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CONSULAR AND DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE FROM TRIPOLI
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 November 2020
Extract
For some weeks last past this Government has been alarmed by Reports of hostilities intended by the Algerines and Tunisines against this Place. These are supposed to be the consequence of the Indignation of the Grand Seignior at the Remissness of this Bashaw in affording assistance during the last war of the Porte against the Two Imperial Crowns. Tho’ there is great reason to doubt as yet the authenticity of the Report in question I think it my duty to acquaint you Sir with it, since here it has been thought serious enough to cause measures of defence being taken, and preparations made. The internal disturbances which continue, and the excessive dearness of Provisions contribute to distress us much and leave me no other satisfaction than that of being able to assure you Sir that His Majesty's Service, and the increase of the British Subjects do not suffer the least Detriment by these Calamities.
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References
73 Richard Tully (d.1739), British consul to Tripoli, 1783–1793.
74 Henry Dundas (1742–1811), 1st Viscount Melville: first Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, First Lord of the Admiralty.
75 This is a reference to the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791 and the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792, and the lack of military support provided to the Ottoman Porte by the Regency of Tripoli. Algiers and Tunis were, at times, viewed as provinces that were more loyal to the Porte than Tripoli.
76 Sir Evan Nepean (1752–1822), 1st Baronet; as civil servant, Permanent Under-Secretary of State, for the Home Office, 1782–1791, and Permanent Secretary to the Secretary of State for War, 1794; as MP, Secretary to the Board of Admiralty, 1795–1804.
77 Lt Gen. Sir Robert Boyd (1710–1794), Governor of Gibraltar, 1776–1777, 1790, and 1790–1794.
78 Rear Admiral Samuel Granston Goodall (d.1801), Governor of Toulon and second in command of the Mediterranean fleet in 1792.
79 Charles Mace, British consul to Algiers, 1793–1797.
80 Jose Maria Matra, British consul to Morocco, 1793–1806.
81 Ali Borghul, Ottoman officer who temporarily ruled the Regency of Tripoli, 1793–1795, in the name of Sultan Selim III.
82 Vice Admiral Lord Samuel Hood (1724–1816), Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean fleet, 1793–1794.
83 One Tripoline ‘zequince’ or sequin – or coin – that in 1799 was equal to 1400 piastres. By 1816, two sequins were equal in value to one pound sterling.
84 The Allied Powers included Austria, Great Britain, Hanover, the Dutch Republic, and Prussia.
85 Joseph Coen, Jewish broker to Consul Richard Tully in 1794.
86 A kadi was a judge who enforced both Islamic laws and Ottoman imperial regulations.
87 Bastonading was the practice of punishment by beating with a stick.
88 Hammuda Pasha, full name Muhammad ibn Ali, invested as Bey of Tunis, 1777–1814.
89 Brahim Rais, in 1794 a Captain of the Port to the Pasha of Tunis.
90 Hamet ibn Ali ibn Ahmad Qaramanli, brother of Yusuf Pasha.
91 John King, no biographical information available.
92 Sir Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (1751–1814), 1st Earl of Minto, viceroy of Anglo-Corsican Kingdom in 1794, later became Governor General of India, 1807–1813.
93 Joseppe Pezzi, Venetian vice consul to Tripoli in 1794, also charged with the affairs of Denmark.
94 Videll, Swedish consul to Tripoli in 1794.
95 Ali Borghul, Ottoman officer who temporarily ruled the Regency of Tripoli, 1793–1795, in the name of Sultan Selim III.
96 Mustafa Kogia, the prime minister of the Bey of Tunis, Hammuda Pasha, in 1794.
97 Hassan Pasha (1765–1838), Dey of Algiers, 1792–1799.
98 William Henry Cavendish Cavendish-Bentinck (1738–1809), 3rd Duke of Portland (1762): Prime Minister (1783) and (1807–1809).
99 Admiral William Hotham (1736–1813), Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean fleet, 1794–1795.
100 William Pollock, Chief Clerk to the Secretary of State for the Colonial Office and then Home Office, from 1757 to at least 1806.
101 Bryan McDonogh, became British acting consul, 1801–1803. Later became Portuguese consul to Tripoli.
102 Murad Rais (b. c.1764), formerly known as Peter Lyle, arrived in the Regency of Tripoli in 1794; Lyle fled and ‘turned Turk’ following the embezzlement of British cargo on board the Hampden of London. Appointed as ‘High Admiral’ by Yusuf Qaramanli in the 1820s.
