, Nottingham Medieval Studies xxxi (1987), 76–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar places Philip de Hardreshull in his family context.

^{page 43 note 17} Drawn to our attention by Prof. Robin Frame; published in The Red Book of the Earls of Kildare, ed. Niocaill, G. Mac (Dublin, 1964), 70Google Scholar no. 76 after a photostat copy, National Library of Ireland, MS 5769. For John Fitz Thomas, created earl of Kildare in 1316, see GEC, vii. 218–21.Google Scholar

^{page 43 note 18} Morett, Coolbanagher parish, Laois; Saint Fintans, Clonenagh and Clonagheen parish, Laois.

^{page 43 note 19} A good impression of an armorial seal in red wax (Valence) survives (cf. Ellis, i. no. P818 after an impression on PRO, E40/68). The indenture was later cancelled by a series of wavy cuts; see also Phillips, , Aymer de Valence, 308Google Scholar. FitzPayn was dead by 30 August 1315 (Moor, , lxxxi. 50–1).Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 20} This transcript, published by kind permission of the Director of the National Archives, was prepared by Prof. Robin Frame, to whom we are deeply indebted for help with this and other Irish indentures, from a document presenting severe textual problems. It survives in transcript only in the Irish Record Commissioners' draft calendar of rolls of the Dublin Bench. The transcript was prepared by a clerk who made some mistakes and left a number of gaps, which he blamed on the condition of the original roll. His work was revised by a superior, who corrected some more obvious errors and succeeded in reading some missing words. However, revision did not stop there: it was also designed to save space – and possibly to gloss over difficulties – by means of deletions and crude contractions (for instance, the repeated Monsire is consistently deleted, and the dating clause contracted to 10 Fev' a' r' r' 34). There are thus, within a single heavily-emended MS, two unsatisfactory versions of the text. The text presented here is not a critical edition of these nineteenth-century transcripts, but a working text based on them, correcting only the most obvious errors.

^{page 46 note 21} John Wogan was Justiciar of Ireland from 1295–1308 and 1309–13 (Curtis, E., A History of Mediaeval Ireland from 1100 to 1513 (Dublin, 1923), 186–94Google Scholar; Moor, , lxxxiv. 208–9Google Scholar). Henry de la Roche was probably a younger brother of Sir Thomas de la Roche of Pembroke who served in Ireland from the early 1280s (Moor, lxxxiii. 83). See also Frame, R., ‘Military Service in the Lordship of Ireland 1290–1360: Institutions and Society on the Anglo-Gaelic Frontier’, Medieval Frontier Societies, ed. Bartlett, Robert and Angus, MacKay (Oxford, 1989), 117Google Scholar for further comment.

Wogan also retained John son of William Butler of Waterford on i February 1310 (Rotulorum Patentium et Clausorum Cancellariae Hibernie Calendarium, vol. 1, pars 1, Hen. II – Hen. VII (1828)Google Scholar, 16 no. 57 after Patent Roll 3 & 4 Edward II, destroyed in 1922). Butler agreed to serve for life in any place in Ireland to which he was summoned and against all men, saving his liegeance to the king, and with as many armed men and horses as he could raise, in return for maintenance, robes and wages as Wogan's other household valets, namely 12d a day for each mounted man, bouche en court for himself and his men-at-arms, 6d per day each for hay, oats etc. ‘nisi merit in loco guerre et tempora annis quo homines pabulari poterint', and pledging to pay £200 if the contract was broken.

^{page 46 note 22} Fine impression of armorial seal (Two chevronels, a canton = Pecche), diameter 24 mm., in white wax. Stephen de Segrave witnessed documents from 1305, was knighted by 1307, succeeded his father in October 1325 but was dead by Christmas (GEC, xi. 608–9; Moor, lxxxiii. 238–9). We are obliged to David Smith, Archivist, Gloucestershire RO, for help in arranging for us to see this document and others from Berkeley Castle and for permission to publish.

^{page 47 note 23} Nicholas de Kyriel (Crioll), succeeded in 1303 and was knighted with Prince Edward on 22 May 1306; his mother was Margaret Pecche (Moor, , lxxx. 253).Google Scholar

^{page 47 note 24} Walmer, Kent.

^{page 47 note 25} Croxton Keerial, Leics.

^{page 48 note 26} A fine impression of Enfield's seal in green wax: an antique gem with head in deep relief. For a contemporary example of Bohun's seal from PRO, DL 25 no. 42 see Ellis, ii. no. P1063. Humphrey de Bohun succeeded his father as earl of Hereford in 1298 and was killed at Boroughbridge in 1322 (GEC, vi. 467–70Google Scholar). For Enfield cf. Moor, lxxx. 305.

^{page 48 note 27} Hutton and Lockerbie in Annandale, Dumfries; Bohun was granted Annandale and Lochmaben castle on 11 April 1306 (CChR, iii. 66).Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 28} GEC, iv. 54–8Google Scholar and Moor, , lxxx. 264–5Google Scholar for John Darcy le neveu (d. 1347).

^{page 49 note 29} Gainsborough, lincs.

^{page 50 note 30} cf. Phillips, , Aymer de Valence, 309Google Scholar for Valence and Darcy; Tanquerey, F. J., ‘Actes privés en Anglo-Normand’, Mélanges … M. Alfred Jeanroy (Paris, 1928), 202–3Google Scholar for an earlier edition.

^{page 50 note 31} The indenture, rubbed in places, has been mounted for conservation; Moor, , lxxxii. 105Google Scholar for Mandeville.

^{page 51 note 32} cf. Phillips, , Aymer de Valence, 309Google Scholar; Bean, , 25.Google Scholar

^{page 51 note 33} Gainsborough, Lincs, and Dunham, Notts.

^{page 51 note 34} 3 May 1310.

^{page 51 note 35} A small natural wax armorial seal, a lion rampant (Mohaut); cf. HMC, Middleton, i. 87 with incorrect date, 5 September 1311; pub. in Jones, Michael, ‘An Indenture between Robert, lord Mohaut and Sir John de Bracebridge for life service in peace and war, 1310’, Journal of the Society of Archivists iv (1971–1972), 391Google Scholar. For recent comment and a photograph see Coss, Peter, The Knight in Medieval England 1000–1400 (Stroud, 1993), 114–6Google Scholar. We are grateful to the Hon. Michael Willoughby, owner of this indenture and 46 below, and to the University of Nottingham as custodian, for permission to publish, and to Dr Dorothy Johnston and her staff at the Department of Manuscripts, The Hallward Library, University of Nottingham, for their help and advice.

^{page 53 note 36} cf. HMC, Hastings, i (1928), 197–8Google Scholar for précis of document and description of the fine armorial seal: Six barrulets, over all three chaplets (FitzWilliam); first published in Dunham, 134. A further agreement augmenting these terms appears to have been drawn up on 25 March 1312 (BL, Harl. MS 4774 f. 18v; ibid., 3881 f. 4, and cf. Dugdale, W., The Baronage of England (London, 1676), i. 579)Google Scholar. GEC, vi. 190Google Scholar and Moor, , lxxxi. 69–70Google Scholar for Sir Ralph FitzWilliam of Hinderskelfe (d. 1317), who also granted Nicholas de Hastings and his heirs a rent of £8 on Thorpe Basset, Yorks. (Moor, , lxxxi. 197Google Scholar). We are grateful to William A. Moffett, Librarian, Henry E. Huntingdon Library, for permission to publish this indenture and 47.

^{page 54 note 37} The tag contains writing and was probably a former indenture: Rauf en pees …; sun corps demeyn … e lur; en alaunt…

^{page 54 note 38} We are grateful to Sir Dermot de Trafford Bt for permission to publish and to B. Jackson, County Archivist, for help in obtaining this; fragments only of a seal survive. Morgan, P., War and Society in Medieval Cheshire, 1277–1403 (Manchester, 1987), 34Google Scholar outlines (after Moor, , lxxxii. 82Google Scholar) the career of Sir Hamo Massy, sixth baron of Dunham-Massey, who took livery of his lands in 1277 and died in 1325; for this indenture see ibid. 50.

^{page 54 note 39} We are grateful to the Marquess of Bath for permission to publish this and other documents from Longleat, and to Kate Harris, Librarian, for her advice and help. A small armorial seal in blackened wax survives: 3 trefoils between 2 chevrons, a label of 3 points (Fillol). In Edward I's reign Sir Thomas Fillol is recorded as bearing ‘de or a une fesse et ii chevrons de goules, en la fesse iii tryfoyls dargent’ (BL, MS Stowe 440 f. 94v). Aged 12 in 1281, he held lands in Essex and still fl. 1324 (Moor, , lxxxi. 26Google Scholar). For a modern copy of this indenture see Oxford, Magdalen College, McFarlane Papers III, 126–7.

^{page 55 note 40} John de Grey of Ruthin and Wilton (d. 1323) succeeded his father in 1308 and in 1311 had a licence to entail the castle of Ruthin, the cantred of Dyffryn Clwyd and the manor of Rushton, Cheshire, on his son Roger (cf. GEC, vi. 173–4).Google Scholar

^{page 55 note 41} cf. CAD, iv. no. 8019. For a later example of Uvedale's small armorial seal see below 28; Tanquerey, , Mélanges … Jeanroy, 205–7Google Scholar for an earlier edition.

^{page 56 note 42} The proposed marrage between Peter de Uvedale (1290–1336) and Isabel Despenser did not take place (cf. GEC, xii, pt 2. 197; Moor, , lxxx. 288–9).Google Scholar

^{page 57 note 43} We are grateful to Mrs Sylvia Thomas, Archivist-in-charge, for obtaining permission from the YAS for publication of this document and for other assistance.

^{page 57 note 44} Thomas Lovel of Titchwell, Norfolk, was a younger brother of John, first lord Lovel of Titchmarsh (CIPM, vii. 304Google Scholar; Lewis, P. S., ‘Sir John Fastolf's Lawsuit over Titchwell, 1448–55’, Historical Journal i (1958), 5–6Google Scholar). In the list of Lancaster's servants compiled after Boroughbridge, Level's fee is said to be assigned on the town of Hungerford, Wilts., and previously on the manor of Aldbourne, Wilts. Pardoned for his adherence to Lancaster in 1322, Lovel was pardoned again in February 1327 for defending the Despenser castle of Caerphilly against Isabella and Mortimer: Holmes, 71 n. 5, 140; Parliamentary Writs (London, 1827–1834), II, ii. 200, 204Google Scholar; CPR, 1327–30, 13, 37Google Scholar; see also below nos. 24, 25, 27 and 31.

^{page 57 note 45} For the witnesses, all retainers of Earl Thomas see Maddicott, J. R. L., Thomas of Lancaster (Oxford, 1970), passim.Google Scholar

^{page 58 note 46} For another seventeenth-century transcript after the Dodsworth MS see YAS, MS 283 fos. 153–154r.

^{page 59 note 47} Leeds and Pontefract, Yorks. W. R.; cf. Holmes, 142 where the rent on the manor of Leeds is said to be owing to ‘monsieur Aleyn de Swylingtone’.

^{page 59 note 48} Swillington (d. 1328) received a pardon for his adherence to Lancaster in October 1318 (CPR, 1317–21, 231Google Scholar; see also Moor, , lxxxiii. 320).Google Scholar

^{page 59 note 49} ‘Ex diversis autographis mihi accomodatis per … Dom. Bruse primogenitum Comitis de Elgin mense Nov. A° 1659’. Moor, , lxxxii. 153Google Scholar for Sir Hugh de Meynill of Hilton, Yorks, (d. 1333).

^{page 60 note 50} Transcript from same source as 25. Eure (b. 1277) was executed after Boroughbridge (Moor, , lxxx. 316).Google Scholar

^{page 61 note 51} Embleton, Northumbs., lying just over a mile to the west of the earl's castle of Dunstanburgh.

^{page 61 note 52} Transcript from same source as 25.

^{page 62 note 53} In margin, a drawing of Uvedale's seal: a shield of arms, [Argent], A cross moline voided [Gules], a bordure engrailed. Son of John de Uvedale and Margaret de Campania, Peter was aged three in 1296 (Moor, lxxx. 288–9).

