¹ Carnarvon wrote, ‘I have been engaged during the last few days in reading over my Father's Greek Journals. They are very interesting and written with all the care and grace and love of the imaginative and picturesque which he possessed in so full a measure’ (Diary, 23 August 1867).

² Carter, H., Tutankhamun: the politics of discovery (London, 1998)Google Scholar.

³ H.H.M. Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, The Herberts of Highclere (London, 1907), p. 67.

⁴ A local paper reported on 30 December 1837, ‘On the health of Lord Porchester being given (a fine and noble boy of about six years of age, who had been brought into the room) he was put on the table, and returned thanks in a maiden speech, such as it is hoped may be the forerunner of many hereafter in the Senate’: CP, BL 60994A, fo. 13.

⁵ Hardinge, I, p. 25.

⁶ Carnarvon to H.W. Acland, 12 December 1852: H.W. Acland Papers, MS Acland, d. 77, fos 41–42.

⁷ Carnarvon to Aberdeen, 13 January 1854: Aberdeen Papers, BL MS 43252, fos 56–57.

⁸ Aberdeen to Carnarvon, 16 January 1854: ibid., fo. 64.

⁹ Carnarvon to Kent, 1 February 1854: CP, BL 61063, fo. 1.

¹⁰ Quoted in Bentley, M., Lord Salisbury's World: conservative environments in late-Victorian Britain (Cambridge, 2001), p. 128CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹ Ponsonby to his wife, Mary Elizabeth, 15 September 1875: Royal Archives, Add A/36.

¹² Carnarvon to Sir William Heathcote, 18 September 1878: CP, BL 61074, fo. 153.

¹³ Hansard, CXXX, 31 January 1854, cols 13–16.

¹⁴ E.W. Howard, Baron Howard of Penrith, Theatre of Life: life seen from the pit, 1863–1905 (London, 1935), p. 62.

¹⁵ ‘The present condition of the Turkish Empire in Asia: address to the Newbury Literary and Scientific Institution’, in H.H.M. Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, ed. Herbert, R.H., Essays, Addresses and Translations, 2 vols (London, 1896), I, pp. 175–6Google Scholar.

¹⁶ ‘Memorandum of the Session 1857’, 16 September 1857: CP, BL 60892, fo. 17.

¹⁷ Mitchell, L., Bulwer Lytton: the rise and fall of a Victorian man of letters (London, 2003), p. 219Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Lytton to Carnarvon, 17 April 1859: CP, BL 60780, fo. 81. Lytton wrote to one of his officials at this time, naming Carnarvon as ‘by far the first young man of his rank in public life’: Lytton, V.A.G.R.B., Earl of Lytton, The Life of Edward Bulwer, First Lord Lytton, 2 vols (London: 1913), II, p. 281Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Memorandum for 1858: CP, BL 60892, fos 42–45.

²⁰ A. West, Recollections, 1832–1886, 2 vols (London, 1899), I, p. 239.

²¹ ‘In this period Colonial Secretaries were for the first time required to cultivate personal relations with prominent colonists. Canadian ministers from 1857 and Australians from 1866 onwards began to make the long journey across the oceans to deal direct with London. The earlier Canadian visits did not achieve much; the later ones successfully begot Confederation. Carnarvon, who was Under-Secretary or Secretary of State during most of them, put the visits to imaginative use. He would not allow the delegates to confine themselves to business but had them to stay with him at Highclere. The result was that they commonly returned home contented’ (E.A. Benians, J. Butler, and C.E. Carrington (eds), The Cambridge History of the British Empire, vol. 3: the Empire-Commonwealth, 1870–1919 (Cambridge, 1959), p. 735).

²² Girouard, M., The Victorian Country House (New Haven, CT and London, 1979), p. 133Google Scholar.

²³ Nevill, Lady D., Reminiscences (London, 1906), p. 141Google Scholar.

²⁴ Quoted in Priestley, P., Victorian Prison Lives: English prison biography, 1830–1914 (London, 1985), p. 31Google Scholar.

²⁵ McConville, S., English Local Prisons, 1860–1900: next only to death (London, 1995), p. 38Google Scholar.

