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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 December 2014
An international constitutional authority
Historical influence
Beyond Britain and law
Constitution-making matters
Selected documents
1 Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Ceylon Senate, vol. 1, p. 172, 2 December 1947. The speaker was Sir Oliver Goonetilleke.
2 Ibid., p. 174.
3 For greater detail regarding information on Jennings and his background, see his autobiography, posthumously edited and introduced by Goonetilleke, H.A.I., The Road to Peradeniya: an autobiography (Colombo, 2005)Google Scholar, and, especially concerning his public law contributions, Bradley, A.W., ‘Sir William Ivor Jennings: a centennial paper’, Modern Law Review, 67, no. 5 (September 2004), pp. 716–733CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
4 For Jennings’ time at Peradeniya see his posthumously published The Kandy Road, edited and introduced by H.A.I. Goonetilleke (Peradeniya, 1993).
5 Jennings, Ivor, ‘Courts and administrative law: the experience of English housing legislation’, Harvard Law Review, 49, no. 3 (January 1936), pp. 426–454Google Scholar; idem, ‘The Emergency Powers (Defence) (No. 2) Act, 1940’, Modern Law Review, 4, no. 2 (October 1940), pp. 132–136; idem, ‘Constitutional interpretation: the experience of Canada’, Harvard Law Review, 51, no. 1 (1937), pp. 1–39; idem, ‘A plea for utilitarianism’, Modern Law Review, 2, no. 1 (June 1938), pp. 22–35; idem, ‘Removal of a premier’, Cambridge Law Review, 21, no. 2 (November 1963), pp. 169–172.
6 Jennings, Road to Peradeniya, p. 70. The question was on martial law in the event of a Japanese invasion of the island, and was raised at Easter 1942, not long after he arrived.
7 Low, D.A., ‘United Kingdom’, in Butler, David and Low, D.A. (eds), Sovereigns and Surrogates: constitutional heads of state in the Commonwealth (London, 1991), p. 15Google Scholar.
8 Lord Butler of Brockwell, review of Nevil Johnson, Reshaping the British Constitution: essays in political interpretation, English Historical Review, 121, no. 490 (February 2006), p. 265.
9 The Governor-General of Australia's official residence in Canberra.
10 Low, D.A., ‘Introduction: Buckingham Palace and the Westminster model’, in Low, D.A. (ed.), Constitutional Heads and Political Crises: Commonwealth episodes, 1945–85 (London, 1988), p. 18CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
11 Kelly, Paul, November 1975: the inside story of Australia's greatest political crisis (Sydney, 1995), pp. 212–213Google Scholar.
12 Hennessy, Peter, ‘Mottram's law and the efficiency of cabinet government’, Political Quarterly, 57, no. 2 (April 1986), p. 137CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
13 King, Anthony, The British Constitution (Oxford, 2007), p. 15Google Scholar.
14 Loughlin, Martin, The British Constitution: a very short introduction (Oxford, 2013), p. 37CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Loughlin, Martin, Public Law and Political Theory (Oxford, 1992), pp. 167–176Google Scholar.
15 Smith, David E., The Invisible Crown: the first principle of Canadian government (Toronto, 2013), p. 18Google Scholar.
16 Kavanagh, Dennis, ‘Antecedents’, in Flinders, Matthew, Gamble, Andrew, Hay, Colin, and Kenny, Michael (eds), The Oxford Handbook of British Politics (Oxford, 2009), pp. 29–30Google Scholar.
17 Wood, J.R.T., The Welensky Papers: a history of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (Durban, 1983), pp. 838 and 842Google Scholar.
18 Fernando, Joseph, ‘Sir Ivor Jennings and the Malayan Constitution’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 34, no. 4 (2006), pp. 577–597CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
19 A.G. Noorani, ‘Court martial: the great betrayal’, Dawn, 27 October and 1 November 2008; McGrath, Allen, The Destruction of Pakistan's Democracy (Karachi, 1996)Google Scholar.
20 A recent article by Rajan Philips gives a good overview of the issues: ‘From Jennings to Geneva: Sri Lanka's tortuous decline’, The Island, 15 March 2014.