^{page 62 note 54} A very fine impression of Despenser's armorial seal survives: Ellis, ii. no. P1291; Moor, , lxxxii. 251–2Google Scholar for Hugh Neville (before 1283–1335).

^{page 62 note 55} 28 August.

^{page 63 note 56} An impression of Basset's seal survives. We are grateful to D. V. Fowkes, Librarian, The William Salt Library, for permission to publish this indenture; it was first published by Prestwich, M., ‘An Indenture between Ralph, lord Basset of Drayton, and Philip de Chetwynd, 4 March 1319’, Stafford Historical and Civic Society, Transactions (1971–1973), 18–21 at p. 20Google Scholar. GEC, ii. 2–3Google Scholar for Ralph, second lord Basset of Drayton (1299–1343).

^{page 63 note 57} Philip Chetwynd came of age in 1316 and was knighted in 1339 (Prestwich, after Chetwynd-Stapylton, H. E., The Chetwynds of Ingesire (London, 1892)Google Scholar. For a later namesake, 125 below.

^{page 63 note 58} Drayton, Staffs.

^{page 64 note 59} Fragment of the seal of Philip Darcy (c. 1259–1333); for a near contemporary enrolment see also DL42/2 f. 490r–v; GEC, iv. 51–2Google Scholar and Moor, , lxxx. 266Google Scholar for his career. He drew his annuity of 40 marks in 1330–1 (DL40/1/11 f. 45v; cf. Somerville, R., The History of the Duchy of Lancaster, i (London, 1953), 81–2).Google Scholar

^{page 64 note 60} Burreth, a lost placename in Tupholme wapentake, and Donington on Bain, Parts of Lindsey, Lincs., identifications owing to the kindness of Prof. Kenneth Cameron.

^{page 65 note 61} Transcript from same source as 25. GEC, x. 459–62Google Scholar for Henry, second lord Percy (1314–52). Ralph Neville, second son of Ralph, first lord Neville of Raby, succeeded his father in 1331 (see below 34).

^{page 65 note 62} Topcliffe, Yorks. N. R., and Pocklington, Yorks. E. R.

^{page 66 note 63} cf. The Percy Cartulary, ed. M. T. Martin, Surtees Society cvii (1911), 273–4Google Scholar no. DCCXXXVIII for an earlier abbreviated edition. GEC, x. 459–62Google Scholar for Henry, second lord Percy (1314–52) and ibid., ix. 499–501 for Ralph, second lord Neville of Raby (1331–67). We are grateful to the Duke of Northumberland for permission to consult his manuscripts and to Colin Shrimpton, Archivist at Alnwick, for his help.

^{page 67 note 64} Newburn, Northumbs. Neville quitclaimed and released to Percy his previous retaining fee of £100 p.a. from the manors of Topcliffe and Pocklington on 5 Feb. 1332 and surrendered to Percy the manor of Newburn, which he held by lease of Sir John Clavering for the term of Clavering's life, on the same day. Percy issued letters patent, announcing the re-grant of Newburn to Neville, on 10 Feb.: Alnwick Castle, Syon D I la fos. 110–110v, printed in abbreviated form in The Percy Cartulary, nos. DCCXXXV–VII.

^{page 68 note 65} Castle Martin's small damaged red armorial seal (A fesse between three castles) survives; cf. Ellis, ii. P1171 for another complete example from DL27/302 (1341). Bean, 62 gives an incorrect reference.

^{page 68 note 66} Minsterworth, Gloucs.

^{page 69 note 67} Newcastle under Lyme, Staffs.

^{page 69 note 68} Monmouth, Gwent.

^{page 69 note 69} Transcript from same source as 25.

^{page 69 note 70} Little Houghton, Long Houghton parish, Northumbs., which was held by John son of John de Roddam in the 1330s (A History of Northumberland, 15 vols., 1893–1940, ii. 407).Google Scholar

^{page 70 note 71} GEC, xii, pt. 2. 372–5 for Thomas Beauchamp, earl of Warwick (1315–60); there is no good brief account of the important military career of Sir Robert Herle (d. 1364), who fought at Crécy under Beauchamp, and was captain of Calais (1350–2), lieutenant in Brittany (1358–60) and Admiral to the North and West (1361–4).

^{page 70 note 72} Barnard Castle, Durham.

^{page 71 note 73} For Wanborough see ‘Abstracts of Feet of Fines relating to Wiltshire for the reigns of Edward I and Edward II’, ed. R. B. Pugh, Wilts. Rec. Soc., i (1939), 126Google Scholar and ‘The Wiltshire Tax List of 1332’, ed. D. A. Crowley, ibid. xlv (1989), 26.

^{page 71 note 74} Tollemache's small (fragmentary) armorial seal survives. He was going abroad with William Bohun, earl of Northampton (1337–60) in 1337 (CPR, 1334–8, 530Google Scholar; GEC, ix. 664–7Google Scholar) and may be identical with the man pardoned for murder in 1339 (CPR, 1338–40, 386Google Scholar; ibid. 1340–3, 188).

^{page 71 note 75} Latchley's Farm, Steeple Bumpstead, Hinchford Hundred, Essex.

^{page 72 note 76} This indenture was drawn up just before Bohun sailed with Edward III's fleet which won the battle of Sluys a week later on St John's day. Sumption, J., The Hundred Years War. Trial by battle (London, 1990), 314Google Scholar, claims that in May 1340 he was helping to defend Valenciennes.

^{page 72 note 77} GEC, xi. 388–90Google Scholar, for William Montague, earl of Salisbury (1344–97), who served in the Crécy campaign; see also below 48.

^{page 73 note 78} cf. BPR, iv. 91Google Scholar. Sir John Sully K.G., of Iddesleigh, Devon, claiming to be 105 years old, gave evidence in the Scrope-Grosvenor dispute (S&G, i. 74 and ii. 240–3). His first major battle was Halidon Hill (1332).

^{page 74 note 79} Noted in margin that payment of the fee was later assigned to receipts from Devon; see below 42.

^{page 74 note 80} cf. BPR, ii. 45.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 81} Bradninch, Devon.

^{page 74 note 82} This indenture is followed in the register by letters of the prince (12 March 1353) announcing that Sully's fee was to be taken from the manor of Bradninch at the Feast of St John the Baptist and All Saints and ordering his receiver there to make payment (another copy of which appears on PRO, C66/301 m. 12); by further letters (14 March 1353) to the auditors of the prince's accounts to allow this expense in the accounts of the receiver and further letters (14 March 1353) to John Dabernoun and John de Rendale, steward and receiver of the duchy of Cornwall, informing them of the retaining of Sully, whose fee was to be paid from the issues of Bradninch previously used to pay the fee of 100 marks which the late Henry Earn received on that manor.

^{page 75 note 83} This document and nos. 44, 45, 68, 90 and 129 are published by kind permission of the Council of the Trustees of the National library of Ireland, to whom we are deeply grateful. See also Cal. of Ormond Deeds, ed. E. Curtis, ii. 1350–1413Google Scholar A.D. (Dublin, 1934), no. 33. GEC, x. 119–21 for James Butler, second earl of Ormond (1338–82); Frame, Robin, English Lordship in Ireland 1318–1361 (Oxford, 1982), 299Google Scholar for Howell, fragments of whose seal survive.

^{page 75 note 84} Kilkenny.

^{page 75 note 85} Kethem, kerns, light-armed soldiers.

^{page 75 note 86} Morice Fitz Thomas, first earl of Desmond died on 25 January 1356 and was succeeded by his son Morice, a minor (GEC, iv. 237–41).Google Scholar

^{page 76 note 87} Co. Waterford.

^{page 76 note 88} Jerpoint, Kilkenny.

^{page 76 note 89} cf. Cal. of Ormond Deeds, ed. Curtis, ii. no. 37, for an earlier edition; Frame, English Lordship, 45Google Scholar for commentary. Richard de Burgh was a grandson of Richard de Burgh, earl of Ulster (1271–1326): GEC, xii, pt. 2. 173–7.

^{page 77 note 90} Killaloe, Clare.

^{page 77 note 91} cf. Cal. of Omond Deeds, ed. Curtis, ii. no. 39, with date 1 Sept. 1356.

^{page 77 note 92} We are grateful to the Hon. Michael Willoughby as owner and to the University of Nottingham as custodian for permission to publish (cf. above 18 and HMC, Middleton, 98Google Scholar); for a near contemporary copy see PRO, E36/278 f. 148v (BPR, iv. 80, 259).Google Scholar

^{page 78 note 93} Sir Baldwin de Freville (c. 1315–75) of Taraworth, Staffs., had his fee increased to 100 marks p.a. for good services past and future in 1362 (ibid., 427).

^{page 78 note 94} Temporary arrangements for payment were made in April 1359 when Edward III assigned these revenues to the executors of Queen Isabella but the original terms came into force at Michaelmas 1359; in the interim Freville was appointed keeper of the park of Cheilesmore (BPR, iv. 271, 288, 311).Google Scholar

^{page 78 note 95} Seal: A lion rampant (Hastings); born about 1339, Ralph succeeded his uncle, Robert Herle, in his Leicestershire estates and testified in the Scrope-Grosvenor case (S&G, i. 103–4, ii 283–5).

^{page 78 note 96} Hastings and Kirkeby had been in disagreement for some time, their dispute apparently arising from Kirkeby's former position as steward and receiver to Hasting's father; in Feb. 1353 Kirkeby had sought a commission of oyer et terminer to investigate assaults allegedly committed on him at Wigginthorpe by Sir Ralph Hastings and others: Dugdale, W., The Baronage of England (London, 1676), i. 195Google Scholar; CPR, 1350–4, 447Google Scholar. For another grant of a livery robe to an esquire by Hastings: Huntington Library, HAD 3329.

^{page 79 note 97} A fair impression of Donmere's armorial seal survives.

^{page 79 note 98} From a Dorsetshire family, Sir Edmund witnessed two deeds of Montague dated at London on 31 July 1360 and at Canford, Dorset, on 24 June 1364 (CCR, 1364–8, 205, 489).Google Scholar

^{page 79 note 99} Swyre, Dorset.

^{page 80 note 100} No further indentures of William Montague, earl of Salisbury (1344–97) have been discovered though by letters patent of 15 August 1381 he announced that he had retained Sir William Faringdon for life with a fee of £40 p.a. (Monumenta de Insula Manniae, ed. J. R. Oliver [The Manx Society, vii, Douglas 1861], ii. 205–7).Google Scholar

^{page 80 note 101} Damaged impression of the prince's seal in white wax: England, a label of three points, 41mm. diameter; this indenture is reproduced by courtesy of the Director and University Librarian, the John Rylands University Library of Manchester.

^{page 80 note 102} Ormerod, G., The History of the County Palatine and City of Chester, ed. T., Helsby, 3 vols. (Chester, 1882), i. 570Google Scholar for Sir Geoffrey de Warburton (b. before 1338 – d. after 1381), citing this indenture; see also below 141.

^{page 80 note 103} cf. CPR, 1377–81, 161.Google Scholar

^{page 81 note 104} Newport, Essex.

^{page 81 note 105} Three further letters of the prince re-assigning Aubrey de Vere's fee of 50 marks p.a. on the Exchequer of Chester to £100 p.a. on the Stannaries of Cornwall (31 August 1369), naming him constable of Wallingford Castle at £40 p.a. (22 July 1375) and adding £10 p.a. to that fee (23 July 1375), were also confirmed by Richard as prince of Wales (15 February 1377) and subsequently as king (cf. also DKR 36 (1875), 494).