²⁶ The senior Under-Secretary, Frederick Rogers, contrasted Carnarvon with his predecessor, Cardwell: ‘He had more of generous desire to effect worthy objects, and also more, I think, of a wish to shine before the public and to distinguish himself in the ordinary sense of the word. His failing was rather too much self-consciousness, and a disposition to be caught by showy schemes.’ Rogers also observed that his chief, ‘though he was fully aware of his own abilities and desirous of receiving credit for them particularly in his measures and public appearances, he was given to take a second part in conversation, always wishing to draw others out than to speak himself’: G.E. Marindin (ed.), Letters of Frederick, Lord Blachford, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1860–1871 (London, 1896), p. 263.

²⁷ Hardinge, I, p. 301.

²⁸ Carnarvon to Monck, 15 January 1868: Monck Papers, 27021 (3).

²⁹ All three were members of the ‘Bath clique’, named after their leader, Lord Bath, who had attempted to remove Disraeli in 1860. See J. Ramsden, An Appetite for Power: a history of the Conservative Party since 1830 (London, 1998), pp. 94–95. See also Carnarvon's correspondence with Bath in the Longleat Papers.

³⁰ Diary, 2 March 1867.

³¹ Carnarvon to Richmond, 11 March 1867: Goodwood Papers, 822.97.

³² Carnarvon to Heathcote, 28 March 1867: CP, BL 61070, fo. 209a. It had been on Heathcote's advice that Carnarvon had taken an interest in prison reform: see F. Awdry, A Country Gentleman of the Nineteenth Century: being a short memoir of the Right Honourable Sir William Heathcote, Bart., of Hursley, 1801–1881 (Winchester, 1906), pp. 123–125.

³³ Carnarvon to Sandon, 7 March 1867: Harrowby Papers, 1st series, xxix, fos 28–29.

³⁴ Heathcote to Carnarvon, 13 May 1867: CP, BL 61070, fo. 222.

³⁵ Carnarvon to Heathcote, 6 April 1867: CP, BL 61078, fo. 212.

³⁶ Carnarvon to 3rd Earl Grey, 27 November 1867: Grey Papers, 80/13.

³⁷ Carnarvon to 15th Earl of Derby, 18 April 1879: Derby Papers, 920 DER (15).

³⁸ Carnarvon to Harrowby, 22 February 1886: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, lii, fo. 161.

³⁹ See C. Franklin, Lord Chesterfield: his character and characters (Aldershot, 1993), p. 49.

⁴⁰ A.M. Deveson, Highclere Library Catalogue (Highclere, Hampshire, 1992), p. 1.

⁴¹ Carnarvon to Salisbury, 3 June 1874: Hatfield House Papers, 3M/E.

⁴² H.H.M. Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, Catalogue of the Principal Pictures at Highclere Castle (Newbury, 1880, rev. 1939).

⁴³ Carnarvon was a trustee of the London Library for many years and acted as chairman of its annual general meetings. See, for example, 31 May 1888, Minutes of Committee Meeting, London Library Papers.

⁴⁴ Thomas, D., Robert Browning: a life within life (London, 1982), p. 236Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ R. Lowell to Lady Carnarvon, 26 July 1887: CP, BL 60865, fo. 38.

⁴⁶ James to Lady Carnarvon, 6 May 1894: CP, BL 60865, fo. 129.

⁴⁷ Kingsley to Carnarvon, 8 February 1860: CP, BL 60865, fo. 59.

⁴⁸ Bagehot, a frequent guest at Highclere, received a reply from Carnarvon, stating, ‘How I pity any one who has to undertake the Colonial Office with no previous knowledge of it. Chaos would be a trifle compared to what he would pass through’ (Barrington, R., Life of Walter Bagehot (London, 1914), p. 433)Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ Carlyle to Carnarvon, 11 July 1875: CP, BL 60865, fo. 82.

⁵⁰ Hughes to Carnarvon, 25 January 1878: CP, BL 60865, fo. 74.

⁵¹ Arnold to Carnarvon, 17 June 1887: CP, BL 60865, fo. 110.

⁵² Diary, 8 March 1877.

⁵³ Diary, 28 March 1879.

⁵⁴ M. Thorn, Tennyson, (London, 1993), p. 502. See also Diary, 18 July 1888.

⁵⁵ Diary, 18 May 1876.

⁵⁶ CP, BL 60842, fos 1–9.

⁵⁷ Diary, 22 January 1874.

