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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 June 2020
In turning over the Journals of the House of Coms in the time of Oliver Cromwell, it was with very singular satisfaction, that I found, that the first Idea that ever existed in this Country of encouraging the growth of Corn by allowing & encouraging the Importation of it, originated from my Great-Grandfather, as appears from the appointment of the Commee on 6th Octr 1654, & from the report on the 27th Octr. – This gentleman, who is here & in several other parts of the Journal, call'd Captn. Hatsell, was a Country-Gentleman, who liv'd at Saltram, at the House which is now Mr Parker's; His Father, as I have heard, was a considerable Clothier in Devonshire; Captn. Hatsell enter'd eagerly into Cromwell's Party, & in this Parliament which met on the 3d Septr 1654, was one of eleven Knights of the Shire elected from the County of Devon; In the Parliament, which met on 17th Septr. 1656, he was again return'd for the County, & in Richard's Parlt. which met on 27th Jany 1658, he was return'd for Tavistock & Plympton, & on 11th March made his election for Plympton. His name appears very frequently in the Journals, as taking a very active part in all the transactions of that time, But in none, that do him so much honour, as the proposal abovemention'd, & which was the cause of my introducing his name here.
393 Henry Hatsell (1609–1667): MP for Devon (1654, 1656) and Plympton Erle (1659), waiving Tavistock (1659), as JH notes in his text. Naval official and politician, probably born in Minehead. Modern research suggests that the family was from Somerset, making their living as clothiers. Henry was more a naval officer and official than a country gentleman. We draw here from an unpublished article on Henry Hatsell for HoPT's forthcoming 1640–1660 section, which Stephen Roberts has authored. The editors are grateful to the History of Parliament Trust for allowing them to read this article in draft.
394 To ‘consider how an Encouragement may be given for transporting Corn’, the House appointed a committee of 31, naming Captain Hatsell first. C.J., vii, p. 374; 6 October 1654. The report, delivered by Captain Hatsell, on the subject of transportation of ‘Corn, and Butter, and Cheese’, recommended free importation with price ceilings based on the type of commodity and the nationality of the importer. C.J., vii, p. 379; 27 October 1654.
395 ‘He was one of the trusted protectorians chosen to administer the oath to Members as they assembled for the new Parliament on 27 January 1659’. See material cited in note above. C.J., vii, pp. 593–594. JH uses the Old Style format in referencing the calendar year as ‘1658’.
396 Sir Henry Hatsell (1641–1714): Middle Templar, a Baron of the Exchequer. ODNB.
397 Henry Hatsell (1701–1762): Middle Templar. Williams, Clerical Organization, 80.
398 Horace's lines, at Serm. 2.1.76, ‘yet envy must be obliged to own that I have lived well with great men’, became Alexander Pope's ‘my Retreat the best Companions grace | Chiefs, out of War, and Statesmen, out of place’. Pope's Imitations of Horace were published between 1733 and 1738.
399 John Hobart (1723–1793): MP for Norwich 1747–1756; fr. 1756 2nd Earl of Buckinghamshire; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 1777–1780. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/hobart-john-1723-93
400 Charles Hotham (1729–1794): MP for St Ives 1761–1768. Hotham used the last name Thompson in the interval 1772 to 1787. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/hotham-charles-1729-94
401 Richmond, briefly secretary of state for the Southern Department in 1766, retired when Chatham came into power. See p. 88. DNB.
402 Abraham Cowley (1618–1667): poet. DNB. The lines are from ‘Of Greatness’.
403 The government survived an extended debate on North's motion in the Committee of the Whole House. PH, XVIII, 319–338; C.J., xxxv, p. 134. The House of Commons adopted the resolution on 27 February. C.J., xxxv, p. 161. The Continental Congress – which was not a party to the offer as it was directed to provincial governments – rejected the proposal on 26 May 1775.
404 The portico of the north transept of Westminster Abbey was known as ‘Solomon's Porch’.
405 The King endeavoured to round up support for this overture but, as Donne notes, North's motion occasioned the ‘amazement of all parties, and even of [North's] own followers who were not in the secret’. Donne, W. Bodham (ed.), Correspondence of George the Third, 2 vols (London, 1867), II, 231–232Google Scholar.
406 Grey Cooper (1726?–1801): MP for various constituencies 1765–1790; Secretary to the Treasury 1765–1782. ‘He is a good drudge in business’, HoPT quotes the English Chronicle, ‘and […] takes down notes in the House for Lord North, and both in public and private laughs most loudly at all his Lordship's jokes’, HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/cooper-grey-1726-1801
407 Henry Bathurst (1714–1794): MP for Cirencester 1735–1754; 1771 Baron Apsley; fr. 1775 2nd Earl Bathurst; Lord Chancellor 1771–1778. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/bathurst-hon-henry-1714-94 ‘Bathurst is pronounced to have been the least efficient lord chancellor of the last century’, DNB.