^{page 81 note 106} cf. CPR, 1377–81, 209–10Google Scholar; Bean, , 61Google Scholar inadvertently cites C66/301 m. 36. A marginal note mentions that on 12 March 1395 Richard II gave Bereford the manor of ‘Fertyngton’ [Fortyngton, Dorset] for life, cancelling the annuity granted in this indenture (cf. CCR, 1391–6, 582–3Google Scholar); for his career as a chamber knight, see Given-Wilson, C., The Royal Household and the King's Affinity (New Haven & London, 1986), 31, 62, 161–2, 219, 232.Google Scholar

^{page 82 note 107} Robert Mowbray of Bolton in Allerdale, Cumbs., a manor he held for life by grant of Edward III. In the years following this indenture Mowbray occupied a prominent position in county affairs, representing Cumberland in the Parliaments of June 1369, Nov. 1372, Oct. 1377 and Jan. 1380 and acting as sheriff of the county Dec. 1372 – Nov. 1375 (CCR, 1369–74, 101, 476Google Scholar; ibid., 1377–81, 105, 355; CFR, 1369–77, 190Google Scholar). The arrangements outlined in this indenture had already been confirmed by the king in July 1367 (CPR, 1364–7, 424–5).Google Scholar

^{page 82 note 108} The figures given do not add up; our edition prints those provided in the MS.

^{page 83 note 109} Whitaker, T. D., The History and Antiquities of the Deanery of Craven in the County of York, 3rd edn., ed. Morant, A. W. (Leeds & London, 1878), 315Google Scholar notes this indenture and prints two indentures of war (1369, 1379) contracted by Roger, fifth lord Clifford (1345–89), for whom see also S&G, i. 197–8, ii. 469–72, GEC, iii. 292 and below 67 and 74.

^{page 83 note 110} cf. CPR, 1370–4, 261Google Scholar; GEC, vi. 473–4Google Scholar for Humphrey, earl of Hereford (1361–73).

^{page 83 note 111} Long Bennington, Parts of Kesteven, Lincs.

^{page 83 note 112} Camelot, county unidentified.

^{page 84 note 113} Published by permission of the Marquess of Exeter. Sealed in red wax, with an armorial seal, four crosses on a large cross imposed on an escutcheon (Beauchamp); cf. GEC, xii, pt. 2. 375–8 for Thomas, earl of Warwick (1369–1401). We are grateful to Dr Alix Sinclair for bringing this document to our attention and to Nicholas Humphrey, Assistant House Manager at Burghley for providing a copy and other information.

^{page 84 note 114} Durant may be connected with the Durants of Barston, Warwicks., rather than those of Alsthorpe, Rutland (cf. HC, 1386–1421, ii. 810–11).Google Scholar

^{page 85 note 115} cf. CPR, 1377–81, 345Google Scholar; cf. Bean, , 61Google Scholar n. 76 with incomplete reference.

^{page 85 note 116} Sir Thomas Guysing (Gissing, Norfolk) complained on 10 March 1371 that while he had recently been in the Prince's service in Aquitaine and his properties were in the king's protection, Robert Harsent and others, including several clerics, had ravished his wife, Agnes, taken her and his goods away and still detained them (CPR, 1370–4, 104–5Google Scholar). As late as 1376 he was pardoned for £60 demanded from him for the goods of Harsent, put in exigent for felony, which were forfeit to the king (ibid., 288). He had been a prominent member of the Bench in Cambridgeshire from 1361 (CPR, 1361–4, 21, 285, 371, 529Google Scholar; ibid., 1367–70, 195), sat as shire knight for Norfolk in the Good Parliament (CCR, 1374–7, 429Google Scholar) and was a member of the commission of oyer et terminer which inquired into the assault on Henry Despenser, bishop of Norwich by the inhabitants of Bishop's Lynn in 1377 (CPR, 1374–7, 502Google Scholar). Reunited with Agnes, in 1373 he delivered seisin of his manor of Kingston, Cambridgeshire, to Sir Robert Swillington the uncle in a complicated transaction (CCR, 1369–74, 552–4).Google Scholar

^{page 86 note 117} This indenture repeats the terms of 55 verbatim; cf. CPR, 1377–81, 249Google Scholar and Bean, , 61Google Scholar n. 76 with incorrect reference. The domestic career of Wasteneys is traced in Trans. Waros. Arch. Soc., 3rd ser. 5 (1976), 20Google Scholar; he received a protection for service as a knight with the prince on 12 Feb. 1369 (PRO, C61/82 m. 12).

^{page 86 note 118} cf. CPR, 1399–1401, 244Google Scholar. GEC, iv. 274–8Google Scholar for Edward, fourth lord Despenser (1357–75), and HC, 1386–1421, ii. 57–8Google Scholar for Sir Thomas Arthur (d. 1404) of Clapton in Gordano, Somerset.

^{page 86 note 119} Cardiff.

^{page 87 note 120} cf. CPR, 1381–85, 181.Google Scholar

^{page 87 note 121} Buckland, Aylesbury Hundred, Bucks.

^{page 87 note 122} cf. CPR 1381–5, 116Google Scholar; GEC, viii. 445–8Google Scholar for Edmund Mortimer, third earl of March (1360–81).

^{page 88 note 123} Walter Bromwich had a licence to impark 20 acres of woodland and 200 acres of meadow and pasture at his manor of Sarnesfield Coffyn, Herefords. in 1377 (CPR, 1377–81, 69Google Scholar), and at the supplication of the earl of March, was exempted for life from serving on a wide range of commissions or from holding any county office against his will, though in fact he was named commissioner of array in Herefordshire in 1380 (ibid., 345, 474). Previously in 1377 he had shared that task with, among others, his relative John Bromwich (ibid., 1374–7, 499), for whom see 66.

^{page 88 note 124} Mansell Lacy, Herefords.

^{page 89 note 125} Robert Massy may be the man who served in Guyenne with the Black Prince in the 1360s and, as Sir Robert, at Calais in 1382 (Morgan, , War and Society in Medieval Cheshire, 1277–1403, 127Google Scholar; Bennett, M. J., Community, Class and Careerism. Cheshire and Lancashire Society in the Age of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Cambridge, 1983), 167).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 89 note 126} For the fine levied in 1350 regulating the descent of the Montfort inheritance, including the manor of Gunthorpe in Lowdham, Notts., see Warwickshire Feet of Fines, 1345–1509 (Dugdale Soc., xviii, 1943), no. 2028Google Scholar; Abstracts of inquisitions post mortem relating to Nottinghamshire 1350–1436, ed. K. S. S. Train (Thoroton Soc., Record series, xii, 1952), 63.Google Scholar

^{page 90 note 127} cf. CPR, 1401–5, 229Google Scholar; Sir Hugh Cheyne (d. 1404) of Cheyney Longville, Salop, had been a King's yeoman since 1358 (cf. HC, 1386–1421, ii. 545–7Google Scholar). For his indenture with Roger Mortimer, earl of March in 1397 see below 89.

^{page 91 note 128} Ludlow, Salop.

^{page 91 note 129} After the original then in the possession of Robert, lord Bruce, eldest son of the earl of Elgin; for a later indenture between Beauchamp and (Sir) John Russell (d, 1405) of Strensham, Worcs., see below 71. In the end he deserted the earl for Richard II during the ‘tyranny’ (cf. Carpenter, C., Locality and Polity. A Study of Warwickshire Landed Society, 1401–1499 (Cambridge, 1992), 362CrossRefGoogle Scholar; HC, 1386–1421, iv. 248–51)Google Scholar. A brass commemorating him survives in Strensham church.

^{page 92 note 130} Published by permission of Cheshire County Council Archives and Local Studies Service; we are grateful to Jonathan Pepler, Principal Archivist, for his help in obtaining this. Fragments of an armorial seal (Fretty = Audley) survive. For James, lord Audley (1313–86) of Red Castle, Salop, and Heighley, Staffs., see GEC, i. 339–40.Google Scholar

^{page 92 note 131} Sir John Massy of Tatton succeeded his father c. 1371 and was retained for life by Edward, prince of Wales on 28 March 1373 for 50 marks p.a. (Ormerod, Hist. of the County Palatine and City of Chester, ed. Helsby, i. 440–1Google Scholar). He died in 1427 (S&G, i. 79–80, ii. 262–4). The family descended from a cadet line of the Massys of Dunham-Massey (cf. above 20)

^{page 92 note 132} Tatton, Cheshire.

^{page 93 note 133} Wrenbury, Cheshire.

^{page 94 note 134} We are grateful to the Agents of Capt. R. C. Petre for permission to publish.

^{page 94 note 135} Beoley, Worcs.

^{page 94 note 136} Gudereste has not been identifed; it appears as Godereste in a document of 1375 (Holmes, , Estates, 77 n. 5).Google Scholar

^{page 94 note 137} Holt remained in possession of his annuity until at least 1404. He was the first man to bring news of the birth of his eldest son to Earl Thomas, receiving a gift of £10 as a result (CIM, 1392–99, no. 302; Birmingham Reference Library, 168234 m. 2d; CIPM, xviii. 855Google Scholar). Fragments of Beauchamp's seal survive.

^{page 95 note 138} cf. CPR 1396–1399, 255Google Scholar; GEC, i. 244–5Google Scholar for Richard, earl of Arundel (1376–97).

^{page 95 note 139} HC, 1386–1421, iv. 187–9Google Scholar for the career of William Rees (d. 1410) of Tharston, Norf.

^{page 95 note 140} Ovesham, Essex.

^{page 96 note 141} cf. CPR, 1381–3, 99Google Scholar; Bean, , 85Google Scholar calls these ‘letters patent of indenture’.

^{page 96 note 142} Sir John Bromwich of Tregate, Herefords., claimed to be 55 years old when he gave testimony in the Scrope-Grosvenor case (S&G, i. 205–6). He was in Mortimer service by 1371 and acted as justiciar in Ireland during the earl of March's lieutenancy there, receiving a protection for a year on 16 November 1379 (CPR, 1377–81, 403Google Scholar). He had previously been in the service of Lionel, duke of Clarence and was subsequently retained by John, duke of Lancaster, acting as surveyor and governor of his son's lands between 1385 and his death in 1388: CIPM, xii. 408Google Scholar; CPR, 1370–4, 87Google Scholar; ibid., 1377–61, 380; Holmes, , Estates, 60–1Google Scholar; Walker, Simon, The Lancastrian Affinity, 1361–1399 (Oxford, 1990), 265Google Scholar; Somerville, , Duchy of Lancaster, 386.Google Scholar

^{page 97 note 143} Clifford and Glasbury, Herefords. The keeping of these lordships, then in the king's hand, was committed to Bromwich in May 1382: CFR, 1377–83, 295Google Scholar; CCR, 1392–6, 391.

^{page 98 note 144} This indenture and 149–51 and 153 are published by kind permission of the Trustees of the Lowther Family Trusts and we are especially grateful to the Earl of Lonsdale and David Bowcock, Assistant County Archivist, for their help. A good impression of Clifford's seal survives.

^{page 98 note 145} Of Lowther, Westm., and Newton Reigny, Cumbs. The eldest son of Sir Hugh Lowther and Matilda, daughter of Sir Peter Tilliol, he was returned as MP for Westmorland to the Parliaments of Jan. 1377, Oct. 1378, April 1379 and Jan. 1380: Bouch, C. M. Lowther, ‘The Origins and Early Pedigree of the Lowther Family’, Trans. Cumbs. and Westmorland Antiqs. Soc, n.s. xlviii (1948), 120–1.Google Scholar

^{page 98 note 146} Skipton, Yorks. W. R.

^{page 98 note 147} An impression of De la Freigne's seal survives; cf. Cal. of Ormond Deeds, ed. Curtis, ii. no. 247.

^{page 99 note 148} Courduff, County Dublin; cf. The Red Book of Ormond, ed. White, N. B. (Dublin, 1932), 25–7Google Scholar and Bartlett, Robert, The Making of Europe. Conquest Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350 (London, 1993), 147.Google Scholar

^{page 99 note 149} cf. CPR, 1405–8, 16Google Scholar; GEC, ii. 494Google Scholar and xii, pt 2. 895–9 for Edmund, earl of Cambridge (1362–1402).

^{page 99 note 150} Fasterne, Wilts.

^{page 100 note 151} Also confirmed by Henry IV at the same time were letters patent of Edmund as duke of York, given at Bury St Edmunds, 2 November 1398, granting Piers Mavow esquire an annuity of 10 marks a year on his lordship of Wakefield. For Mavow's petition, asking for confirmation ‘because the said suppliant has nothing to live on apart from the abovesaid annuities alone’, see PRO, £28/21/40. He was still in receipt of the annuity from Fasterne at Michaelmas 1412 (BL, Egerton Roll 8780 m. 1).