103 Richard Henry O'Brien (1759–1824), American consul to Algiers in 1798.
104 Captain Joseph Ingraham, once a master of an American vessel, made slave at Algiers in 1793; American chargé d'affaires to Tripoli, 1796–1799.
105 Cf. Nicolas, N.H., Dispatches and Letters of Vice-Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson, Vol. 3: Jan. 1798–Aug. 1799 (London, 1845)Google Scholar.
106 Commodore Donald Campbell (1788–1856), Royal Navy officer, commander during the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), later appointed Rear Admiral.
107 Reis Hamet (b. c.1754), prime minister and brother-in-law to Yusuf Qaramanli.
108 Leon Farfara, agent and banker in Tripoli, including to the late consul, Simon Lucas.
109 Lord Thomas Pelham (1756–1826), 2nd Earl of Chichester, Home Secretary, 1801–1803.
110 Bonaventure Beaussier (b.1748), French consul to Tripoli from 1802 to at least 1813.
111 Rear Admiral Sir Alexander John Ball (1757–1809), Commissioner at Malta, 1799–1801, and 1802–1809.
112 A Diwan is a council of advisors and ministers to the Pasha.
113 Charles Philip Yorke (1764–1834), Secretary of State for Home Affairs, 1803–1804, and First Lord of the Admiralty, 1810–1812.
114 Enclosed Avviso (in Italian), FO 76/5, 4 April 1803: ‘Sua Eccellenza il Regio Sig. Commissionario fa sapere al Publico, per regolarsi, aver avuta Officiale, e Ministeriale notizia, che S.A. il Bassa di Tripoli ha [ … ] bloccati, e come tali considera tutti li porti, rade, e marine di S.E. il Bej di Derna; ed in conseguenza deprederà tuti li Legni; di qualunque paviglione muniti; che in detti porti, rade, e marine si troveranno; od a quelle saranno dirette.’ Dalla Segreteria de Governo li 4. Aprile 1803. Per Ordine di S.E. il Commissionario Regio. Alessandro Macaulay Seg. Pub. del Regio Commissionario.
115 Captain William Bainbridge (1774–1833), US naval officer, commander of the US Frigate Philadelphia.
116 Robert Banks Jenkinson (1770–1828), 2nd Earl of Liverpool, in earlier letters here addressed as Baron or Lord Hawkesbury, later as Lord Liverpool. See Introduction, n. 36.
117 Commodore Edward Preble (1761–1807), United States naval officer, commander of US forces in war with Tripoli, 1801–1805.
118 John Jeffreys Pratt, Earl Camden (1759–1840), Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, 1804–1805.
119 Colonel Tobias Lear (1762–1816), American envoy to the Regencies of North Africa during the first and second Barbary Wars (1801–1805 and 1815). Successfully negotiated peace treaty with Yusuf Qaramanli in 1805.
120 Viscount Robert Stewart Castlereagh (1769–1822), 2nd Marquess of Londonderry, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, 1805–1806 and 1807–1809.
121 William Windham (1750–1810), Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, 1806–1807.
122 Sir Stephen Collville, no biographical information available.
123 Edward Cooke (1755–1820), civil servant: Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, 1804–1806 and 1807–1809.
124 A Kapuji bashi was the Sultan's Master of Ceremonies and a chause a messenger or major-domo.
125 Gaetano Schembri, principal agent for Qaramanli in Malta. Schembri was also occasionally employed by others, including Pat Wilkie as Navy Victualler in Malta in 1810.
126 A passavant, during the early nineteenth century, was a form of passport issued to merchant vessels in the Mediterranean.
127 Lord Cuthbert Collingwood (1748–1810), 1st Baron Collingwood, appointed Vice Admiral in 1804, Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean fleet in 1805, fought with Nelson in the Battle of Trafalgar (1805).
128 Andrey Yakovlevich d'Italinski (1743–1827), Russian Ambassador to Istanbul, 1802–1806 and 1812–1816.
129 FO 76/6, Horatio Nelson to Yusuf Qaramanli, Vanguard, Palermo, 28 April 1799.
130 Mohamed D'Ghies (d.1826), father of Hassuna D'Ghies. The first minister or the minister for foreign affairs to Yusuf Qaramanli until his death.
131 Sheikh Haleefa, head of tribe from Gharian, repeatedly challenged the authority of Yusuf Qaramanli.
132 Sir Arthur Paget (1771–1840), diplomatist dispatched to Istanbul from 1807 to 1809 in an unsuccessful attempt to break the Ottoman–French alliance.