408 Thomas Foley (1742–1793): MP for Droitwich 1741–1747, 1747, 1754–1768; Herefordshire 1768–1776; fr. 1777 2nd Baron Foley. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/foley-thomas-1742-93
409 Edward Foley (1747–1803): MP for Droitwich 1768–1774, Worcestershire 1774–1803. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/foley-edward-1747-1803
410 George Augustus Selwyn (1719–1791): MP for Ludgershall 1747–1754 1780–1791, Gloucester 1754–1780; Surveyor General of Crown lands 1784–1791. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/selwyn-george-augustus-1719-91
411 ‘Thomas and Edward promoted a private bill to enable the estates to be sold for the payment of their debts. The judges who were ordered to report on the bill estimated that these amounted to £220,000, and under the terms of the will would be repaid in 27 years. In spite of intense lobbying by the two elder Foleys, the Lords rejected the bill. L.J., xxxv. 341–344, 466–469’. Sir Namier, Lewis and Brooke, John, The House of Commons 1754–1790, 3 vols (London, 1985), II, 446Google Scholar.
412 Hastings was Groom of the Stool from 1761–1770. See p. 73.
413 Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626): MP for various constituencies 1581–1614; Lord Chancellor 1618–1621. The prosecution that ended his career (1621) arose from Bacon's habit of ‘taking bribes from suitors’. Bacon ‘initially protested his innocence but he secured less than wholehearted support from courtiers keen to see him made a scapegoat, and in the end he was persuaded to make an abject submission which freed him from all penalties except loss of influence and office’, HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/bacon-sir-francis-1561-1626
414 Sir Fulke Greville (1554–1628): MP for various constituencies 1581–1621; Elizabethan poet and dramatist; 1621 Baron Brooke of Beauchamps Court. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/greville-sir-fulke-1554-1628
415 David Murray (1727–1796): fr. 1748 Viscount Stormont [S]; envoy to Saxony from 1756, he resided in Warsaw 1757–1763; fr. 1793 2nd Earl of Mansfield. DNB.
416 Stanislaw Poniatowski (1676–1762): Polish military commander, diplomat, and noble.
417 Charles XII of Sweden (1682–1718): reigned 1697–1718.
418 Adlerfeld, Gustavus, Military History of King Charles XII, trans. Fielding, Henry, 3 vols (London, 1740), II, 329Google Scholar. JH refers to events (in April 1707) when the Duke of Marlborough arrived at Guntersdorff.
419 Count Carl Piper (1647–1716): Swedish statesman. DBE.
420 Georg Görtz von Schlitz (1675–1719): statesman in the service of Charles XII of Sweden (1682–1718). DBE.
421 Samuel Johnson (1709–1784): essayist, journalist, poet, lexicographer. DNB. Johnson launched one of the many challenges to authenticity of the Ossianic poems. Macpherson never produced the originals.
422 James Macpherson (1736–1796): Scottish writer, poet, literary collector, and politician. Macpherson's selections of Ossianic verse (that he falsely claimed to have discovered) appeared in 1761 and 1765.
423 The Franco-Spanish fleet had attempted to seize control of the English Channel.
424 John Gay (1685–1732): poet and dramatist. DNB. He wrote the lyrics to The Beggar's Opera (1728). Johann Christoph Pepusch (1667–1752) composed the score or arranged it.
425 Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, 2nd Bt (1621–1683): MP for various constituencies 1640–1660; 1661 Baron Ashley; 1672 Earl of Shaftesbury. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/cooper-sir-anthony-ashley-1621-83
426 See Lords/Supply (1785 edn), 58 n. 1. See also Hart, James S., Justice upon Petition: The House of Lords and the Reformation of Justice 1621–1675 (London, 1991), 251–262Google Scholar.
427 Charles Howard, Earl of Surrey (1746–1815): MP for Carlisle 1780–1786; fr. 1786 11th Duke of Norfolk. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/howard-charles-1746-1815
428 Members/Speaker (1781 edn).
429 A bill to prohibit contractors as Members was enacted as 22 Geo. 3 c. 45 (1782).
430 ‘That the influence of the Crown has increased, is increasing, and ought to be diminished’: C.J., xxxvii, p. 763; 6 April 1780.