^{page 100 note 152} cf. CPR, 1381–1385, 119.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 153} This earlier indenture has not been traced; for Conway's relations with Mortimer see Holmes, 61.

^{page 100 note 154} Clifford and Glasbury, Herefords. (cf. above 66).

^{page 101 note 155} Cydewain, Powys.

^{page 102 note 156} cf. CPR, 1381–1385, 283Google Scholar. There is a truncated copy of this indenture transcribed in November 1659 after the original then in the possession of Robert, lord Bruce in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Dugdale 15 pp. 297–8. See also above 62 for an earlier indenture between Beauchamp and Russell, for whose later career as a chamber knight of Richard II, see Given-Wilson, passim.

^{page 102 note 157} Strensham, Worcs.

^{page 102 note 158} Chedworth, Gloucs.

^{page 103 note 159} cf. CPR, 1381–1385, 277–8.Google Scholar

^{page 103 note 160} For another indenture between the same parties see below 82. Power was steward of Earl Thomas's household by 1393 and remained in Beauchamp service until at least 1401/2. For his career, A. F. J. Sinclair, ‘The Beauchamp earls of Warwick in the later Middle Ages’, Unpublished Ph.D thesis, London 1987, 354.

^{page 103 note 161} Chedworth, Gloucs.

^{page 104 note 162} cf. CPR, 1385–1389, 307Google Scholar. For Walter, third lord Fitzwalter (1361–86), who in a long and active military career served in Richard II's Scottish expedition of 1385 and died at Orense in Galicia in Gaunt's company in October 1386, see GEC, v. 477–80.Google Scholar

^{page 104 note 163} Sir Alexander Walden of Matching and Ridding, Essex (d. 1401): see HC, 1386–1421, iv. 739–40Google Scholar, where his military service with Fitzwalter from 1378 is traced.

^{page 104 note 164} Ashdon, Essex.

^{page 105 note 165} cf. CPR, 1383–1389, 311Google Scholar; for Roger, fifth lord Clifford, see above 52.

^{page 105 note 166} Whinfell in Brougham, Westmorland.

^{page 106 note 167} Brough under Stainmoor, Westmorland.

^{page 106 note 168} In August 1389 William Hornby, chief forester of Whinfell, was said by an inquisition jury to hold 40 acres within the forest, 5 messuages and a rent of 30 s. p.a. by virtue of his office: CIPM, xvi. 836Google Scholar. For Roger Hornby occupying the same office in 1392, ibid., xvii. 13.

^{page 106 note 169} cf. CPR, 1405–1408, 12Google Scholar; for Edmund of Langley, duke of York (1385–1402) see GEC, xii pt. 2. 895–9.Google Scholar

^{page 106 note 170} HC, 1386–1421, iii. 178–81Google Scholar for the career of Sir Thomas Gerberge (c. 1342–1413) of Marlingford, Norfolk. He was already acting as York's steward of lands by Nov. 1386 (PRO, E403/515 m. 19).

^{page 106 note 171} Welesham was dead before 1 Dec. 1386 (CPR, 1385–9, 272).Google Scholar

^{page 106 note 172} Somerford Keynes, Wilts.

^{page 107 note 173} cf. CPR, 1390–1401, 28Google Scholar. The same inspeximus confirmed a further grant to Clinton and Alice, his wife, dated 24 Feb. 1394, of 20 marks p.a. from the manor of Chacombe, Northants., with effect from the death of the Countess Marshal. GEC, ix. 601–4 and 781 for Thomas Mowbray, earl of Nottingham (1386–99).

^{page 107 note 174} HC, 1386–1421, ii. 595–6Google Scholar for Sir Thomas Clinton (d. 1415).

^{page 107 note 175} Caludon in Wyken, Warwicks.

^{page 108 note 176} Mowbray's small (15 mm.) signet seal in red wax, displaying a crown above a letter n, flanked by two ears of wheat.

^{page 108 note 177} Thomas Fairfax of Walton, near Wetherby, was retained to stay with the king in July 1382 and granted the stewardship of the forest of Galtres, Yorks. N. R., an office he held until his death in Jan. 1395 (CPR, 1381–5, 165Google Scholar; York, Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, Bishops' Register 14 f. 48).

^{page 109 note 178} Hovingham, Yorks. N. R.

^{page 109 note 179} On the tongue is the signature of the clerk Brunham which in the form Burnham appears on other Mowbray documents (e.g. Berkeley Castle, General Charter 3819, quittance of Thomas Etton for part of his annuity from the Earl Marshal, York, 19 March 1389). Thomas Burnham of Axholme was one of the most active of Mowbray's councillors (Archer, R. E., ‘The Mowbrays, Earls of Nottingham and Dukes of Norfolk to 1432’, Unpublished D. Phil thesis, Oxford 1984, 347).Google Scholar

^{page 109 note 180} cf. CPR, 1405–1408, 29.Google Scholar

^{page 110 note 181} Of Adlington, Cheshire, Legh was one of the most prominent of the Cheshire gentry; sheriff of the county, Oct. 1393–Aug. 1394 and Feb. 1397–Sept. 1400, he was retained for life by Richard II at a fee of £40 p.a. in Aug. 1397 and appointed constable of Oswestry castle in the following Oct. Though his fee was confirmed by Henry IV, he was involved in the Percy rebellion of 1403. Subsequently pardoned, he entered the service of Prince Henry, fought with him in Wales in 1406 and acted as his deputy in the office of justiciar of South Wales in 1407. The origin of his connection with Mowbray may lie in the earl's need to raise a retinue for service in the East March in 1389; the links between the two men remained strong until at least 1396 (DKR, 36 (1875)Google Scholar, App. II, 290–1, 293; CPR, 1391–6, 177, 204, 573Google Scholar; ibid., 1401–5, 259; ibid., 1405–8, 145; CFR, 1391–9, 122, 195Google Scholar; Griffiths, R. A., The Principality of Wales in the Later Middle Ages (Cardiff, 1972), 128.Google Scholar

^{page 110 note 182} Melton Mowbray, Leics.

^{page 111 note 183} cf. CPR, 1399–1401, 234.Google Scholar

^{page 111 note 184} Burton in Lonsdale, Yorks. W. R.

^{page 111 note 185} Burgh held the manors of Colthorp, Bykerton and Couesby, Yorks. For his service to the Mowbrays between 1389 and 1404, see Archer, , ‘The Mowbrays’, 347Google Scholar. He also held the manors of Kirkby Malzeard, Yorks., and Weston by Chiriton, Warwicks., by grant of the Earl Marshal: CIM, 1392–9, nos. 388–9.

^{page 112 note 186} cf. CPR, 1399–1401, 196.Google Scholar

^{page 112 note 187} Basset was apparently a professional soldier in the Calais garrison; his indenture with Mowbray follows soon after the earl's appointment as captain of Calais on 1 Feb. 1391: CPR, 1396–9, 42Google Scholar; ibid., 1399–1401, 438; CCR, 1396–9, 364Google Scholar; ibid., 1399–1401, 314.

^{page 112 note 188} This indenture was recited in a plea of novel disseisin brought by Brit against Fitz Warin before the justices of assize at Dorchester, 23 Feb. 1411. A truncated version is preserved on the dorse of a contemporary copy of the assize proceedings (BL, Add. Roll 74138). Fitz Warin justified the dissesin on the grounds that, on 4 Oct. 1403 at Elkstone, Gloucs., he had asked Brit to do his service as an esquire in time of peace and ride with him to his manor of Blunsdon, Wilts., but that Brit, though in good health and in possession of the disputed tenements, had refused. Brit justified his refusal on the grounds that Fitz Warin had previously refused to give him the clothing of an esquire or to provide any of the other benefits specified in the indenture and had expelled him from his household at Caundle Haddon, Dorset. Both parties put themselves on the assize and were given a day to appear before the justices of the Common Bench at Westminster on Monday next after the month of Easter 1411. The case was postponed until Hilary 1412, when both sides rehearsed their previous pleadings, and the justices found that Brit should recover the disputed tenements. Fitzwarin immediately sued out a writ of error and the case was called into King's Bench, where it was subsequently non-suited by the death of Henry IV. Fitzwarin obtained a second writ of error and pleading resumed in Trinity 1413, when he again repeated the substance of his original defence, adding only the secondary point that Brit's title to the tenements formerly held by William Oke was insufficient. A day was given for Easter 1414 but no further record of the case appears on the roll for that, or the three subsequent terms. Fitzwarin's death in September 1414 effectively brought the case to a close (PRO, CP40/601 m. 319; KB27/604, Attornies, m. 1; 605 m. 31). For Brit in Fitz Warin's service in 1401 see PPC, ii. 109Google Scholar and for FitzWarin (1347–1414), HC, 1386–1421, iii. 84–7.Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 189} cf. CPR, 1391–6, 238.Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 190} For an earlier indenture between these two parties, see above 72.

^{page 114 note 191} Budbroke, Grove Park by Warwick, and Haseley, Warwicks.; CIM, 1392–9, nos. 305–6.

^{page 115 note 192} Thirsk, Yorks. N.R.

^{page 115 note 193} Epworth, Parts of Lindsey, Lincs.

^{page 116 note 194} cf. CPR, 1399–1401, 189Google Scholar. For Thomas, fifth lord Despenser (1375–1400), see GEC, iv. 278–81.Google Scholar

^{page 116 note 195} HC, 1386–1421, iv. 860–3Google Scholar for John Wilcotes of Great Tew, Oxon. (d. 1422).

^{page 116 note 196} Broadtown, Wilts.

^{page 117 note 197} cf. CPR, 1399–1401, 117Google Scholar. For Thomas, duke of Gloucester (1385–97) see GEC, v. 719–28.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 198} Of Stainton-by-Irford and Searby, Lincs. (CFR, 1391–9, 127Google Scholar; CPR, 1399–1401, 152).Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 199} Holderness, Yorks. E. R.

^{page 118 note 200} Pleshey, Essex.

^{page 118 note 201} cf. CPR, 1399–1401, 193Google Scholar; HC, 1386–1421, iii. 475–7Google Scholar for Sir John Ingoldisthorpe (c. 1361–1420) of Ingoldisthorpe and Raynham, Norf.

^{page 118 note 202} Willington, Beds.

^{page 119 note 203} cf. CPR, 1399–1401, 182–3.Google Scholar

^{page 119 note 204} Of Potcote in Cold Higham, Northants. (CIPM, xvii. 737Google Scholar). Daventry was already in possession of an annuity of £20 from Sherston, granted him by Edward, fourth lord Despenser, in April 1373. He was also constable of the Despenser castle of Llantrisant, Glamorgan (CPR, 1388–92, 397).Google Scholar

^{page 120 note 205} Sherston, Wilts.

^{page 120 note 206} cf. CPR, 1399–1401, 224.Google Scholar

^{page 120 note 207} Of Halstead, Essex. In 1386 he was an esquire in the service of Sir John Stanley, but was already associated with several established Mowbray servants by 1390 (CCR, 1409–13, 206Google Scholar; ibid., 1413–19, 80, 508; CPR, 1388–92, 231Google Scholar). For his subsequent career in Mowbray service, Archer ‘The Mowbrays’, 352. By 1408 he is described as a king's esquire (CPR, 1408–13, 3Google Scholar; CCR, 1405–9, 451).Google Scholar

^{page 120 note 208} Cherry Hinton, Cambs.

^{page 121 note 209} cf. CPR 1401–5, 229Google Scholar; GEC, viii. 448–50Google Scholar for Roger Mortimer, earl of March (1381–98), and HC, 1386–1421, ii. 545–7Google Scholar and above 61 for Cheyne.

^{page 121 note 210} An impression of March's seal survives; cf. Cal. of Ormond Deeds, ed. Curtis, ii. no 323 (2); GEC, ×. 121–3 for James Butler, third earl of Ormond (1381–1405). Johnston, D. B., ‘The Interim Years: Richard II and Ireland, 1395–1399’, England and Ireland in the Late Middle Ages, ed. J., Lydon (Blackrock, 1981), 189–90Google Scholar for the circumstances in which this indenture was concluded.