⁵⁸ B. Thomas (ed.), Repton 1557 to 1957 (London, 1957), p. 63.

⁵⁹ Diary, 30 January 1882; G.R. Parkin, Edward Thring, Headmaster of Uppingham, 2 vols (London, 1898), II, p. 120.

⁶⁰ Hardinge, III, p. 372.

⁶¹ See Willesden School Board, TNA, PRO Ed. 16/217; Diary, 13 June 1882.

⁶² Gordon, P., Selection for Secondary Education (London, 1980), p. 73Google Scholar.

⁶³ Wood, A.C., A History of the University College, Nottingham, 1881–1948 (Oxford, 1953), p. 18Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ See, e.g., Diary, 11 October 1889.

⁶⁵ Diary, 24 June 1881.

⁶⁶ Letters Patent appointing him as Constable: Highclere Castle Archives, A/A12.

⁶⁷ Correspondence concerning Carnarvon Castle, 1870–1873: Highclere Castle Archives, 3/20.

⁶⁸ Diary, 5 June 1869.

⁶⁹ See McDowell, R.B., The Church of Ireland 1869–1969 (London, 1975), p. 46Google Scholar.

⁷⁰ Diary, 29 June 1869.

⁷¹ Carnarvon to Derby, 18 June 1869: Derby Papers, DER (14) 163/5A.

⁷² The Daily News had earlier spoken out with what it described as ‘a [. . .] contribution to the worst understanding of the Irish Land Question’ (E.D. Steele, Irish Land and British Politics: tenant-right and nationality, 1865–70 (London, 1974), p. 170).

⁷³ Diary, 22 February 1870.

⁷⁴ Hardy to Cairns, 22 February 1870, quoted in Feuchtwanger, E., Disraeli, Democracy and the Tory Party (Oxford, 1968), p. 7Google Scholar.

⁷⁵ Richmond was reluctant to take on the position. He wrote to his mother the night before the meeting, ‘I cannot bear the party to break up, and if the Peers who meet tomorrow at the Carlton wish me to lead I will do so, though very much against my wishes, habits, &c. I do not think I am up to it but I must do my best.’ 25 February 1870, Goodwood Papers, 862.12.

⁷⁶ Diary, 28 February 1870.

⁷⁷ Carnarvon to Henrietta, 3rd Countess of Carnarvon, 15 April 1870: Herbert Papers, Hampshire Record Office, 75M 91/L21/49.

⁷⁸ Carnarvon to Cranbrook, 20 April 1870: Cranbrook Papers, T501/262.

⁷⁹ E. Herbert to Carnarvon, 19 April 1870: Highclere Castle Archives, A/41.

⁸⁰ Clarendon to Carnarvon, 8 May 1870: Clarendon Papers, dep. c. 496.

⁸¹ Carnarvon to Lady Vincent, 25 April 1870: Vincent Papers.

⁸² J. Thorp, ‘Murder near Marathon’, Hampshire Archives Trust Newsletter, Autumn 1988, p. 12.

⁸³ Carnarvon to Lytton, 25 May 1870: Lytton Papers, Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies Office, D/EK C36/47.

⁸⁴ The Freemason, 5 July 1890.

⁸⁵ Hardinge, I, pp. 222–226.

⁸⁶ Calvert, A.F., The Grand Lodge of England, 1717–1917: being an account of 200 years of English Freemasonry (London, 1917), p. 292Google Scholar.

⁸⁷ Carnarvon, Memorandum, ‘Proposed arrangement for the future division of Masonic work between His Royal Highness, Lord Carnarvon and Lord Skelmersdale, 16 Feb. 1877’: CP, TNA, PRO 30/6/4, fos 23–24.

⁸⁸ Diary, 30 November 1870.

⁸⁹ The Library and Museum of Freemasonry, London, Carnarvon file, p. 228. Carnarvon also attended Masonic functions in Melbourne: Melbourne Argos, 9 November 1887, p. 2.

⁹⁰ Diary, 13 June 1887.

⁹¹ Disraeli to Carnarvon, 28 July 1873: CP, BL 60763, fos 14–15.

⁹² Heathcote to Carnarvon, 11 February 1874: CP, BL 81078, fo. 116.

