¹ For the Dresden Conferences see n. 1 in Saxony section.

² The Abel Party was named after Karl von Abel, Bavarian interior minister from 1837 to 1847, who promoted a highly monarchist and pro-Catholic policy.

³ Bonar refers to the Bavarian agreement with the Austro-Prussian policy towards the Holstein Statthalterschaft (see n. 2 in Saxony section) and support for the prince elector in the constitutional struggle in Hesse-Cassel. Expenses were incurred owing to the provision of Bavarian troops for the intervention in Hesse-Cassel in November 1850.

⁴ From June 1850, Austria and Prussia had planned to establish a central police authority for the German Confederation in Leipzig as a check against the democratic movement. A formal proposal was brought to the Federal Diet on 11 October 1851, although the deliberations that followed were without result. Revisions of the constitutions of the individual states were regulated on 23 August 1851 (see n. 2 in Württemberg section).

⁵ Austro-Prussian commercial treaty of 19 February 1853, based on a most favoured nation clause. The duration of the treaty was set to last from 1 January 1854 to 31 December 1865.

⁶ For the Darmstadt Coalition see n. 10 in Prussia section.

⁷ The major issues in this conflict were the bishops’ demands for the strengthening of the independence of the Catholic Church and the repeal of the Religious Edict of 26 May 1818.

⁸ The Nordlichterstreit revolved around the appointment of Protestant professors from north Germany in Bavarian universities. This policy was promoted by Maximilian II, but was strongly resented in Bavaria.

⁹ At the Bamberg Conference (25–30 May 1854), the foreign ministers of Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, Württemberg, Baden, Electoral Hesse, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Nassau deliberated their position regarding the Eastern Crisis. As stated in their note to Austria and Prussia of 3 June 1854, the Bamberg Coalition made its accession to the Austro-Prussian treaty of 20 April 1854 (see n. 45 in Prussia section) conditional upon both Turkey and Russia being excluded from the Danubian Principalities, and the German Confederation being independently represented at all forthcoming negotiations. In addition, the Bamberg Conference agreed on periodic meetings of the ministers of the middle states. Enclosures: results of the Bamberg Conference of 1854; analyse du mémorandum Bavarois qui a servi de base aux déliberations de Bamberg.

¹⁰ Milbanke refers to the late publication of the documents, as the Bamberg Conference had taken place in the previous month.

¹¹ Otto, second son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria and brother of Maximilian II, was placed on the Greek throne in 1832 following the conclusion of the Greek War of Independence and a short-lived republic.

¹² The French government objected that the proposals seemed to indicate a collective and proactive policy by the German states in the East, even though they had not been involved in the war. It was felt that this could undermine existing French, Turkish, and British interests.

¹³ Identical Austrian and Prussian dispatches of 16 June 1854; this reply was agreed upon at the meeting between Emperor Franz Joseph I and King Friedrich Wilhelm IV at Tetschen, 8–10 June 1854.

¹⁴ Articles 48–50 of the Vienna Final Act of 15 May 1820.

¹⁵ Otto von Bismarck.

¹⁶ Prussia.

¹⁷ France and Great Britain.

¹⁸ This refers to the idea of a Third Germany under Bavarian leadership alongside Prussia and Austria, which was a constant feature of Bavarian federal policy, particularly from the accession of King Maximilian in 1848.

¹⁹ Bismarck visited Munich from 13 to 17 December 1855.

²⁰ Von der Pfordten to Schrenck von Notzing, the Bavarian envoy at the Federal Diet, 10 November 1855. The dispatch was also sent as a circular to the other Bavarian envoys in Germany, who were instructed to communicate its contents to their respective governments.

²¹ Milbanke most probably refers to von der Pfordten's disptach to Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von Bray-Steinburg of 12 November 1855.

²² Von der Pfordten was in Paris from 27 October to 3 November, where he inquired about the French position on the Eastern Question and peace with Russia. After his return, von der Pfordten adopted a more pro-Western stance on the issue.

²³ Heinrich Friedrich Philipp von Bockelberg.

²⁴ Wilhelm Ritter von Manz.

²⁵ Joseph von Aschenbrenner.

²⁶ The royal message was dated 1 July 1856; the chambers were prorogued on 3 July 1856.

²⁷ Enclosure: Abschied für den Landtag des Königreichs Bayern, 1856.