^{page 121 note 211} Dunboyne and Moiemet, Co. Meath.

^{page 122 note 212} cf. CPR, 1399–1401, 255Google Scholar. For John Holland, duke of Exeter (1397–9), see GEC, v. 195–200.Google Scholar

^{page 122 note 213} In Feb. 1401 Trevarake was granted the keeping of the manor of Winkleigh Tracy, Devon, which Thomas Proudfoot (below 92) formerly had of the grant of John Holland (CFR, 1399–1405, 104).

^{page 122 note 214} Coombe Martin, Devon.

^{page 123 note 215} cf. CPR, 1399–1401, 244.Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 216} Proudfoot, of Dunmow, Essex, was reported beheaded in the rebellion of John Holland but subsequently appeared before the Council to testify that he had taken no part in the earl's rising. All his goods were forfeit to the king by Aug. 1401, however, on account of a felony (CIM, 1399–1422, no. 17; CCR, 1399–1402, 137–8Google Scholar; CPR, 1399–1401, 536).Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 217} Winkleigh Tracy, Devon.

^{page 123 note 218} cf. CPR, 1399–1401, 263Google Scholar. Despenser was promoted to the earldom of Gloucester at Michaelmas 1397 and beheaded on 13 Jan. 1400 (GEC, v. 729).Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 219} Burford, Oxon.

^{page 124 note 220} i.e. Prussia.

^{page 125 note 221} There is no evidence that Hamme joined Despenser in rebellion against Henry IV in Jan. 1400. In March 1402 he was granted a fee of £12 p.a. from the hundred of Dudstone, Gloucs., ‘for his probity and good service to the king’ (CPR, 1401–5, 37Google Scholar; CCR, 1399–1401, 465).Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 222} cf. CCR, 1399–1401, 116Google Scholar. For Ralph Neville, first earl of Westmorland (1397–1425), see GEC, xii, pt. 2, 544–9.

^{page 125 note 223} Boston, Lincs.

^{page 125 note 224} The enrolled indenture is followed by a note that both the parties to it came into the Chancery at Westminster on 20 Feb. 1400, and acknowledged its contents. On the previous day a further indenture was concluded between the two, witnessing a covenant that if the manor and town of Boston was taken into the king's hand, the earl should be discharged of paying Pirian's fee (CCR, 1399–1401, 117Google Scholar). Pirian was a Breton servant of Henry IV's second wife, Joan of Navarre, who took out letters of denization in 1411. He settled for a period at Lockley in Welwyn, Herts. (CPR, 1408–13, 368Google Scholar; ibid., 1413–16, 335). He is to be distinguished from his near homonym Jean Périou, treasurer and wardrober (1407–20) of Joan of Navarre as duchess of Brittany (cf. Jean Kerhervé, ‘Les gens de finances des ducs de Bretagne 1365–1491’, Thèse de Doctorat d'Etat, Paris 1986, Catalogue Prosopographique, i. 22–3).

^{page 126 note 225} cf. CCR, 1399–1402, 104–5.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 226} Crowhurst, Sussex.

^{page 126 note 227} For an indenture subsidiary to the indenture of retainer, regulating the terms under which Ricz (Ricze, Rize, Rys) might sue out a writ of annuity against Neville, concluded on 19 Feb. 1400 see CCR, 1399–1402, 112–3Google Scholar. Like 94 and 96, this agreement arose from the confused tenurial position of the honour of Richmond between 1398 and 1400. Ricz was a trusted councillor and servant of John IV, duke of Brittany, and it was presumably as an agent of the duke that he had a grant, together with Joan, lady Basset (the duke's sister) and Nicholas Aldrewich of the honour of Richmond in April 1398. Whether this grant was superseded by the subsequent restoration of the earldom of Richmond to John IV remains unclear, with the result that Ricz and Aldrewich could plausibly contest Henry IV's grant of the honour to Neville in October 1399. It is in the context of their residual claims on the Richmond lands that the generosity of Neville's retaining fees should be seen.

Ricz remained in England, acting as attorney for Joan of Navarre, John IV's widow. He was proctor for her second marriage to Henry IV, but suffered from the rise of anti-alien sentiment and had sold out all his interest in Crowhurst for a lump sum of £300 by 1406: Recueil des actes de Jean IV, duc de Bretagne, ed. Michael, Jones (Paris, 1980–1983)Google Scholar, ii. nos. 655, 726, 791, 816, 930, 995, 1050, 1119; Jones, Michael, Ducal Brittany, 1364–1399 (Oxford, 1970), 195–6Google Scholar; CPR, 1396–9, 350Google Scholar; ibid., 1399–1401, 24; CCR, 1402–5, 212Google Scholar; CPR, 1405–8, 178, 185Google Scholar. Possibly of English but more probably of Welsh origins, he was in John IV's service as early as 1374 (Rymer's Foedera, Record Comm. edn., iii, 1010), was banished with his wife, Peronelle Aldrewich, by Parliament in 1406 (Rot. Parl., iii. 572Google Scholar) but still flourished in Brittany as Master of the duke's household as late as 1418 (Kerhervé, Catalogue Prosopographique, i. 11–12).

^{page 127 note 228} cf. CCR, 1399–1402, 116.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 229} Washingborough, Lines.

^{page 127 note 230} Acknowledged by both parties in Chancery at Westminster, 20 Feb. 1400, and with a subsidiary indenture regulating payment of the fee and Aldrewich's right to distrain as in 94 and 95 (CCR, 1399–1401, 115Google Scholar). Like Ricz, Aldrewich was a servant of John IV granted the honour of Richmond in 1398. An Englishman from a family with a long tradition of service to the Montfort duke, he continued in the employ of Joan of Navarre until at least 1413. In addition he was granted a fee of £40 p.a. by Henry IV in Feb. 1401 and served as sheriff of Lincolnshire Nov. 1412–Nov. 1413: CPR, 1396–9, 350Google Scholar; ibid., 1399–1401, 546; Lewis, P. S., ‘Of Breton Alliances and other matters’, Essays in Later Medieval French History (London, 1985), 88–9Google Scholar; CPR, 1413–16, 130, 272Google Scholar; List of Sheriffs for England and Wales (PRO, Lists and Indexes, 9, 1898), 79.Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 231} Published by kind permission of the Trustees of Dr John Radcliffe. GEC, xii, pt. 2. 375–8 for Thomas Beauchamp, earl of Warwick (1369–1401).

^{page 128 note 232} John Longville of Wolverton, Bucks., was escheator of Bedfordshire and Buck inghamshire, 24 Oct. 1392–24 Nov. 1394 and 8 Nov. 1401–29 Nov. 1402: VCH, Bucks., iv. 507Google Scholar; List of Escheators for England and Wales (PRO, Lists and Indexes, 72, 1971), 4Google Scholar; CCR, 1402–5, 36.Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 233} Moulton, Northants.

^{page 128 note 234} All the witnesses except Parker are known to be Beauchamp servants: Sinclair, ‘The Beauchamp earls’, 320, 322–3.

^{page 129 note 235} Drawn to our attention by Elizabeth Danbury after HMC, 13th Report, 516–7Google Scholar, which describes the seal as ‘a singularly fine example of the engraver's art’. It displays, Quarterly, 1 and 4, a fesse between three Catherine wheels, 2 and 3, on a bend three pairs of angels' wings. Legend in Gothic script: SIGILLU[M]:MICHAELIS: DE:LA:POLE:COMITIS: SUFFOLCHIE. We are grateful to David Jones, Branch Archivist, for obtaining permission to publish this document from Eye Town Council and for supplying a photograph of the seal. Michael de la Pole was restored to his father's earldom of Suffolk in 1398, forfeited it in 1399 and was subsequently restored by Henry IV; he died at the siege of Harfleur in 1415, cf. GEC, xii, pt. 1. 441–2.

^{page 129 note 236} Sir William Bardwell (c. 1361–1434) of Bardwell, Suffolk and West Harling and Gasthorpe, Norf. (HC, 1386–1421, ii. 125–7).

^{page 129 note 237} Eye, Suffolk.

^{page 130 note 238} Fragments survive of a seal showing a man in armour resting a shield of the Percy arms on the ground; first published in Ragg, F. W., ‘De Culwen’, Trans. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian Soc. n.s. xiv (1914), 402–5Google Scholar. GEC, ix. 708–14Google Scholar for Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland (1377–1408) and his son Henry Hotspur (d. 1403).

^{page 131 note 239} HC, 1386–1421, ii. 723–6Google Scholar for Sir William Curwen of Workington (d. 1403) and his son Christopher, with an account of the circumstances leading to this indenture.

^{page 131 note 240} Workington, Seaton and Thornthwaite, Cumbs.

^{page 132 note 241} Cumbria RO, Carlisle, D Cu/4/3.

^{page 132 note 242} cf. CAD, ii. 412.Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 243} Heaton, Northumbs.

^{page 132 note 244} Bamburgh, Northumbs.

^{page 132 note 245} Grey was granted the office of constable of Bamburgh for life, with the accustomed fees and wages, by royal letters patent issued at Lichfield, 29 Aug. 1404 (CPR, 1401–5, 412).Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 246} Grey was married to Alice Neville, one of Westmorland's daughters. For an account of his career, Pugh, T. B., Henry V and the Southampton Plot of 1415 (Southampton Rec. Soc., xxx, 1988), 102–5.Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 247} For details of Legh's career and rewards as one of Richard II's seven ‘esquires masters of the watch of Cheshire’ see Gillespie, J. L., ‘Richard II's Cheshire Archers’, Trans, of the Historic Soc. of Lanes, and Cheshire, cxxv (1974), 3, 13–22Google Scholar. He had previously enjoyed a grant of £20 p.a. from Sutton, in addition to a retaining fee of 100 s., by grant of Richard II; he surrendered these to the prince in July 1401 and received in return 20 marks from Sutton (CPR, 1396–9, 461Google Scholar; PRO CHES 2/71 m. 12 and 75 m. 3).

^{page 133 note 248} Boothes in Knutsford, Cheshire.

^{page 133 note 249} Sutton Downs, Cheshire.

^{page 133 note 250} Two mandates relating to this indenture are enrolled with it on the same membrane: i. Letters of the prince, dated at Coventry, 18 Oct. 1404, informing the Chamberlain of Chester that he had retained Legh, reciting the terms of the indenture, and ordering him to cancel the existing letters patent by which Legh had possession of the town of Sutton by the prince's gift and to issue to him instead ‘noz lettres patentes endentees solonc la forme del copie dune endenture quele nous vous envoions encloos deinz cestes’; ii. Letters of the prince to the Chamberlain of Chester, dated at Hereford, 20 April 1406, informing him that Legh had certified that the tenants of Sutton were anciently accustomed to pay their annual dues and rents at Michaelmas only, with the result that Legh is committed by the terms of his indenture to paying half the surplus of the vill a term before he has received it. By advice of his council, the prince had therefore granted Legh's petition that he be required to render the surplus revenues at Michaelmas only: ‘Volons de lavys de nostre conseill et vous mandons que sur nostre dit primere graunte et de mesme la date desouz nostre seal de vostre office illoeques en vostre garde esteant vous facez avoir au dit Johan noz lettres patentes endentes en due forme rendant a nous annuelment a nostre Eschequer de Cestre le surplusage provenant des issues et revenues de mesme la ville outre les vynt marcz annueles suisditz a les festes de Seint Michel tant soulement’. This is the form in which the indenture appears on the roll, which thus differs in two significant respects from the original agreement concluded between Legh and the prince.

^{page 135 note 251} Remnants of a seal (a fleur-de-lys with a decorated border); first printed in Madox, Thomas, Formulare Anglicanum, 97 no. clxxvi.Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 252} Originally drawn to our attention by Elizabeth Danbury; we are grateful to Lord Scarbrough for allowing us to see this and other documents, and to the Trustees of the Earl of Scarbrough's Childrens Settlement for permission to publish it. Measuring 245 × 105 mm., it is sealed in red wax on a tag through a turn up with an irregular octagonal signet displaying the Lumley popinjay. GEC, viii. 270–1 for Sir John Lumley (1382–1421). In 1413 he drew up an indenture, granting residence in his household, with John Neville, lord Latimer (Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Dugdale 18 f. 40v).