⁹³ Sir Stafford Northcote reported to Disraeli in 1872 that Carnarvon, like other Liberal-minded Tory peers, was ‘very much alarmed at the possibility of a great attack on the land, suspicious of Gladstone and of an attempt to set tenants against landlords’: Northcote to Disraeli, 23 September 1872, quoted in D. Southgate, The Passing of the Whigs, 1832–1886 (London, 1962), p. 353.

⁹⁴ Cecil, II, pp. 43–44.

⁹⁵ Carnarvon to Duke of Northumberland, 13 February 1874 (copy): CP, BL 60774, fo. 108.

⁹⁶ Carnarvon to Salisbury, 5 August 1874: Hatfield House Papers, 3M/E.

⁹⁷ Herbert to Carnarvon, 9 February 1874: CP, BL 60791, fos 39–40.

⁹⁸ Carnarvon to Henrietta, 3rd Countess of Carnarvon, 26 September 1874: CP, BL 61044, fo. 157.

⁹⁹ Ponsonby to Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby, 15 September 1875: Royal Archives, Add A/36.

¹⁰⁰ See C. Eldridge, Disraeli and the Rise of a New Imperialism (Cardiff, 1996), p. 46.

¹⁰¹ B.L. Blakeley, The Colonial Office, 1868–1892 (Durham, NC, 1972), p. 71.

¹⁰² Buckle, Disraeli, V, p. 475.

¹⁰³ Minute, Carnarvon: TNA, CO 179/118.

¹⁰⁴ Disraeli to Queen Victoria, 25 January 1875: Royal Archives, J 53/142.

¹⁰⁵ But Shannon has pointed out that the new ‘forward’ policy in action, involving Britain in places such as the Gold Coast, the Malay States, and the Fiji Islands had in fact been recommended by Carnarvon's Liberal predecessor, Kimberley, and accepted by Gladstone's Cabinet: Shannon, R., The Crisis of Imperialism, 1865–1915 (London, 1974), p. 107Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁶ For example, the refusal of Portugal to sell Delagoa Bay to Britain in 1875 upset Carnarvon's plan for securing strategic points on the route to India (Swartz, M., The Politics of British Foreign Policy in the Era of Disraeli and Gladstone (London, 1985), p. 21CrossRefGoogle Scholar).

¹⁰⁷ Cope, R.L., ‘Local imperatives and imperial policy: the sources of Lord Carnarvon's South African Confederation policy’, International Journal of African Historical Studies, 20, 4 (1987), pp. 602–603CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰⁸ Derby to Carnarvon, 20 November 1874: Derby Papers, 920 DER (15) 17/2/5.

¹⁰⁹ Carnarvon to Cairns, n.d. but October 1874: Cairns Papers, TNA, PRO 30/51/8, fo. 74.

¹¹⁰ Bell, K.N. and Morell, W.P. (eds), Select Documents on British Colonial Policy, 1830–1860 (Oxford, 1928), pp. 191–194Google Scholar.

¹¹¹ Paul, H., The Life of Froude (London, 1905), p. 208Google Scholar.

¹¹² Carnarvon to Derby, 27 October 1875: Derby Papers, 920 DER (15).

¹¹³ Carnarvon to Maj.-Gen. Sir Garnet Wolseley, 24 Sept 1876: Wolseley Papers; see also Carnarvon to Cranbrook, 20 September 1876: Cranbrook Papers, T 501/262.

¹¹⁴ Carnarvon to Heathcote, 13 September 1876: CP, BL 61074, fo. 47.

¹¹⁵ SirButler, William, An Autobiography (London, 1911), p. 195Google Scholar. On 3 July 1878, Sir Michael Hicks Beach, Carnarvon's successor as Colonial Secretary, gave a gloomy account of disaffection in the Transvaal to the Cabinet: ‘all lamented and blamed Carnarvon's annexation of it. Rising of Boers feared in a few months’: C. Howard and P. Gordon, The Cabinet Journal of Dudley Ryder, Viscount Sandon, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, Special Supplement no. 10 (London, 1974), p. 37. For a summary of Carnarvon's legacy in South Africa, see C.F. Goodfellow, Great Britain and South African Confederation, 1870–1881 (Cape Town, 1966), pp. 148–150.