431 JH's spelling of ‘Campden' may be in error. A few lines later (see p. 188) he mentions ‘Lord Camden’ whose role in the events is well documented. ‘Campden’ directs attention to the unlikely involvement of Henry Noel (1743–1798), 6th Earl of Gainsborough, Viscount Campden being a subsidiary title in that line.
432 Richard Howe (1726–1799): Admiral of the Fleet; fr. 1788 Earl Howe. DNB.
433 See p. 84 and note. Previously Lord Chancellor, Lord Camden became Lord President in Rockingham's administration formed in March 1782.
434 James Smith Stanley, Lord Strange (1717–1771): MP for Lancashire 1741–1771; Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster 1762–1771. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/smith-stanley-james-1717-1771
435 John Proby, jun. (1720–1772): MP for Stamford 1747–1754, Huntingdonshire 1754–1768; 1752 Baron Carysfort [I]. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/proby-john-1720-72
436 John Milton, Il Penseroso, l. 107.
437 John Montagu (1718–1792): 4th Earl of Sandwich. Held office as Postmaster General, First Lord of the Admiralty, and Secretary of State for the Northern Department. DNB.
438 Sir Richard Sutton (1733–1802): MP for various constituencies 1768–1796; Under-Secretary of State July 1766–October 1772; lord of the Treasury 1780–1782. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/sutton-richard-1733-1802
439 Robert Walpole (1676–1745): MP for Castle Rising 1701–1702, King's Lynn 1702–1712, 1712, 1713–1742; Prime Minister 1721–1742; 1742 Earl of Orford. HoPT. ‘The worst charge brought against him was that of deliberately lowering the standard of public morality’, HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/walpole-robert-1676-1745
440 Hon. Henry Pelham (1695–1754): MP Seaford 1717–1722, Sussex 1722–1754; Prime Minister 1743–1754. Pelham, that ‘often underrated minister’, died unexpectedly 6 March 1754, on the eve of the general election. Pelham was the first Prime Minister who ‘had the honour of dying a commoner’, HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/pelham-hon-henry-1695-1754
441 Thomas Pelham-Holles (1693–1768), older brother of above: 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme; Prime Minister 1754–1756 and 1757–1762. DNB.
442 Hans Stanley committed suicide in 1780 by cutting his throat.
443 Peter Ludlow (1730–1803): MP Huntingdonshire 1768–1796; 1755 Baron Ludlow [I]; 1760 Earl Ludlow [I]; comptroller of the household 1782–1784. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/ludlow-peter-1730-1803
444 The phrase ‘very graciously’ appears in the Journal entry. C.J., xxix, p. 319; 26 March 1783.
445 George Digby (1612–1677): MP for Dorset 1640, 1641; fr. 1641 2nd Earl Bristol. DNB.
446 Cardinal Jules Mazarin (1602–1661): Italian cardinal, diplomat, and politician who was Chief Minister to the Kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 until his death in 1661. NBG.
447 Francis Hastings (1729–1789): fr. 1746 10th Earl of Huntingdon; Master of the Horse 1760–1761. DNB.
448 ‘No peace was ever made, that was not better than the best war’.
449 Hon. Thomas Erskine (1750–1823): MP for Portsmouth 1783–1784, 1790–1806; 1806 Baron Erskine; Royal Navy 1764–1775; attorney general to Prince of Wales 1783–1792; Lord Chancellor 1806–1807. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/erskine-hon-thomas-1750-1823
450 The source of this often-used gag has been traced to the European Magazine (1784). The ‘Foote’ getting the better of ‘Sandwich’ is Samuel Foote (1720–1777), actor and dramatist. DNB.
451 James Wallace (1729–1783): MP for Horsham 1770–1783; Solicitor General 1778–1780; Attorney General 1780–1782 and 1783. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/wallace-james-1729-83
452 Richard Pepper Arden was Solicitor General (on two occasions) from 1782 to 1783. ‘Arden's merit’, according to HoPT, ‘seemed to consist principally in the strong predilection manifested towards him’ by Pitt; without this ‘never would Arden have reached the heights of the law’. See p. 80 n. 165.
453 George Nugent-Temple-Grenville (1753–1813): MP for Buckinghamshire 1774–1779; fr. 1779 3rd Earl Temple; fr. 1784 Marquess of Buckingham. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/grenville-george-1753-1813
454 Gilbert Burnet (1643–1715): author, 1689 Bishop of Salisbury. In 1695 William III made it known that if the Earl of Sunderland (1641–1702) persisted in supporting a bill for a council of trade, which impinged the prerogative, ‘he must break with him’: Routh, M.J. (ed.) Bishop Burnet's History of his Own Time, 5 vols (Oxford, 1823), IV, 287–288Google Scholar.