^{page 135 note 253} Robert Lumley was retained for life by the king and granted £20 p.a. from the manor of Nunwick, Yorks., in March 1406 (CPR, 1405–8, 163).Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 254} Murton and [Cold] Hesledon manors in the parish of Dalton-le-Dale, Co. Durham.

^{page 136 note 255} The agreement between Robert de Lumley and the feoffees of Murton and Hesledon manors is dated 18 May 1407 (MTD/A2/11).

^{page 136 note 256} On 11 April 1410 Sir John de Lumley released his brother from the penalty clauses of the indenture for the next six years in this form:

A toutz iceux qi cestes lettres verront ou orront Johan de Lumley chivaler salutz en Dieu. Comant que mon tresamee frere Robert de Lumley esquier soit demouree ovesque moi en chief pour la guerre et pees pour terme de sa vie issent que sil face sa demoere pour terme de vie ou dans ou voluntee ove ascune autre persone que moy saunz mon assent, voluntee et congie, qadonques un annuell rent de vint livres graunte a dit Robe[rt mon fre]re, et sez heirs madles de soun corps engendrez, par mons. Rauf de Eure, Sire Robert de Wyclyff clerc et William Mayhu issantz de lour manoirs de Morton et Hesilden deinz leveschie de Duresme les q[uels je] voille, et [i]ls ount de mes doun et feffement, cesse a toutz jours et le fait endentee eut fait soit de nulle value. Saches moi avoir done et graunte pleyn assent, voluntee et congie par icestes au d[it frer]e cesse en ascune [ ] demourer ovesque qique seigneur que luy plerra et meulx semblera pour soun profit et a sa voluntee demesne pour le terme de sys ans proscheins aveniers apres la date dicestes, et ceo non obstant jeo [ ] le R[ ]este que par cause del demoere suisdite ovesque qique seigneur que plerra et meulx semblera au dit Robert, mon frere, pour le dit terme de sys ans come desuis est dit, le dit annuelle rent [ ]niere eyns estoise en sa pleyn force et vertue. En tesmoignaunce de quele chose a ycestes jay mys mon seall. Don' le unzisme jour del mois daprill lan du regne [le roi Henri q]uart puis le conquest Dengleterre unzisme.

MTD/A2/13, MS holed, sealed through turn up on tag with similar but slightly smaller seal to MTD/A2/12 and inscribed with the letters I and L (for John de Lumley) on either side of the popinjay. William Mayhu was still in Lumley's service in 1419 (MTD/A1/8).

^{page 137 note 257} cf. DKR 36 (1875)Google Scholar, App. II, 9.

^{page 138 note 258} For Thomas, earl of Arundel (1400–15) see GEC, i. 245–6Google Scholar, and for his relations with Henry, Prince, Henry V. The Practice of Kingship, ed. Harriss, G. L. (Oxford, 1985), 32–3, 69–70Google Scholar; Allmand, C., Henry V (London, 1992), passim.Google Scholar

^{page 138 note 259} cf. HMC. 10th Report, pt. 4, 226 and Denton, W., England in the Fifteenth Century (London, 1888), 289–90Google Scholar. The present location of this document is unknown: a search at the Cumbria RO in the Penington papers revealed a note referring to it being sent to the John Rylands Library on 10 January 1930. It appears to have been seen there by Prof. Lewis, whose transcript is followed here. But despite a thorough search, Dr P. McNiven, Head of Special Collections, John Rylands University Library, has been unable to locate it. Some Muncaster MSS from the library have been transfered more recently with a deposit of Crawford MSS to the National Library of Scotland, but a search there has also failed to reveal the original indenture. We are particularly grateful for Dr McNiven's help in this matter.

^{page 138 note 260} Otway, of Seaton in Coupland, Cumbs., was dead by 1429: Cumbria RO, Carlisle, D Pen/14/10, 29/17.

^{page 138 note 261} Cockermouth, Cumbs.

^{page 139 note 262} Seal of Otway on a double panel tag: bird (?stork) passant, wings folded behind, with trumpet in mouth, within a plaited rush border.

^{page 139 note 263} Formerly sealed on tongue now missing.

^{page 139 note 264} Dalehay was one of eleven Herefordshire esquires retained on the same day by Prince Henry. Besides the five for whom indentures survive (nos. 106–110) the others were: John Baskerville,John Boddenham, Thomas de la Hay, Philip Dumbleton, Richard Wiseham and Thomas Borghope. They form a coherent group, all drawn from established local families and connected, in some cases by inter-marriage. The prominence of these Herefordshire gentry in the prince's affinity faithfully reflects the importance of the county in his affairs up until this point. With the virtual cessation of the Welsh campaigns by 1408, Henry was now seeking to consolidate a regional standing created by shared military experience: Griffiths, W. R. M., ‘The Military Career and Affinity of Henry, prince of Wales, 1399–1413’, Unpublished M. Litt, thesis, Oxford, 1980, 198–201Google Scholar. Dalehay's own indenture may have been ineffective, however; he was the only one of the eleven esquires not to be paid the first instalment of his fee the following Feb. (PRO, SC6/1222/1O m. 3).

^{page 140 note 265} Formerly sealed on a tongue now missing; the name of the retainer has been filled in by a separate hand. Thomas Bromwych of Fownhope, Herefords., was the son of Sir John Bromwych (cf. 66) and had acted as a collector of the income tax in Herefordshire in 1404 (CFR, 1399–1405), 258; CCR 1416–22, 326).Google Scholar

^{page 141 note 266} Formerly sealed on a tongue now missing. HC, 1386–1421, iii. 397Google Scholar for the career of Holgot (d. c. 1420); see also below 134.

^{page 141 note 267} Formerly sealed on a tongue now missing. There is a 17th century transcript of this indenture in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Dugdale 2, p. 264.

^{page 141 note 268} Formerly sealed on a tongue now missing and previously printed from the transcript in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Dugdale 2, p. 261 by Dunham, 138–9. Walter Devereux of Weobley, Herefords., succeeded his father in 1403 and married into the Bromwych family. He was aged about 22 at the time of this indenture: Duncumb, J., Collections towards the history and antiquities of the county of Hereford (Hereford, 1804–1811), ii. 37–8Google Scholar; CIPM, 1399–1405, no. 701.

^{page 141 note 269} Carpenter, , Locality and PolityGoogle Scholar, passim for the fullest treatment of the career of Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick (1401–39).

^{page 143 note 270} cf. CPR, 1413–16, 137Google Scholar; CCR, 1413–19, 207–8Google Scholar. Cok was still in receipt of the annuity granted him by this indenture in 1435 (PRO, E163/7/31/2 m. 27), though Henry, fifth lord Beaumont (1396–1413) was long dead (GEC, ii. 61).Google Scholar

^{page 143 note 271} Folkingham, Lincs.

^{page 143 note 272} cf. CPR, 1413–16, 132Google Scholar; CCA, 1413–19, 129.Google Scholar

^{page 144 note 273} Folkingham, Lincs.

^{page 144 note 274} Barton on Humber, Lincs.

^{page 144 note 275} Grimsthorpe, Lincs.

^{page 144 note 276} Published first in The Plumpton Correspondence, ed. Stapleton, Thomas (1839), xlii note 9Google Scholar. We are grateful to W. J. Connor, District Archivist, Leeds District Archives, for permission to publish.

^{page 145 note 277} ibid., xxi–xlix and HC, 1386–1421, iv. 90–2Google Scholar for the career of Sir Robert Plumpton (1383–1421) of Steeton, Yorks., and Kinoulton, Notts. We are grateful to Mrs Joan Kirby, who is preparing a new edition of the Plumpton correspondence, for help with this indenture.

^{page 145 note 278} William Burgh (d. 1442) of Brough Hall in Catterick, Yorks. N.R., also held land in Leeming, Walborn and Richmond (NYCRO, ZRL 1/19). For the family see Pollard, A. J., ‘The Burghs of Brough Hall, c. 1270–1574’, North Torkshire County Record Office Journal 6 (1978), 5–33Google Scholar and below 152. We are grateful to the representatives of the late Sir Ralph Lawson for permission to publish this document and to M. Y. Ashcroft, County Archivist, for help in obtaining this and for other assistance. The first tag bears the impression in red wax of a small seal inscribed with an initial W; the second seal is missing.

^{page 145 note 279} Tunstall in Catterick, Yorks. N. R.

^{page 145 note 280} 11 November.

^{page 146 note 281} Neville was Warden of the West March, 8 June 1420–12 Sept. 1435: Storey, R. L., ‘The Wardens of the Marches of England towards Scotland, 1377–1489’, EHR, lxxii (1957), 613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 146 note 282} Of Wombwell, Yorks., W. R. He was Neville's deputy as Steward of Pontefract from Feb. 1425 until his death in 1453: Testamenta Eboracensia, ii. 163–4Google Scholar; Somerville, , Duchy of Lancaster, 513.Google Scholar

^{page 147 note 283} Corringham, Lincs.

^{page 147 note 284} GEC, xi. 395–8Google Scholar for Richard Neville, iure uxoris earl of Salisbury (1428–60).

^{page 147 note 285} HC, 1386–1421, iii. 427–9Google Scholar for John Hotoft (d. 1443) of Knebworth, Herts., and Acheson, E., A Gentry Community. Leicestershire in the Fifteenth Century, c.1422–c.1485 (Cambridge, 1992), 236–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar for his family.

^{page 147 note 286} Ware, Herts.

^{page 148 note 287} cf. CPR, 1429–36, 330Google Scholar. GEC, xi. 104–5Google Scholar for Thomas, eighth lord Roos (1421–30) who died in Normandy in the king's service.

^{page 148 note 288} Troussebous, i.e. Trussebut: Thomas's ancestors had inherited lands from the Trussebut family in the thirteenth century (cf. GEC, xii, pt. 2, 49 and Sanders, I. J., English Baronies (Oxford, 1960), 56).Google Scholar

^{page 148 note 289} Wedgwood, J. C., History of Parliament: Biographies of the Members of the Commons House, 1439–1509 (London, 1936), 235Google Scholar for an account of the career of Sir John Cressy (1407–45) of Wheathamstead, Herts, and Dodford, Northants., which can be much augmented. He divided his time in the 1430s and 1440s between England and France, dying as captain of Pont l'Evêque, though he is buried at Dodford. His widow, Constance, daughter of Reginald, lord Grey of Ruthin died in 1486 (information kindly provided by Dr Anne Curry). Roos' inquisition post mortem recites the substance of this grant as far as it refers to Eakring (Abstracts of the Inguisitiones post mortem relating to Nottinghamshire, 1350–1436, ed. Train (Thoroton Soc., Record ser., xii, 1952), 189–90).Google Scholar

^{page 148 note 290} Braunston, Northants.

^{page 148 note 291} Eakring, Notts.

^{page 149 note 292} Belvoir, Leics.

^{page 149 note 293} A helm topped by a dragon's head. GEC, v. 426–7 for William, fourth lord Fitzhugh (1425–52).

^{page 149 note 294} The connection betwen the Fitzhughs and the Wensley family was a long lasting one: John Wensley the elder was acting as collector of rents and farms on the Fitzhugh estates in 1410/11 and his son was still doing business for Lord Fitzhugh in 1451: North Yorks. CRO, ZJX 3/2/47 m. 1; YAS, MD 116/4, 5.

^{page 150 note 295} Brandsburton, Yorks. E.R.

^{page 150 note 296} Ravensworth, Yorks. N.R.

^{page 150 note 297} We are grateful to the Trustees of the Estate of the late Earl Fitzwilliam for permission to publish this indenture and 126 and 127, and to Miss R. Watson, County Archivist, for help in obtaining this. A small round red signet (10 mm) survives: I. H. Jeayes, in a typescript catalogue of these deeds (1930), suggests ‘?a dragon's head’; it may be a dolphin. Thomas Dacre, eldest son of Thomas, sixth lord Dacre (1399–1458), predeceased his father (GEC, iv. 7–8).Google Scholar

^{page 150 note 298} Contemporary endorsement.