133 The Peninsular War, 1807–1814.
134 A ‘chiaux’ or chause was a messenger or major-domo.
135 George Davis, American Consul to Tripoli, 1807–1811.
136 Francis II (1768–1835).
137 Richard Oglander (fl. 1840), British consul to Tunis, 1814–1824, though served in some professional capacity in Tunis as early as 1808, under British consul J. Rose.
138 Rais Omar Shelly, one of Yusuf Pasha Qaramanli's captains of the port.
139 Rais Haji Osman, a captain of the port in 1809.
140 A Kapuji bashi was the Sultan's Master of Ceremonies.
141 Mahmud II.
142 Eid al-Fitr.
143 Sir Robert Adair (1763–1855), Minister Plenipotentiary to Turkey, 1808 and Ambassador Extraordinary, 1809–1810.
144 Abd’ al-Wahhab, this is a reference to the grandson of the Muhammad ibn Abd’ al-Wahhab (1703–1792) of Najd, founder of the Wahhabi religious movement in central Arabia.
145 Robert Banks Jenkinson (1770–1828), 2nd Earl of Liverpool. See Introduction, n. 36.
146 Francis Chapman, Acting Civil Commissioner for Malta following the death of Sir Alexander Ball in October 1809, until the appointment in May 1810 of Sir Hildebrand Oaks.
147 Ibrahim Pasha (1789–1848), eldest son of Mohamed Ali of Egypt, fought the al-Wahhabs on behalf of the Porte in the Yemen and later led campaigns across the Morea and Syria.
148 Haleel, nephew of Yusuf Qaramanli, Captain of the Port from at least 1810 to 1811, later Bey of Derna.
149 Philip J. Morier, British consul to Egypt, 1805–1806.
150 Gasparo Delenda (b. 1774), British vice consul and later consul to Santorini c.1810–1848.
151 Lt Col. Sir James Willoughby Gordon (1772–1851), 1st Baronet, Military Secretary 1804–1809, Commissary in Chief to the Forces, 1809; Quartermaster General to the Forces 1811–1851.
152 Patrick Wilkie (d.1813), British proconsul to Tripoli, 1812–1813, formerly Navy Victualler in Malta from at least 1801 to 1810.
153 Admiral Sir Charles Cotton (1753–1812), 5th Baronet, promoted to Admiral in 1808 and later Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean fleet in 1820.
154 Lt Edward Blaquiere (1779–1832), Royal Navy officer, in 1823, Blaquiere helped to establish the London Philhellenic Committee and published on the Greek Revolutionary wars.
155 Lt Gen. Sir Hildebrand Oaks (1754–1822), 1st Baronet, Civil Commissioner of Malta, 1810–1813.
156 Sandford Peacocke, brother-in-law to consul William Wass Langford.
157 Sir Henry Wellesley (1773–1847), 1st Baron Cowley, British envoy to Spain, 1809–1821.
158 Don Gerardo José de Souza, Spanish consul to Tripoli, 1796–1814.
159 Lord William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, known as Lord William Bentinck, (1774–1839), Governor of Madras 1803–1807, returned to England to serve in the Peninsular campaigns (1807–1814), then Commander-in-Chief of British forces in Sicily; later 1st Governor General of India.
160 Lt Col. Thomas Bunbury (1791–1862), British officer, served in the Peninsular campaigns.
161 Saverio/Xavier Naudi (b. c.1768), exiled Maltese, later French and American chargé d'affaires in 1802.
162 Abram Serusi, Jewish secretary to Yusuf Qaramanli in 1811.
163 James Somerville, secretary to Patrick Wilkie in 1812, and proconsul to Tripoli, 1813–1814.
164 William Richard Hamilton (1777–1859), civil servant: Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 1809–1822, later Minister and Envoy Plenipotentiary to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1822–1825.
165 Henry Bathurst (1762–1834), known as Lord Apsley, 3rd Earl Bathurst 1794; Secretary of State for War and the Colonies June 1812–April 1827.
166 Rear Admiral John Laugharne (d.1819), later Vice Admiral, at Malta c.1812–1814.
167 This letter is made available by kind permission of the University of Nottingham Manuscripts and Special Collections.
168 Dr Pietro Francesco Crocilla, personal physician to Yusuf Qaramanli in 1810, and later Neapolitan consul to Tripoli in 1828.
169 James Chapman, Chief Clerk in the War Office from 1795, retired in 1824.
170 Henry Goulburn (1784–1856), Under-Secretary for Home Affairs, 1810–1812, and Under-Secretary for War and the Colonies, 1812–1821.