21 Welikala, Asanga, ‘The failure of Jennings’ constitutional experiment in Ceylon: how “procedural entrenchment” led to constitutional revolution’, in Welikala, Asanga (ed.), The Sri Lankan Republic at 40: reflections on constitutional history, theory and practice (Colombo, 2012), p. 194Google Scholar.
22 Jennings, Ivor, The Law and the Constitution, 5th edition (London, 1959), p. 136Google Scholar.
23 Turpin, Colin and Tomkins, Adam, British Government and the Constitution, 7th edition (Cambridge, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
24 Marshall, Geoffrey, Constitutional Conventions: the rules and forms of political accountability (Oxford, 1986), p. 10; Evans v. Information Commissioner [2013] UKUT 313 (AAC) (18 September 2012)Google Scholar.
25 Bradley, A.W. and Ewing, K.D., Constitutional and Administrative Law, 15th edition (Harlow, 2011), p. 24Google Scholar.
26 Jennings, Law and the Constitution, p. 81.
27 Bogdanor, Vernon, The Coalition and the Constitution (Oxford, 2011), p. 142Google Scholar.
28 Brazier, Rodney, Constitutional Practice: the foundations of British government, 3rd edition (Oxford, 1999), pp. 3–4Google Scholar.
29 Jennings, Road to Peradeniya, p. 69.
30 Bradley, ‘Sir William Ivor Jennings’, p. 716.
31 Jennings, Ivor, Cabinet Government, 3rd edition (Cambridge, 1959), pp. 394–450CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
32 Jennings, Ivor, The Queen's Government (London, 1954), p. 37Google Scholar.
33 Forsey, Eugene, The Royal Power of Dissolution of Parliament in the British Commonwealth (Toronto, 1943), p. 109Google Scholar.
34 Kumarasingham, H., A Political Legacy of the British Empire: power and the parliamentary system in post-colonial India and Sri Lanka (London, 2013), p. 83Google Scholar.
35 Patapan, Haig and Wanna, John, ‘The Westminster legacy: conclusion’, in Patapan, Haig, Wanna, John, and Weller, Patrick (eds), Westminster Legacies: democracy and responsible government in Asia and the Pacific (Sydney, 2005), p. 255Google Scholar.
36 The Times, 10 October 1960.
37 Kumarasingham, H., ‘Exporting executive accountability: Westminster legacies of executive power’, Parliamentary Affairs, 66, no. 3 (2013), pp. 579–596CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
38 Jennings, Approach to Self-government, p. 20–21.
39 Kumarasingham, Political Legacy of the British Empire; Kumarasingham, H., ‘Constitution making and decolonisation in the Eastminsters’, in Kumarasingham, H. (ed.), Constitution Making in Asia: decolonisation and state-building in the aftermath of the British empire (London, 2015)Google Scholar.
40 Jennings, Approach to Self-government, p. 56.
41 Harding, Andrew, The Constitution of Malaysia: a contextual analysis (Oxford, 2012), p. 31Google Scholar.
42 The Times, 20 December 1965.
43 Malagodi, Mara, ‘Constitutional developments in a Himalayan kingdom: the experience of Nepal’, in Khilnani, Sunil, Raghavan, Vikram, and Thiruvengadam, Arun K. (eds), Comparative Constitutionalism in South Asia (New Delhi, 2013), p. 93Google Scholar.
44 Sir Andrew Caldecott to G.E.J. Gent, 6 February 1944, CO 54/986/5/1, no. 104, in de Silva, K.M. (ed.), Sri Lanka, Part I: the Second World War and the Soulbury Commission 1939–1945, British Documents on the End of Empire, Series B, vol. II (London, 1997), p. 282Google Scholar.
45 Note by Sidebotham, J.B., 14 November 1945, CO 54/986/6/4, in de Silva, K.M. (ed.), Sri Lanka, Part II: towards independence 1945–1948, British Documents on the End of Empire, Series B, vol. II (London, 1997), p. 164Google Scholar.
46 For example, see Allison, J.W.F., ‘Editor's introduction’, in Dicey, A.V., The Law of the Constitution, vol. I, The Oxford Edition of Dicey (Oxford, 2013), p. xxviiiGoogle Scholar.