^{page 150 note 299} In late seventeenth/early eighteenth-century hand.

^{page 151 note 300} Cut for a tongue but then sealed on a tag, the seal now missing; for Joan Beaufort, dowager countess of Westmorland (1425–40) and her son Richard Neville, earl of Salisbury (1428–60), cf. GEC, xii, pt. 2. 547 and xi. 395–8.

^{page 151 note 301} Son of Sir Ralph Eure (HC, 1386–1421, iii. 38–43Google Scholar), Robert Eure of Bradley, Durham, acted as sheriff and escheator of Durham and Sadberge under Bishop Langley between 1420 and 1436 and was appointed steward of the palatinate by Bishop Robert Neville in 1438 (Storey, R. L., Thomas Langley and the bishopric of Durham, 1406–1437 (London, 1961), 61Google Scholar; DKR 34 (1873), 167Google Scholar). Joan, countess of Westmorland's association in this agreement was the result of her tenure of the Neville lordships of Penrith, Middleham and Sheriff Hutton as dower.

^{page 151 note 302} Wedgwood, 306 for Sir William Eure.

^{page 152 note 303} Published by courtesy of the National Library of Wales. Cf. Rawcliffe, C., The Staffords, Earls of Stafford and Dukes of Buckingham 1304–1521 (Cambridge, 1978), 3CrossRefGoogle Scholar for the Red Book and for Buckingham's career; we are grateful to Dr Christine Carpenter for loan of a microfilm of this MS. This indenture was first published by Reeves, A., ‘Some of Humphrey Stafford's Military Indentures’, Nottingham Mediaeval Studies 16 (1972), 88–9.Google Scholar

^{page 152 note 304} GEC, v. 358–9Google Scholar for Sir Edward Grey, later lord Ferrers of Groby (1446–57).

^{page 152 note 305} Oakham, Rutland.

^{page 152 note 306} Tysoe, Warwicks.

^{page 153 note 307} HC, 1386–1421, iv. 712–7Google Scholar for the career of Sir Richard Vernon (1390–1451) of Harlaston, Staffs., and Haddon, Derbys. His younger son and heir, Sir William Vernon was also retained by Buckingham for service in peace and war, at a fee of £10 p.a. by an indenture dated 1 August 1454 (PRO, 806/1040/15 m. 3).

^{page 153 note 308} Reproduced by courtesy of the Director and University Librarian, the John Rylands University Library of Manchester. We are grateful for help from Dr Peter McNiven, Head of Special Collections, in tracing the original; it is counter-sealed with a small armorial seal (a chevron) on a double tag through the turn up. It was first pub. after NLW, Peniarth MS 280 fos. 17–18 in Nottingham Mediaeval Studies 16 (1972), 89–90.Google Scholar

^{page 154 note 309} Rawcliffe, , The Staffords, 224, 233Google Scholar for Buckingham and Sir John Mainwaring.

^{page 154 note 310} Rothwell, Northants.

^{page 155 note 311} ‘Chetwyndorum Stemma … Ex ipsis Autographis penes Walterum Chetwynd Arm. deducta’ (1690), printed as ‘The Chetwynd Chartulary’, ed. Wrottesley, G., Collections for a History of Staffordshire, xii (1891), 318–9.Google Scholar

^{page 155 note 312} Field, P. J. C., The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1993), 66–7, 83–4, 86–8Google Scholar for a recent account of Chetwynd's career; see also Chetwynd-Stapylton, H. E., The Chetuynds of Ingestre (London, 1892), 95–106Google Scholar. He was with Humphrey, earl of Stafford in Paris at Henry VI's coronation and his annuity of 10 marks was doubled in 1431 (Staffs. RO, D 4597, pp. 26–7; ed. Wrottesley, , 312–13Google Scholar). On the same day as this indenture, he contracted to serve as Buckingham's lieutenant at the castle of Calais (D 4597 pp. 33–5; ed. Wrottesley, , 319–20Google Scholar) where he died on 10 May 1444. We are grateful to Dudley Fowkes, County Archivist for help in locating this document.

^{page 156 note 313} A small round signet measuring 9 mm in diameter, it displays a sexfoil. Roskell, J. S., ‘Sir James Strangeways of West Harsley and Whorlton’, Yorks. Arch. Journal, xxxix (1958), 455–82Google Scholar [reprinted in Parliament and Politics in Late Medieval England (London, 1981), ii. 279–306Google Scholar] calls Strangeways' connection with Richard Neville ‘the most important single motif’ in his political career (he was Speaker in 1461) but does not mention this indenture.

^{page 156 note 314} Katherine Neville, widow of John, duke of Norfolk (d. 1432), who survived until 1483; Robert Neville, bishop of Durham 1438–57.

^{page 157 note 315} Humburton, Yorks. N.R.

^{page 157 note 316} Within an octagonal surround (10 mm diameter), a small signet displaying? a flower or leaf, red wax.

^{page 157 note 317} Ralph succeeded his father, John, lord Greystoke in 1436, when he was already aged 22, and lived until 1501 (GEC, vi. 196–8).Google Scholar

^{page 158 note 318} Barnard Castle, Durham; for relations between Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick (d. 1439) and the Greystokes, cf. Carpenter, , Locality and Polity, 392Google Scholar n. 187.

^{page 158 note 319} We are grateful to Mr Thomas Hornyold-Strickland for permission to publish. This is the unique case where both parts of the indenture have survived: one is sealed with York's Griffin signet within a plaited rush wreath; the counter indenture has been badly holed, lacks its seal and has shrunk considerably. First pub. in Nicolson, Joseph and Burn, Richard, The History and Antiquities of the Counties of Westmorland and Cumberland (London, 1777), i. 971–8Google Scholar, cf. HMC, Fifth Report, 330Google Scholar; Denton, , England in the Fifteenth Century, 290Google Scholar; Scott, Daniel, The Stricklands of Sizergh Castle (Kendal, 1908), 67–8Google Scholar, with the date 1 September 1449.

^{page 158 note 320} Strickland was born c. 1411 and died in 1467 (Wedgwood, 823–4).

^{page 159 note 321} Penrith, Cumbs.

^{page 159 note 322} An impression of Ormond's seal survives; cf. Cal. of Ormond Deeds, ed. Curtis, , iii. 167–8Google Scholar no. 177; a 17th c. copy after an original then in the possession of William Pierpont may be found in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Dugdale 18 fos. 77v–78r.

^{page 159 note 323} GEC, x. 123–6Google Scholar for Butler, James, ‘the White Earl’Google Scholar, fourth earl of Ormond (1405–52), and for his relations with York, Simms, K., ‘The King's Friend: O'Neill’, England and Ireland in the Later Middle Ages, ed. Lydon, 219–24.Google Scholar

^{page 160 note 324} In another indenture concluded at Dublin, 22 August 1450, York appointed Ormond his lieutenant and governor throughout the land of Ireland at a fee of 500 marks p.a. while York remained in Ireland and £1000 p.a. after his departure for England. These terms were further modified in a third indenture, concluded the following day: Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Eng. hist. c. 34, part I, f. 1.

^{page 160 note 325} Autograph.

^{page 160 note 326} A fragmentary impression of York's signet survives; cf. CAD, vi, no. C 6400, and pub. by Johnson, P., Duke Richard of York, 1411–1460 (Oxford, 1988), 225Google Scholar with incorrect date 30 Jan. 1458.

^{page 160 note 327} Of Littlecote and Fittleton, Wilts. Darell was sheriff of Wiltshire, Nov. 1454–5, but was obliged to purchase a pardon for all treasons and other offences in March 1460. Following Edward IV's accession, he was appointed Keeper of the Great Wardrobe and became one of the mainstays of Yorkist government in the West Country, acting as sheriff of Wiltshire, Nov. 1460–1, 1464–5, 1468–9, and of Somerset and Dorset, Nov. 1466–7: CPR, 1452–61, 576Google Scholar; ibid., 1461–7, 17, 90; ibid., 1467–77, 419; List of Sheriffs, 124, 153Google Scholar.

^{page 161 note 328} Fasterne, Wilts.

^{page 161 note 329} Autograph signature R. York in left margin.

^{page 161 note 330} Kindly drawn to our attention by Dr M. J. Bennett. We are grateful to the Syndics of the University Library, Cambridge, for permission to publish.

^{page 161 note 331} Alington, of Horseheath, Cambs., was active in county government, serving as escheator for Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, Nov. 1447–8; sheriff of Cambridge shire, Mar.–Nov. 1461, and as a justice of the peace, Feb. 1466–Dec. 1470, and from Dec. 1473 until his death in August 1480: List of Escheators, 17Google Scholar; CFR, 1461–71, 9Google Scholar; ibid., 1471–85, 196; CPR, 1461–7, 560Google Scholar; ibid., 1467–77, 609; ibid., 1476–85, 555.

^{page 161 note 332} Clare, Suffolk.

^{page 162 note 333} When transcribed the original still had a seal attached; this agreement is cited by Parsons, Catherine E., ‘Horseheath Hall and its Owners’, Proc. Cambridge Antiguarian Soc., xli (1948), 3Google Scholar with the date 1455, but there is no mention of Alington's service or annuity in Johnson, Duke Richard of York.

^{page 162 note 334} Eldest son of Thomas Musgrave of Hartley, Westmorland, the son of Sir Richard Musgrave of Musgrave, Westmorland. His mother was Joanna, daughter and co-heir of Sir William Stapleton (CCR, 1476–85, 205–6Google Scholar; Nicolson, & Burn, , Hist, of Westmorland and Cumberland, i. 595Google Scholar). Musgrave's connection with the Nevilles paid off handsomely after the accession of Edward IV. In Feb. 1462 he was appointed constable of the castles of Brougham, Pendragon and Brough and bailiff and chief forester of Brough and Kirby Stephen, Westmorland (CPR, 1461–7, 74, 143Google Scholar); he was dead by 1491 (Wedgwood, 619).

^{page 162 note 335} Musgrave was married to one of John, ninth lord Clifford's sisters. For the hostility between Clifford and the Neville supporters of the duke of York, GEC, iii. 293–4Google Scholar; Nicolson, & Burn, , i. 284–5.Google Scholar

^{page 162 note 336} Penrith, Cumbs.

^{page 163 note 337} Recited in a plea before the Barons of the Exchequer at Easter 1480 as warrant for the sum of £26 13s 4d in demand against Audley. Though Edward IV had confirmed the fee in May 1478 the process was not terminated until Easter 1488, when Audley appeared by his attorney and exhibited a pardon for the disputed sum (CPR 1476–85, 68Google Scholar; PRO, E 159/264, Adhuc Communia, Adhuc Recorda, m. 21).

^{page 163 note 338} Hook, Wilts.

^{page 163 note 339} For James Butler, earl of Wiltshire and Ormond (1449–61) see GEC, x. 126–9Google Scholar, and for John, later sixth lord Audley (1459–90), ibid. i. 341–2.

^{page 164 note 340} Haselbury, Dorset.

^{page 164 note 341} This indenture and nos. 135–6 were first discussed by McFarlane, K. B., ‘The Wars of the Roses’, Proc. Brit. Acad. L (1964), 87–119 at p. 93Google Scholar [reprinted in McFarlane, England in the Fifteenth Century, ed. Harriss, G. L. (London, 1981), 231–61 at pp. 236–7Google Scholar]. They are all written by the same clerk and all confer annuities to be drawn on York's lands in Herefordshire. No trace of wax remains and it is doubtful whether a seal was ever attached. We are grateful to the Marquess of Bath for permission to publish and to Kate Harris, Librarian at Longleat, for help when consulting these documents.

^{page 164 note 342} cf. Johnson, , Duke Richard of York, 233Google Scholar; presumably a son or grandson of an earlier Herefordshire Thomas Holcot (above 108).

^{page 165 note 343} In a ?17th-century hand.