171 This is in reference to the British victories in the protracted war with the United States of America, and particularly to the Burning of Washington on 24 August 1814.
172 By 27 December 1814, Colonel Dalrymple had driven out Bonaparte's forces from Genoa and officially transferred the government of Genoa to Sardinia.
173 Baron Lautterman, no biographical information available.
174 Sir Thomas Maitland (1760–1824), Governor of Malta, 1813–1824.
175 Pietro Traditi.
176 Sir William Sidney Smith (1764–1840), Royal Navy officer, supporter of the anti-slavery campaign, he attended the Congress of Vienna in 1814–1815; appointed Admiral in 1821.
177 P.N. Burström, Swedish consul to Tripoli in 1815.
178 Richard B. Jones, American consul to Tripoli 1814–1821.
179 Sir Charles William Stewart (1778–1854), later Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, Under-Secretary for War and the Colonies, 1807–1809.
180 Mure, succeeded Monsieur Delaporte as French consul to Tripoli from 1815 to at least 1824.
181 J.A. Carstensen, Danish chargé d'affaires and later consul to Tripoli, 1814–c.1824.
182 Dr John Dickson, Surgeon in the Royal Navy, personal physician to the Pasha after the termination of the service of Dr Pietro Crocilla.
183 Rear Admiral Sir Charles Vinicombe Penrose (1759–1830), Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean fleet, 1814–1815.
184 Thomas Amyot (1775–1850), Private Secretary, 1806–1825, initially to William Windham, the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. Amyot helped to found the Camden Society.
185 Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi (1776–1837), Shehu of the Kingdom of Kanem-Bornu.
186 Murad Rais, formerly known as Peter Lyle.
187 A London-based gunsmith.
188 Dr Joseph Ritchie (1788–1819), surgeon and explorer of northern Africa, died having reached Sockna.
189 Lieutenant George Francis Lyon (1795–1832), British naval officer who accompanied Joseph Ritchie to Sockna. In 1820 Lyon was appointed as Ritchie's successor by Earl Bathurst.
190 John Belford, a carpenter from the British naval base at Malta, accompanied Joseph Ritchie and George F. Lyon on their travels from Tripoli in 1819.
191 Mahmoud Qaramanli (1800–1820), fourth son of Yusuf Pasha, died of typhus following an epidemic that swept Tripoli in 1820.
192 Hajj Mohamed Muckne (b. c.1764), Bey and one of Yusuf Qaramanli's close advisors, Governor of Fezzan in 1820; appointed Bey of Benghazi in 1824.
193 Benedetto Regigniani.
194 Friedrich Hornemann (1772– c.1819), African explorer, reached Murzuq in Fezzan and published in 1801 a volume on his travels through the eastern Sahara, from Cairo to Murzuq.
195 Lyon, G.F., A Narrative of Travels in Northern Africa (London, 1821)Google Scholar.
196 John Shaw, explorer of Africa with Friedrich Hornemann.
197 Adaptation of excerpt from the poem ‘An English Padlock’ (1707) by Matthew Prior (1664–1721).
198 Hamet, Mustapha, Bey of Fezzan, 1821.
199 al-Kanemi.
200 James Bruce (1730–1794), after his appointment as consul to Algiers, 1763–1765, Bruce travelled through North Africa, Egypt and Syria. In 1768, Bruce undertook work on the sources of the Nile.
201 Mungo Park (1771–1806), explorer of western Africa and the Niger. Park published an account of his travels: Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa.
202 John Tyrwhitt (d.1824), British vice consul to Kuka, 1822–1824.
203 Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt (1762–1833), cousin of John Tyrwhitt, Member of Parliament, 1796–1812, and Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, 1812–1832.
204 Hassuna D'Ghies (1792–1836 or 1837), Tripoline notable, and brother-in-law to Ali Qaramanli (later Pasha of Tripoli) and his brother Mustapha Qaramanli. Ambassador to London, France and Holland, 1821–1825; succeeded his father, Mohamed D'Ghies, as minister for foreign affairs, 1826–1829.
205 Henry William Beechey (1788/1789–1862), explorer and painter of northern Africa, vice consul to Benghazi in 1822.
206 Edward Tyndall, midshipman of the Adventure under the command of Captain William Smyth, accompanied Henry Beechey to Benghazi; left the Regency of Tripoli in 1822.