455 William Cavendish (1748–1811): fr. 1764 5th Duke of Devonshire.
456 A pillion.
457 Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown (1715?–1783): landscape-gardener and architect. DNB.
458 Cic.Att. 14.20.3. ‘You urge me to send you a written copy of a speech to the people. Well, here, my dear Atticus, you may take it from me as a general maxim applicable to the affairs in which we have had a fairly wide experience – no one, whether poet or orator, ever yet thought anyone else better than himself’.
459 Cic.Att. 13.52.1. In December 45 bc Caesar dines at Cicero's villa, during a pleasure trip through the Campania. ‘It was a very good dinner’, Cicero reports to Atticus, ‘and well served, and not only so, but “Well cooked, well seasoned food, with rare discourse: a banquet in a word to cheer the heart”.’ Cicero explains, a few lines later, this ‘billeting on me [was] trying to the temper, but not seriously inconvenient’.
460 Cic.Att. 11.3. In June 48 bc Cicero ruminates on the pros and cons of his daughter Tullia divorcing Dolabella, which occurred in November 46. Nicolas-Hubert Mongault (1674–1746), French ecclesiastic and writer. NBG.
461 The ancient Greek city-state in Cyprus.
462 Cic.Att. 6.1.6.
463 Joseph II (1741–1790): fr. 1765 Holy Roman Emperor.
464 ‘Joseph The Second, Emperor; Everywhere [he stood] second; Here first’. The Narrenturm (Fool's Tower), constructed in 1784, is located in the medical complex that Joseph II founded. It is now home to the Pathologisch-anatomisches Bundesmuseum Wien.
465 Unidentified.
466 Freely translated: ‘Little calf, why do you rush about, unarmed and wild | Soon enough, a wife and her horns will be here; Bull beware!’ The composer of the lines is unidentified.
467 Cic.Att. 16.8.1. ‘On the evening of the 1st I got a letter from Octavian. He is entering upon a serious undertaking. He has won over to his views all the veterans at Casilinum and Calatia. And no wonder: he gives a bounty of 500 denarii apiece.’
468 JH notes in the margin: ‘in the profession of the same’.
469 JH placed the signal + before ‘my good Father’ and at the bottom of the entry he writes: ‘Uncertain, as We all must be, of the immediate state of the Soul after death, I continued this expression, even after I had lost my Father’.
470 JH has placed the signal # before the paragraph beginning ‘& our Lord’. At the bottom of this entry he writes: ‘I added, after I married in January 1778’.
471 Sir Wotton, Henry, Reliquiae Wottonianae: A Collection of Lives, Letters, Poems […] (London, 1685)Google Scholar; Eng. trans. of Wotton's Latin unpublished original.
472 Hubert Le Sueur (1580?–1658): trained in Giambologna's Florentine workshop. DNB.
473 James Granger (1723–1776): English clergyman and historian. In 1769 he published The Biographical History of England from Egbert the Great to the Revolution. DNB.
474 ‘Nothing but evil will ever come of [the work] of this body’.
475 Frederick Wm. von Baur (1731–1783): General Adjutant to Ferdinand, Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg during the Seven Years’ War. ADB.
476 Alois Friedrich von Brühl (1739–1793): Polish-Saxon diplomat, politician, Freemason, soldier, actor, and playwright. ADB.
477 Ferdinand von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1721–1792): Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In the service of Prussia, then Hanover in the Seven Years’ War, Frederick the Great conferred the rank of Field-Marshal on him. ADB.
478 Welbore Ellis (1713–1802): MP for various constituencies 1741–1794; 1794 Baron Mendip; he married Anne Stanley, the sister of Hans Stanley, who acquired a life interest in his country home, known as Paulton's near Romsey, Hants, on his suicide in 1780. HoPT. Details for Anne's date of death could not be confirmed. The site of Paulton's is now Paulton's Park, north of the M27 in Hampshire. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/ellis-welbore-1713-1802
479 Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1683–1737): wife of George II. DNB. Contemporary lines noted the power she wielded over her husband: You may strut, dapper George, but ’twill all be in vain | We all know ’tis Queen Caroline, not you, that reign’. Arkell, R.L., Caroline of Ansbach (London, 1939)Google Scholar.
480 Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk (c.1688–1767): wife of Charles Howard, 9th Earl of Suffolk. Mistress to George II. ODNB. ‘I knew a reasonable woman | Handsome and witty, yet a friend’ wrote Alexander Pope of Howard in his lines ‘On a certain lady at court’. DNB. Borman, Tracy, King's Mistress, Queen's Servant: The Life and Times of Henrietta Howard (London, 2010)Google Scholar.