47 Griffith, John, ‘A pilgrim's progress’, Journal of Law and Society, 22, no. 3 (September 1995), p. 411CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
48 See Modern Law Review, 67, no. 5 (September 2004).
49 Bradley, ‘Sir William Ivor Jennings’; K.D. Ewing, ‘The law and the constitution: manifesto of the Progressive Party’, Modern Law Review, 67, no. 5 (September 2004), p. 751.
50 Tomkins, Adam, ‘Talking in fictions: Jennings on Parliament’, Modern Law Review, 67, no. 5 (September 2004), p. 786CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
51 Robson, W.A., ‘Sir (William) Ivor Jennings (1903–65)’, revised, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004)Google Scholar.
52 London Gazette (Supplement), issue 40501, 3 June 1955.
53 Parkinson, Charles O.H., Bills of Rights and Decolonization: the emergence of domestic human rights instruments in Britain's overseas territories (Oxford, 2007), p. 80Google Scholar.
54 Ellis Clarke, ‘West Indies’, in Butler and Low, Sovereigns and Surrogates, p. 172.
55 For example, Jennings’ daughter Shirley Watson remembers several distinguished visitors to the Lodge, including Jomo Kenyatta and Hastings Banda.
56 Jennings, Road to Peradeniya, p. 245.
57 Malagodi, Mara, ‘The oriental Jennings: an archival investigation into Sir Ivor Jennings’ constitutional legacy in South Asia’, Legal Information Management, 14, no. 1 (March 2014), pp. 33–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
58 Robson, ‘Sir Ivor Jennings’.
59 Rhodes, R.A.W., Wanna, John, and Weller, Patrick, Comparing Westminster (Oxford, 2009), p. 6CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
60 See Parkinson, Bills of Rights and Decolonization.
61 Bradley, ‘Sir William Ivor Jennings’, p. 722.
62 De Silva, ‘Introduction’, in Sri Lanka, Part I, p. lxxi.
63 For example, in Constitutional Problems in Pakistan (Cambridge, 1957), which examines key legal and constitutional issues in Pakistan after independence, there is almost no detail of what Jennings actually witnessed first-hand and was tasked to provide.
64 Jennings, Road to Peradeniya, p. 69.
65 See, for example ibid., p. 105.
66 Jennings, Ivor, The British Commonwealth of Nations, 4th edition (London, 1961), p. 11Google Scholar.
67 Jennings, Approach to Self-government, p. 2.
68 Ibid., p. 12.
69 Jennings, Ivor, The Commonwealth in Asia (Oxford, 1951), p. 61Google Scholar.
70 Jennings, Ivor, Constitutional Laws of the Commonwealth, Volume 1: the monarchies (Oxford, 1957), pp. 1–2Google Scholar.
71 Jennings, Ivor, Democracy in Africa (Cambridge, 1963), pp. 68–69Google Scholar, cited in Owusu, Maxwell, ‘Democracy and Africa: a view from the village’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 30, no. 3 (1992), pp. 381–382CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
72 Jennings, Approach to Self-government, p. 23.
73 For Ceylon, this will include a previously unpublished and candid manuscript, which Jennings entitled ‘Donoughmore to Independence: a contribution to the constitutional history of Ceylon, 1931–1948’. The proposed Pakistan volume will include material related to his controversial role in the mid-1950s advising the Constituent Assembly on drawing up a new constitution and later advising the Governor-General of Pakistan in the Tamizuddin Khan case.
74 Ghai, Yash, ‘A journey around constitutions: reflections on contemporary constitutions’, South African Law Journal, 122, no. 4 (2005), p. 805Google Scholar.
75 Ginsburg, Tom, Elkins, Zachary, and Blount, Justin, ‘Does the process of constitution-making matter?’, Annual Review of Law and Social Sciences, 5 (2009), p. 202CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
76 Jennings, Parliament, 1st edition (Cambridge, 1939), pp. xi–xii, n. 2, cited in Tomkins, ‘Talking in fictions’, p. 774.
77 Such a critique will be attempted in Kumarasingham, H. (ed.), Constitution-making in Asia: decolonization and state-building in the aftermath of the British Empire (London, 2015)Google Scholar.