207 Sheikh Belgazen Ben Halifa (d.1822), son of Sheikh Haleefa.
208 L'Aga of the Levantines, resident of Tripoli, no biographical information available.
209 Robert John Wilmot Horton (1784–1841), Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, 1821–1828; later Governor of Ceylon, 1831–1837.
210 ‘Hadge’, Haji or Hajj is a prefix accorded to those individuals who have undertaken the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. Sheikh and Hajj Mohamed Babany, Governor of Ghadames, 1825.
211 Sir Richard Plasket (1782–1847), Chief Secretary to Sir Thomas Maitland, Governor of Malta.
212 Hameda Buckalloom, accompanied travellers on their mission to Bornu in 1822.
213 William Hillman, carpenter and seaman; relation of Walter Oudney and accompanied the Bornu mission in 1822.
214 Maj. Gen. Sir Herbert Taylor (1775–1839), Ambassador to Berlin and Military Secretary, 1820–1827, promoted to Lt Gen. in 1825.
215 Sultan Muhammad Bello (1781–1837), third Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate.
216 Sidi Osman, no biographical information available.
217 Hajj Mohamed Bait-al-Mal (b. c.1794), Khaznadar or Chief to the Pasha's Treasury and advisor to Yusuf Qaramanli, initially trained as a Secretary in the Pasha's Diwan, and had also been dispatched on embassies to Istanbul.
218 Ernest Stuart Toole, acting British vice consul to Kuka in 1823.
219 Buttabel, Head Marabout, a religious leader and man of influence in Tripoli, though no official position in Yusuf Qaramanli's government. Buttabel also maintained close connections to al-Kanemi of Kanem-Bornu.
220 Sultan Osman, under the authority of Sultan Bello in 1823, no other biographical information available.
221 Sultan Muhammad Bello.
222 Bey Mustapha L'ahaman (d.1823), no further biographical information available.
223 Hassen Bey, successor to his father Muckne as Governor of Fezzan in 1824.
224 Hajj Ali, no biographical information available.
225 Antonio, Father and Apostolic Prefect of Tripoli, 1814–1824; Cassiano, Father Pacifico da Monte, Apostolic Prefect of Tripoli c.1800.
226 Vincenzo, Father and Apostolic Prefect of Tripoli in 1824.
227 Pope Leo XII.
228 Hateeta, a Tuareg Chief who, in February 1825, accompanied the travellers south from Tripoli.
229 Nyffe: there is no certain information on this place.
230 Sheikh el-Mockhtar ibn Mohamed, a Marabout or ‘holy man’, from Azawad/Azwad and in 1825, Chief of Timbuktu. Close relationship with Sultan Muhammad Bello.
231 Hajj Uniswelside and Amerahash were two Tuareg chiefs residing near Ghadames in 1825.
232 See n. 217.
233 Sir Augustus John Foster (1780–1848), 1st Baronet, British Minister to the court of Turin, 1824–1840.
234 Oba Osemwende (c.1816–1848).
235 Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi.
236 Captain Robert Pearce (c.1797–1825), Royal Navy officer, died accompanying Hugh Clapperton on an exploratory mission into the interior of Africa in 1825.
237 al-Kanemi.
238 Robert William Hay (1786–1861), civil servant: Private Secretary to Sir Henry Dundas, 1821–1823 and Permanent Under-Secretary of State, 1825–1836.
239 Francis Edward Rawdon-Hastings (1754–1826), 1st Marquess of Hastings.
240 This is a reference to the Treaty of April 1816, brokered by Lord Exmouth (Edward Pellew) and Sir Thomas Fremantle, between the United Kingdom and Tripoli outlawing Christian slavery. Edward Pellew (1757–1833), Admiral, 1st Viscount Exmouth, Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean fleet, 1811–1814, 1815–1816; successfully bombarded Algiers in 1816 and subsequently established the Exmouth Treaty with the Regencies of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli banning enslavement of Christian subjects. Sir Thomas Francis Fremantle (1765–1819), Admiralty Commissioner, 1806–1807, promoted to Rear Admiral in 1810; Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean fleet, 1818–1819.
241 Sommerippa, French vice consul in 1826.
242 Giacomo Rofsoni, British vice consul to Benghazi, 1822–1826; appointed Tuscan consul to Tripoli in 1827.
243 See n. 239.
244 Giacomo Rofsoni.
245 Baron Manuel Rodrigues Gameiro Pessoa d'Itabayana, (d.1846), Brazilian Minister Plenipotentiary to Lisbon and Brazilian diplomatic representative at the Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815.