481 Martin Benson (1689–1752): Bishop of Gloucester and Chaplain to King George II. DNB.
482 Diana Spencer (1734–1808): wife of Frederick St John (1732–1787), who was fr. 1748 3rd Viscount Bolingbroke and St John. DNB. Hicks, Carola, Improper Pursuits: The Scandalous Life of an Earlier Lady Diana Spencer (New York, 2001)Google Scholar.
483 Frederick, Prince of Wales (1707–1751). DNB.
484 ‘It is so bourgeois a family that not even a throne will ennoble them!’
485 Hor.Od. 2.3. The line from Horace's Odes – ‘remember to keep a clear head in difficult times’ – begins ‘aequam’.
486 Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle (1657–1757): French author. NBG.
487 The nephew's reply ‘As I was saying, uncle […] ’ inspired Fontenelle to instantly lose interest. ‘That's quite enough, nephew’.
488 ‘I believe it, although I haven't seen it’, draws the Abbé's retort: ‘I don't believe it, even though I have seen it’.
489 Augustus Henry Fitzroy (1735–1811): MP for Boroughbridge 1756, Bury St Edmunds 1756–1757; fr. 1757 3rd Duke of Grafton; Prime Minister 1766–1770. ‘Immature, sensitive, and uncertain, he feared responsibility and lacked authority; as first minister after Chatham's resignation he held a post for which he was totally unsuited, and his Administration was a disgrace to himself and a disaster for the nation’, HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/fitzroy-augustus-henry-1735-1811
490 Andrew Stone (1703–1773): MP for Hastings 1741–1761; Under-Secretary of State 1734–1751. He was tutor to Prince George, later George III. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/stone-andrew-1703-73
491 ‘His Majesty having recovered from the severe Indisposition with which He has been afflicted and being enabled to attend to the Public Affairs of his Kingdoms […] ’. C.J., xliv, pp. 159–160; 10 March 1789.
492 Georgiana Spencer (see p. 158): wife of William Cavendish (1748–1811), 5th Duke of Devonshire. Foreman, Amanda, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (New York, 1998)Google Scholar. ODNB.
493 Charlotte Lamb (1743–1790): wife of Henry Belasyse (1743–1802), MP for Peterborough 1768–1774; fr. 1774 2nd Earl Fauconberg. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/belasyse-henry
494 Elizabeth Lamb (1751–1818): wife of Penniston Lamb (1745–1828). He was MP for Malmesbury 1784–1790; 1815 Baron Melbourne. HoPT. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/lamb-peniston-1745-1828
Judith Schneid Lewis, Sacred to Female Patriotism: Gender, Class, and Politics in Late Georgian Britain (Abingdon-on-Thames, 2003). ODNB.
495 The Franco-British Commercial Treaty of 1786 was concluded on 26 September.
496 JH refers to Eden's negotiations with Charles Gravier (1719–1787), comte de Vergennes, French statesman and diplomat. Vergennes was Foreign Minister during reign of Louis XVI.
497 ‘Who doesn't know the rest’? Ov.Am. 1.5.25.
498 Shute Barrington (1734–1826): successively Bishop of Llandaff, Salisbury, and Durham. DNB.
499 JH may be referring to George Barrington (1755–1804): a notorious thief.
500 JH draws his Greek quotation from Plutarch (46–?120): De gloria Atheniensium, 346a3. ‘It is easier to blame than to imitate’. The proverbial nature of the phrase indicates that the motto was well circulated even into the eighteenth century. We have corrected two minor errors in JH's transcription. Gaius Julius Phaedrus (15 bc?–?) was a 1st century AD versifier of Aesop's fables into Latin.
501 See Memorabilia Entry 57, p. 214.
502 JH refers to the run on specie and bullion held by the Bank of England in February 1797. The administration's Restriction Act, 37 Geo. 3 c. 45, was designed to restore confidence in the convertibility of bank-notes. In the debate on this measure Sheridan described the Bank of England as ‘an elderly lady in the City, of great credit and long standing who had unfortunately fallen into bad company’. PH, XXXIII, 351; 24 March 1797. The ‘bad company’ on this occasion was Pitt the Younger.
503 George Nugent-Temple-Grenville (1753–1813). See p. 200.
504 Sinclair's, JohnHistory of the Public Revenue of the British Empire, 3rd edn, 2 vols (London, 1803)Google Scholar, tracked fluctuations in bond prices (in the secondary market). See Appendix II, ‘Account of the Prices of the different Stocks’.
505 Richard Watson (1737–1816): Anglican Bishop and academic; Bishop of Llandaff 1782–1816. Belonged to an influential theological group of followers of Edmund Law; wrote some notable political pamphlets. DNB.