²⁸ The military budget (9,075,900 florins, as decided by the committee on 9 May 1856) was approved by the second chamber as part of the general budget on 29 June 1856. The first chamber followed on 30 June, with a caveat against any cuts in the military budget.

²⁹ This refers to the Verfassungsverständnis of 14 June 1843, a compromise in the budgetary law of the Landtag. Surplus revenue (until that point the main issue debated in the chamber) would henceforth be bought into the budget and subjected to the control of the Landtag.

³⁰ The king referred to Section VII §§ 8 and 18 of the Bavarian constitution of 26 May 1818, which provided measures for granting additional sums under extraordinary circumstances.

³¹ Wilhelm Ritter von Manz.

³² Milbanke refers to the effects of the federal resolution of 23 August 1851 (see n. 2 in Württemberg section), particularly with regard to Württemberg, Hanover, and Hesse-Darmstadt.

³³ These demands were based on the revision of the 1822 Bundeskriegsverfassung (federal military law), passed on 4 January 1855.

³⁴ According to the decision of the Federal Diet of 10 March 1853, Bavaria's federal contingent was 59,334 men in total.

³⁵ The Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz of 1 July 1856 reorganized the legal system, though it did not fully eliminate privileges or separate the judiciary from the state administration.

³⁶ This collection of mainly sixteenth-century charters guaranteed the rights of the estates, and was published by Gustav Freiherr von Lerchenfeld in 1853. It was used to justify the call for more constitutional rights for the Bavarian Landtag.

³⁷ Allgemeine Zeitung (established 1798).

³⁸ Milbanke refers to the diplomatic activities prior to the Austrian ultimatum of 19 April 1859 (delivered on 23 April), which demanded that the Sardinian government cease mobilization within three days. See n. 74 in Saxony section.

³⁹ Since the coup d’état of 2 December 1851, legislative and executive power in France had been concentrated in the hands of the emperor, the controls on the press and theatres were tightened, and the participation of the political opposition in the 1852 and 1857 legislative elections was severely restricted.

⁴⁰ A new ministry, under Karl Freiherr Schrenck von Notzing, was installed on 1 May 1859.

⁴¹ The Austrian emperor sent Archduke Albrecht to Berlin and Potsdam on a secret mission from 12 to 20 April 1859, to inform Prussia of the impending Austrian ultimatum to Sardinia. His efforts to win Prussia's consent, as well as his attempts to convince Prussia of her federal obligations in the case of a possible war with France, were unsuccessful. The suggestion that Prussia deploy troops on the Rhine to threaten the French army, and thereby prevent French support of Sardinia, was also rejected.

⁴² Karl Eugen Freiherr von Hügel, Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust, and the Bavarian foreign minister, Karl Freiherr Schrenck von Notzing, met from 19 to 23 September 1859. The talks dealt with the federal policy of the middle states against Prussian hegemony and encroachments upon the Federal constitution.

⁴³ Ferdinand Christoph Graf von Degenfeld-Schonburg and Carl Gustav Adolph von Bose.

⁴⁴ Milbanke primarily refers to the Austro-Italian war and the foundation of the Nationalverein (see n. 71 in Frankfurt section).

⁴⁵ For the constitutional conflict in Hesse-Cassel see n. 79 in Frankfurt section.

⁴⁶ Otto von Bismarck and his predecessors.

⁴⁷ Richard Fürst Metternich-Winneburg.

⁴⁸ In the Gotha address of 22 August 1859, Ernst II was asked to support the movement for national unity. He responded on 28 August by welcoming the development of a national party and publicly offered his support. Both the Austrian and Prussian governments complained about the affair, and the note of the Austrian foreign minister, Rechberg, of 4 September stated that this view coming from the mouth ‘of a sovereign prince was completely reprehensible’.

⁴⁹ Ludwig Freiherr von der Pfordten was Bavarian envoy to the Federal Diet at Frankfurt from May 1859.

⁵⁰ See n. 44 in Hamburg section.

⁵¹ Enclosure: letter from Karl Freiherr Schrenck von Notzing to John Ralph Milbanke, 21 April 1860 (translation).

⁵² Name not traceable.

⁵³ For the Nationalverein see n. 71 in Frankfurt section.

⁵⁴ See n. 7 in Frankfurt section.