^{page 165 note 344} In exactly the same terms as 134. A tying thong remains but there is no trace of wax on the tongue, suggesting that it was never sealed.

^{page 165 note 345} In the same form as 134 and 135; the tying thong is missing and once again there is no trace of a seal. Wedgwood, 593 for Simon, son of Richard Milburne (1395–1451), of Laverstock, Wilts., aged 24 at the time of his father's death.

^{page 165 note 346} In the same form as 134–6 but MS shrunken and partly damaged; only the first two letters of the name of the second party survives (Sy …) but sealed with York's signet seal (18–19 mm., England, a label of three points). It is probable, as McFarlane states, that this is York's counterpart of 136 but some doubt must remain since the space for the name (Symond Milburne) appears inadequate. In any event York's letters patent in Latin and sealed with his large seal (55 mm., England, a label of three points) announcing the grant of 10 marks p.a. to Milburne survives (Longleat MS 10495).

^{page 166 note 347} Space has been left for an initial ornamented letter T which has not been executed. GEC, xii, pt. 2. 385–93 for Warwick.

^{page 166 note 348} Nicolson, & Burn, , ii. 394Google Scholar for the Vaux family of Caterlen, Cumbs.

^{page 166 note 349} Penrith, Cumbs.

^{page 166 note 350} We are grateful to Sir Dermot de Trafford Bt for permission to publish, ‘sire John Trafford’ is written on the face of the fold in a contemporary hand. English Historical Documents 1327–1485, ed. Myers, A. R. (London, 1969), 1127Google Scholar no. 663 provides a modern version of this indenture.

^{page 167 note 351} Of Trafford and Stretford, Lanes. (VCH, Lancs., iv. 332).Google Scholar

^{page 167 note 352} Middleham, Yorks. N. R. There is no record of this fee on the incomplete list of fees in the Middleham receiver's account for 1464–5 (PRO, 806/1085/20 m. 13).

^{page 167 note 353} Penrith, Cumbria

^{page 168 note 354} Pub. first in Ormerod, Hist, of the County Palatine and City of Chester, ed. Helsby, , i. 572n.Google Scholar

^{page 168 note 355} Piers Warburton succeeded his father, Sir Geoffrey, in 1448 and died 1494/5; a namesake was retained for life at 10 marks p.a. by Henry, prince of Wales in 1407 (ibid., 57m, cf. DKR 36 (1875), App. II, 506Google Scholar), whilst Sir Geoffrey had been retained by Humphrey, duke of Buckingham (Rawcliffe, , The Staffords, 233Google Scholar); all descended from Sir Geoffrey de Warburton, retained by the Black Prince in 1365 (above 49). For Stanley and his affinity, see Jones, M. K., ‘Sir William Stanley of Holt and Family Allegiance in the late Fifteenth Century’, Welsh History Review 14 (1988), 1–22.Google Scholar

^{page 168 note 356} Receiver of Holt castle in the lordship of Bromfield and Yale, Clwyd.

^{page 169 note 357} Olney, Bucks.

^{page 169 note 358} First pub. by Madox, , Formulare Anglicanum, 104–5Google Scholar no. clxxxv.

^{page 170 note 359} The whole of the first line of the indenture is written in upper-case letters, with some decoration.

^{page 170 note 360} Of Langholme and Garablesby, Cumbs. He married Agnes, youngest daughter of Sir Richard Musgrave of Musgrave and succeeded his father, a justice of the peace in Cumberland and Westmorland, in 1467 (CPR, 1461–7, 562, 575Google Scholar; ibid., 1467–77, 13; Nicolson, & Burn, , i. 594).Google Scholar

^{page 170 note 361} The first line is double the height of the following lines, and has ornamental capitals.

^{page 170 note 362} Of Helbeck, Westmorland (Nicolson, & Burn, , i. 583).Google Scholar

^{page 171 note 363} GEC, v. 428–9Google Scholar for Henry, fifth lord Fitzhugh (1452–72).

^{page 171 note 364} Askrigg, Yorks. N.R.

^{page 172 note 365} Of Western Coyney, Staffs. Appointed escheator of Staffordshire in Nov. 1460, and re-appointed in March 1461: CFR, 1452–61, 292Google Scholar; ibid., 1461–71, 10, 223.

^{page 172 note 366} Yardley, Worcs.

^{page 172 note 367} Drawn to our attention by Dr Simon Payling and published by permission of the Cumbria RO, Kendal; first published in Nicolson, & Burn, , Hist, of Westmorland and Cumberland, i. 158Google Scholar with no indication of source. GEC, vi. 197–99Google Scholar for Ralph, lord Greystoke (1436–1501) and above 127.

^{page 172 note 368} John Fleming of Rydal, Westm., was a justice of the peace in Westmorland, Jan. 1471–July 1474 and was dead by 1483 (Nicolson, & Burn, , i. 158–9Google Scholar; CPR, 1467–77, 635Google Scholar; CFR, 1471–85, 259).Google Scholar

^{page 173 note 369} Greystoke, Cumbs.

^{page 173 note 370} Askhara, Westmorland.

^{page 173 note 371} Knipe, Westmorland.

^{page 174 note 372} Thomas Sandforth succeeded his father in the family estate at Askham in 1460; he married Margaret, daughter of Thomas Musgrave of Hayton (Nicolson, & Burn, , i. 425, 594Google Scholar). He was retained by Richard Neville, earl of Warwick in April 1462 and was appointed a deputy to the escheator of Cumberland and Westmorland between the waters of Eamont and Lowther in 1464 (Cumbria RO, D Lons/L/MD/AS 59, 60). He appears to have remained loyal to Warwick, since he was appointed a justice of the peace in Westmorland during Henry VI's brief readeption and an order for his arrest and forfeiture was issued in July 1471 (CPR, 1467–77, 634Google Scholar). Sandforth's connection with the Nevilles, and his good relations with the influential Yorkist knight Sir William Parr, allowed him to establish a position of considerable local influence during the 1460s (Cumbria RO, D Lons/L/MD/AS 61, 62A, 64). The two indentures of retainer printed here (149–50) represent only the most formal of a variety of agreements by which he built up an affinity of ‘friends, tenants and servants’ among the local yeomanry. In Oct. 1470 Henry Walker and his sons entered into a bond of £40 ‘to be true and faithful to Thomas Sandforth and with him and his take part in peace and war during their lives before all other except the King’; and in the following year William Yate granted Sandforth and his son William the rule, governance and manrydyn of his place of Leadgate for the term of both their lives, in return for a promise from the Sandforths to maintain and fortify him and the other tenants there as they would any of their own; and in 1477 the Noble family of Butterwick obliged themselves under a bond of £40 to ‘abide … and fulfil the rule and governance’ of Thomas Sandforth (ibid., AS 65, 66, 67).

^{page 174 note 373} Fragments of a seal remain.

^{page 174 note 371} John Clibburn of Bampton Cundale and Knipe; he married Elizabeth, a younger daughter of Sir Thomas Curwen (Nicolson, & Burn, , i. 466–7).Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 375} First pub. in Ragg, F. W., ‘De Culwen’, Trans. Cumbs. & Westmorland Antiquarian & Arch. Soc., n. s. xiv (1914), 422Google Scholar. GEC, ix. 717–9Google Scholar for Percy; technically the family had forfeited the earldom of Northumberland in 1461 and it was held between 1464–70 by John Neville, lord Montagu.

^{page 175 note 376} Of Workington, Cumbs., the son of Sir Thomas Curwen (d. 1464), who was also in receipt of a fee from the Percies (Nicolson, & Burn, , ii. 54Google Scholar; Bean, J. M. W., The Estates of the Percy Family 1416–1537 (Oxford, 1958), 96).Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 377} Allerdale, Cumbs.

^{page 175 note 378} Cockermouth, Cumbs.

^{page 176 note 379} First pub. by Perceval, C. P., ‘Notes on a selection of ancient charters, letters and other documents from the muniment room of Sir John Lawson of Brough Hall, near Catterick in Richmondshire, Baronet’, Archaeologia xlvii (1882), 195Google Scholar; reproduced in Richard III and the Mirth of England, ed. Barbara, English (University of Hull, Primary Sources for Regional and Local History, no. 1, 1985)Google Scholar for a copy of which we are grateful to Prof. David Palliser. For Gloucester's letters patent announcing the grant of this fee, and his order to the farmer of the vaccary of Sleightholme to pay it, both dated at Middleham, 4 Oct. 1471, see NYCRO, ZRL 1/37 and 36.

^{page 176 note 380} For William Burgh (who succeeded his father in 1465 and d. 1492) and his family, cf. above 115.

^{page 176 note 381} Sleightholme in Stainmore Forest, Yorks. N. R.

^{page 177 note 382} A good impression of Gloucester's seal survives. Autograph signature R. Gloucestre in top left-hand margin.

^{page 177 note 383} Of Cardew, Cumbs. (Nicolson, & Burn, , ii. 318Google Scholar).

^{page 177 note 384} Inglewood, Cumbs.

^{page 177 note 385} For an example of the letters patent issued by Gloucester consequent upon an indenture of retainer, see Blair, C. H. Hunter, ‘Two Letters Patent from Hutton John near Penrith, Cumberland’, Archaeologia Aeliana 4th ser., xxix (1961), 367–70Google Scholar, plate xxxv.

^{page 177 note 386} We are grateful to the Duke of Northumberland for permission to publish this document and to Colin Shrimpton, archivist to the Northumberland Estates, for facilitating this and for other help. It was first pub. in de Fonblanque, E. B., Annals of the House of Percy (London, 1887, 2 vols.), i. 549Google Scholar, and in a modernised English version in Dunham, 140; cf. also HMC, 6th Report, part i. 2230. GEC, ix. 717–9Google Scholar for Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland (1470–89). For the circumstances in which this indenture was concluded see Bean, , The Estates of the Percy Family, 128–35Google Scholar; Horrox, R., Richard III. A Study of Service (Cambridge, 1989), 61–4.Google Scholar

^{page 178 note 387} Of Chipchase, Northumbs., he was the earl's master-forester at Alnwick: Hicks, M. A., ‘Dynastic Change and Northern Society: the Fourth Earl of Northumberland, 1470–89’, Northern History xiv (1978), 83, 107.Google Scholar

^{page 178 note 388} The seals are missing and there is no contemporary endorsement but a list of household objects (blankets, coverlets, towels, quilts, feather beds, etc.) was jotted down on the dorse before the end of the fifteenth century.

^{page 179 note 389} An early seventeenth-century transcript first published in Earwaker, J. P., East Cheshire, 2 vols. London, 1877–1880, i. 241–2Google Scholar. We are grateful to Michael Powell, Librarian, for help in locating this document. A monumental effigy presumed to represent Sir John Hanford (1391–c.1461) in Cheadle parish church displays a version of the SS collar (Plate facing Earwaker, , i. 212Google Scholar), who also provides a genealogy and other details on his career). Rawcliffe, , The StaffordsGoogle Scholar, 233 notes Buckingham's award to Hanford of an annuity for life service in peace and war at home and abroad of £10 p.a. on the revenues of Rothwell, Northants., by indenture in Sept. 1441, after NLW, Peniarth MS 280 f. 24. The present indenture presumably replaces this earlier agreement, unless there has been some confusion in compiling the Peniarth MS where the indenture (dated 5 Sept. 1441) with Sir John Mainwaring (124), also assigned his annuity on Rothwell.

^{page 179 note *} As predicted in the Introduction, a further indenture has come to light even while our MS was with the printer. And, as midnight struck, Philip Morgan drew our attention to a remarkable indenture between Hondekyn Mainwaring the elder and Sir John Mainwaring [cf. above 124] and Thomas Alkemontelowe, 5 March 1443, for his life ‘service to oure ouen persones in such occupacion as he most useth, Þhat is to say w^t Penne and Inke and Counsell be fore all ofer men oute take the Kyng and his Mynystres' in return for their ‘gode Maystreshippe’, an annual livery gown and ‘during his lyve covenable mete and drynke and beddyng to hym and hys servaunt’ (William Dugdale's MS Chartulanum Mainwaringianum, 12.i, currently in private hands).