¹¹⁶ Knox, B., ‘The Earl of Carnarvon, empire, and imperialism, 1855–90’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 26, 2 (1998), pp. 57–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹⁷ Carnarvon to Queen Victoria, 14 December 1875: Royal Archives, P25/1. Jervois's insubordination infuriated Carnarvon. He described one of Jervois's despatches, which ‘unquestionably had the merit of cleverness’, as ‘unscrupulous in argument, overbearing in tone and disingenuous in character’. Carnarvon filled the margins with exclamation marks and expressions such as ‘Monstrous’, ‘Absurd’, and ‘An outrageous doctrine’: C.D. Cowan, Nineteenth-century Malaya: the origins of British political control (London, 1961), p. 241.

¹¹⁸ Hall, H.L., The Colonial Office: a history (London, 1937), p. 242Google Scholar.

¹¹⁹ Gower, R., My Reminiscences (London, 1883), p. 107Google Scholar.

¹²⁰ Vincent, Derby, II, p. 252. Lady Derby reported to Carnarvon after his wife's death that the Queen had spoken ‘very warmly and feelingly and seemed deeply interested. She feared you were ill and heard you were very thin, and wishes you would not do too much’: W.A.H.C. Gardner, Baroness Burghclere (ed.), A Great Man's Friendship: letters of the Duke of Wellington to Mary, Marchioness of Salisbury, 1850–1852 (London, 1927), pp. 26–27.

¹²¹ Diary, 11 February 1875.

¹²² Carnarvon to Disraeli, 5 November 1875: CP, BL 60763, fos 111–113.

¹²³ Zetland, I, p. 304.

¹²⁴ Diary, 18 November 1875.

¹²⁵ Williamson, L., Power and Protest: Frances Power Cobbe and Victorian society (London, 2005), p. 127Google Scholar.

¹²⁶ Hansard, CCXXV, 22 May 1876, col. 1002.

¹²⁷ Turner, J., Reckoning with the Beast: animals, pain, and humanity in the Victorian mind (Baltimore, MD, 1980), p. 91Google Scholar.

¹²⁸ Carnarvon to Northbrook, 12 January 1877: CP, TNA, PRO 30/6/15, fo. 76.

¹²⁹ Carnarvon to Heathcote, 18 January 1877: CP, BL 61074, fo. 68.

¹³⁰ Buckle, Disraeli, V, p. 489.

¹³¹ Sandon, ‘Memorandum: confidential for self’, 18 January 1876: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, lv, fo. 55.

¹³² For a discussion of the deep suspicion of Disraeli's Jewish sentiments at the time, see E. Feuchtwanger, ‘“Jew feelings” and realpolitik: Disraeli and the making of foreign imperial policy’, in Edelman, T.M. and Kushner, T. (eds), Disraeli's Jewishness (London, 2002), pp. 193–195Google Scholar.

¹³³ ‘Memorandum on the circumstances which led to my resignation in January 1878’, September 1879: CP, BL 60817, fo. 29.

¹³⁴ Carnarvon to Derby, 24 September 1876 (copy): CP, BL 60765, fo. 115.

¹³⁵ Carnarvon to Bath, 27 November 1876: Longleat Papers.

¹³⁶ ‘Memorandum on the circumstances which led to my resignation in January 1878’, fo. 39.

¹³⁷ Diary, 3 August 1877; Vincent, Derby, II, p. 425.

¹³⁸ Memorandum, ‘Note on the Cabinet of 15 August 1877’, Disraeli to Queen Victoria, 15 August 1877: Royal Archives, B52/24.

¹³⁹ Mary, Lady Derby to Carnarvon, 26 October 1877, CP: BL 60765, fo. 137.

¹⁴⁰ Vincent, Derby, II, p. 442.

¹⁴¹ Buckle, Disraeli, VI, p. 206.

¹⁴² Ibid., p. 207.

¹⁴³ Gladstone to Chamberlain, 3 January 1878: Gladstone Papers, BL 44125, fo. 2.

¹⁴⁴ Disraeli to Queen Victoria, 3 January 1878: Royal Archives, H 18/T6.

¹⁴⁵ Ponsonby to Queen Victoria, 3 January 1878: Royal Archives, B 54/40.

¹⁴⁶ Fulford, R., Darling Child: private correspondence of Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1871–1878 (London, 1976), p. 275Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁷ Buckle, Letters, III, p. 588.