⁵⁵ Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler. Milbanke refers to chapter IV of Ketteler's pastoral letter of 27 March 1861, Soll die Kirche allein rechtlos sein? Ein Mahn- und Hirtenwort an die Gläubigen der Diöcese Mainz (Mainz, 1861).

⁵⁶ Milbanke refers to the disputes over the Württemberg Concordat of 1857 and the Baden Church Laws of 1860, which were introduced after the revocation of the Baden Concordat in 1860.

⁵⁷ The third Würzburg Conference took place from 21 to 23 May 1861. All the middle states of Germany, with the exception of Baden, were represented (i.e. Bavaria, Saxony, Württemberg, Hanover, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Electoral Hesse).

⁵⁸ Würzburger Konvention of 5 August 1860. This convention, agreed at the second Würzburg Conference (30 July–6 August 1860), suggested revisions of the military law of the German Confederation. It was an expression of the general political aspirations of the Third Germany, proposing a greater role for the middle states through the creation of an independent military contingent and the appointment of a supreme commander in case of war.

⁵⁹ Milbanke alludes to Bavaria's aim of taking the leading role in the Third Germany, which was put forward in the course of the debates on federal reform.

⁶⁰ The Bundeskriegsverfassung (federal military law) of 9 April 1821 was an addition to the Federal Act of June 1815. Article 12 reads: ‘the established military force of the Confederation is an army, and commanded by a commander-in-chief [Feldherr]’.

⁶¹ See n. 41 in this section.

⁶² The support of Baden's new government for a kleindeutsch solution to the German Question made it hostile towards the Würzburg Convention, and meant that Baden was not invited to the third Würzburg Conference. See nn. 57 and 58 in this section.

⁶³ Bavaria (11 August), Württemberg (12 August), and Hesse Darmstadt (12 October) all declined to join the Franco-Prussian Commercial Treaty of 1862 (see n. 88 in Frankfurt section).

⁶⁴ Bismarck's note of 12 November 1862 to the Prussian envoy to Munich, Graf Perponcher, took up the Bavarian desire for an agreement as brought forward in Schrenck von Notzing's dispatch of 23 September 1862.

⁶⁵ Rechberg, the Austrian foreign minister, suggested in his circular dispatch of 10 July 1862 to the Austrian representatives at the German courts that a preliminary treaty for a customs union between Austria and the Zollverein on the basis of complete freedom of trade and transit (with effect from 1 January 1865) should be agreed to. Prussia declined this proposal on 20 July 1862.

⁶⁶ The Zollverein treaty expired on 31 December 1865.

⁶⁷ King Otto of Greece was deposed on 23 October 1862.

⁶⁸ The protecting powers were Great Britain, France, and Russia. The succession to the throne was regulated by the Treaty of London of 7 May 1832, the supplementary article of 30 April 1833, the Greek constitution of 1844, and the Treaty of London of 20 November 1852.

⁶⁹ The meeting at Erlangen took place on 28 February 1864. Its resolutions demanded the complete separation of Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark and criticized the inaction of the Bavarian government. Enclosures: telegram of 28 February 1864 (original and translation).

⁷⁰ See n. 97 in Frankfurt section.

⁷¹ Austria and Prussia.

⁷² These referred to the participating states of the Bamberg Conference of 1854 (see n. 9 in this section) and the Würzburg Coalition (see n. 55 in Hanover section and nn. 57 and 58 in this section).

⁷³ The four points proposed by the Holstein Committee of the Federal Diet on 11 February 1864 were discussed by Bavaria, Saxony, Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt, Brunswick, Nassau, and Saxe-Meiningen at the conference at Würzburg of 18–19 February, and were voted on in the Federal Diet on 25 February. The Diet rejected points 1 and 2, which declared that the provisions of the 1852 London Protocol on the succession in Schleswig-Holstein (see n. 97 in Frankfurt section) were not binding and impossible to execute. However, point 3, which declared that the (Danish) vote for Holstein in the Federal Diet was not to be recognized, and point 4, which stated that the committee was not required to take the London Protocol as the basis for further deliberations, were accepted.

⁷⁴ Enclosure: extract headed Nichtamtliches. Zur Zollvereinkrise from Bayerische Zeitung, no date (original, translation, and précis).