246 Dom Pedro I (1798–1834).
247 Jean-Baptiste-Louis-Jacques-Joseph Rousseau (1780–1831), French consul to Tripoli, 1823–1829. Recalled to Paris following the accusation that he was involved in the theft of the papers of Alexander Gordon Laing.
248 Lord Viscount Frederick John Robinson Goderich (1782–1859), Under-Secretary for War in 1809, and Secretary of State in 1827.
249 Van Breugel, Dutch consul to Tripoli in 1828.
250 Benhahi, accompanied Alexander Gordon Laing on mission to Timbuktu in 1825.
251 Sharif el-Rale, no biographical information available.
252 William Huskisson (1770–1830), Under-Secretary of State, 1795–1801; President of the Board of Trade, 1823–1827; Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, 1827–1828.
253 Sir George Murray (1772–1846), Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, 1828–1830.
254 See n. 168.
255 Herrador, Spanish consul to Tripoli in 1828.
256 P.A. Knudsen, Danish consul to Tripoli, c.1824 to at least 1828.
257 Gråberg of Hemsö, Count Jacob Florence (1776–1847), Swedish consul to Tripoli, 1823–1828.
258 Thomas D. Anderson, American consul to Tripoli from 1821 to at least 1828.
259 Of April 1814, banning Christian slavery.
260 Donnadeen, no biographical information available.
261 Mohamed D'Ghies, younger brother of Hassuna D'Ghies.
262 Seid D'Ghies, younger brother of Hassuna and Mohamed D'Ghies.
263 No biographical information available on either Hadeer or Habeeb.
264 Glebe, secretary to Yusuf Qaramanli for some years by 1829.
265 Jean-Guillame Barbié du Bocage (1795–1848), cartographer and illustrator, assisted Rousseau in the publication of a journal, L'Investigateur africain, which, in 1829, the British consul alleged were based on the stolen papers of Alexander Gordon Laing.
266 The consul is referring here to Ahmed Baba al-Massufi al-Timbukti (1556–1627), a Timbuktu scholar originally from Araouane in modern-day Mali. The ‘History of Timbuctu’ is also in fact the Tarikh al-Sudan or History of the Sudan which was written by Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi (1596–1655). Paired with another work on the Songhai Empire, they were known collectively as the Timbuktu Chronicles.
267 Sir Thomas Reade (1782–1849), British consul to Tunis, 1824–1849.
268 McGoram, no biographical information available.
269 Sir Frederick Cavendish Ponsonby (1785–1837).
270 Sidi Amor, no biographical information available.
271 Rosario Messina, no biographical information available.
272 Admiral Claude Charles Marie du Campe Rosamel (1774–1848), French naval officer and politician.
273 Ben Mahmud Bumais, minister to Yusuf Qaramanli in 1830.
274 Joseph Dupuis (1789–1874), British vice consul to Tripoli, 1826–1836.
275 Vice Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm (1768–1838), Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean fleet, 1828–1831.
276 Captain Duncombe Pleydell Bouverie (1780–1850), Royal Navy officer and commander.
277 M. Dupré, French consul to Tripoli, succeeded Baron Rousseau in 1830.
278 Lella Zarah, a black slave and one of the wives of Yusuf Pasha Qaramanli.
279 Mustapha Georgia (born c.1789), son-in-law to Yusuf Qaramanli, by 1824, had been Captain of the Port for a number of years. In 1831 fled and sought British protection in Tripoli.
280 Mohamed Turkey, secretary to one of Yusuf Qaramanli's sons in 1831.
281 Schwebel, French Consul to Tripoli in 1831.
282 Sheikh Wooma, brother of Sheikh Haleefa murdered on Yusuf Qaramanli's orders in Gharian. Their father was also previously murdered by the Pasha in Tripoli. Wooma, on fleeing Tripoli, became the new leader of the tribe of Haleefa.
283 Pietro Caravana (d.1832), British vice consul to Derna in 1832.
284 Sidi Brahen Qaramanli, no further biographical information available.
285 Vice Admiral Sir Henry Hotham (1777–1833), commissioner on Board of the Admiralty, 1818–1823, and 1828–1830; Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean, 1831–1833.
286 Gillet, French vice consul to Tripoli in 1832.
287 Casalaina, (d.1832), brother-in-law to Pietro Caravana.
288 Charles D. Coxe, American consul to Tripoli in 1832.
289 Vice Admiral Sir Richard Saunders Dundas (1802–1861), Royal Navy officer, Captain of HMS Belvidera in the Mediterranean fleet in 1830.