⁷⁵ The Munich conference (Zoll-Sonderbundskonferenz) sat from 19 June to 12 July 1864. Electoral Hesse and Frankfurt signed the new commercial treaty with Prussia on 28 June, and Hanover followed on 11 July.

⁷⁶ On 22 June 1864, Maximilian von Biegeleben proposed the continuation of the commercial treaty between Austria and Prussia of 19 February 1853 (see n. 5 in this section), which would lead to the Zollverein states and Austria retaining their respective tariffs. On 12 July 1864, the participants of the Munich conference (Bavaria, Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Nassau) agreed to this compromise as the basis for a future agreement. The Punktuation zu einem Übereinkommen Österreichs mit dem Zollverein was communicated to Prussia on 28 July 1864.

⁷⁷ For the Franco-Prussian Commercial Treaty of 2 August 1862 see n. 88 in Frankfurt section.

⁷⁸ Justus von Liebig published his findings on Extractum Carnis in the journal Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie in 1847. The ‘Essence of Meat’ was available in Munich pharmacies from the early 1850s.

⁷⁹ Enclosures not included in FO 9/165.

⁸⁰ An anonymous article (dated 28 November) in the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten (established 1848) of 29 November played a key role in the controversy.

⁸¹ The ‘favours’ included annual stipends, payments for composing parts of Der Ring des Nibelungen, free occupancy of a house, and gifts from the royal treasury.

⁸² Public statement by Pfistermeister in the Bayerische Zeitung of 30 November 1865.

⁸³ Address of 4 December 1865.

⁸⁴ Enclosure: extract from Bayerische Zeitung, 7 December 1865 (original and French translation). It was announced that Wagner would leave the country for a few months.

⁸⁵ Johann Lutz.

⁸⁶ Howard alludes to Prussia's pressure on Saxony.

⁸⁷ Dispatch of 8 March 1866; identical notes were sent to the governments of Saxony, Württemberg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Nassau.

⁸⁸ These celebrations took place in Kaiserslautern on 6 May 1866. The Palatinate (on the left bank of the Rhine), which had been annexed by France in 1795, became part of Bavaria in 1816.

⁸⁹ Hohenschwangau Castle.

⁹⁰ See pp. 440–442.

⁹¹ The Deutsche Abgeordnetentag was established in September 1862, originating from a private initiative to establish a congress of national liberal parliamentarians from the German states. Its aim was to debate questions of national interest ‘in the absence of a German Parliament’. The Abgeordnetentag of 1866 was held in Frankfurt on 20 May, with 250 participants.

⁹² Royal speech from the throne of 27 May 1866.

⁹³ In its response on 30 May 1866 to the speech from the throne, the Reichsrath (first chamber) spoke against Bavarian neutrality. The second chamber followed on 9 June, after two days of debate in the Addresskommission (address committee).

⁹⁴ On 13 August 1866, a popular assembly in Munich denounced the division of Germany along the Main, and called for the entry of the south German states into the North German Confederation (see n. 136 in Hanover section).

⁹⁵ Statement of the citizens of Munich on 18 August against the resolution of the popular assembly on 13 August.

⁹⁶ The North German Confederation based on the Prussian proposal for federal reform of 10 June 1866 (see n. 117 in Frankfurt section).

⁹⁷ Howard refers to the statements by the Bavarian minister president, Ludwig von der Pfordten, and Joseph von Pözl, president of the second chamber, in the sitting of 21 June 1866. The Landtag resumed its negotiations on 27 August 1866.

⁹⁸ Bismarck's statement to the Address Committee (Adresskommission) of the Prussian chambers, 17 August 1866.

⁹⁹ See n. 119 in Frankfurt section.

¹⁰⁰ In the royal message of 16 August 1866, Wilhelm I announced Prussia's intention to annex Hanover, Electoral Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfurt. The law of 20 September 1866 decreed the complete incorporation of these states into Prussia.

¹⁰¹ Howard refers to the formal protests by Prussia and Austria on 6 and 8 October 1865, directed against Frankfurt's toleration of the meetings of the Abgeordnetentag (see n. 91 in this section) within the city limits on 1 October 1865.

¹⁰² For the North German Confederation see n. 136 in Hanover section.

¹⁰³ Howard is probably referring to Bismarck's remarks following the royal message on 17 August 1866 concerning the annexation of Hanover, Electoral Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfurt.

¹⁰⁴ Ernst August.