¹⁴⁸ Carnarvon to Salisbury, 3 January 1878: Hatfield House Papers, 3M/E.

¹⁴⁹ Although Carnarvon added in his memorandum on the crisis, ‘the report was immediately set in circulation in the Carlton, and thence carefully disseminated through every Conservative drawing room in London that he was suffering from drink’: ‘Memorandum on the circumstances which led to my resignation in January 1878’, fo. 76.

¹⁵⁰ Carnarvon to Eveline, Countess of Portsmouth, 27 January 1878: CP, BL 61049, fo. 149. Carnarvon commented to Derby's wife, ‘Different circumstances allow for different action and I will not say that Derby has decided otherwise than right. I have, as you know, never said a word to induce anyone to follow my example’ (Carnarvon to Mary, Lady Derby, 27 January 1878: CP, BL 60765, fo. 161).

¹⁵¹ Quoted in R. Harcourt Williams (ed.), The Salisbury–Balfour Correspondence, 1869–1892 (Ware, Hertfordshire, 1988), p. 45.

¹⁵² R.A. Cross, A Political History (Broughton-in-Furness, 1903), p. 50.

¹⁵³ ‘Memorandum on the circumstances which led to my resignation in 1878’, fo. 78.

¹⁵⁴ Vincent, Derby, II, p. 492.

¹⁵⁵ Carnarvon to Heathcote, 30 January 1878: CP, BL 61074, fo. 112.

¹⁵⁶ Carnarvon to Eveline, Countess of Portsmouth, 30 January 1878: CP, BL 61049, fo. 150.

¹⁵⁷ Diary of Charlotte, Lady Phillimore, 14 February 1878: Phillimore Papers, 75 M 91/514/2.

¹⁵⁸ W.E. Gladstone, Memorandum, 26 May 1878: Gladstone Papers, BL 44763, fo. 130.

¹⁵⁹ Diary, 17 May 1878.

¹⁶⁰ Carnarvon to Heathcote, 1 June 1878: CP, BL 61074, fo. 126.

¹⁶¹ Carnarvon to Bath, 20 August 1878 (copy): CP, BL 60771, fo. 91.

¹⁶² Paul, H., Letters of Lord Acton to Mary, Daughter of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone (London, 1904), p. 16Google Scholar.

¹⁶³ For Carnarvon's criticism of the treaty, see R.W. Seton-Watson, Disraeli, Gladstone and the Eastern Question (London, 1935), p. 499.

¹⁶⁴ See his lengthy ‘Memorandum on the circumstances which led to my resignation in January 1878’, in which he justified his actions.

¹⁶⁵ Vincent, Derby, II, p. 515.

¹⁶⁶ The Archaeology of Berkshire: an address delivered to the Archaeological Association at Newbury, 12 Sept. 1859 (London, 1859). Carnarvon's correspondence on the matter is in Yale University Library, headed ‘Berkshire Archaeological Society’.

¹⁶⁷ Evans, J., A History of the Society of Antiquaries (London, 1956), p. 349Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁸ Society of Antiquaries, Council Minute Book, 25 November 1878, vol. 8, fo. 173; P. Perriday, Lord Grimthorpe, 1816–1905 (London, 1957), pp. 95–102.

¹⁶⁹ Society of Antiquaries, The Presidents of the Society of Antiquaries of London, Occasional Paper, 1945, p. 14. Carnarvon was an early member of the Commission.

¹⁷⁰ Diary, 31 May 1877.

¹⁷¹ Fitzherbert, M., The Man who was Greenmantle: a biography of Aubrey Herbert (London, 1983), pp. 6–7Google Scholar.

¹⁷² Diary, 31 December 1878.

¹⁷³ J. Bateman, The Great Landowners of Great Britain and Ireland, 3rd edn (London, 1883), pp. 79, 495–496.

¹⁷⁴ The Molyneux estates remained in the Carnarvon family until her death in 1929, when they were sold at auction. See Molyneux of Teversal Papers, University of Nottingham, Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections.

¹⁷⁵ Royal Commission on Historic Monuments, Principal Family and Estate Collections: family names A–K (London, 1996), p. 80.

¹⁷⁶ Diary, 3 September 1888.

¹⁷⁷ Diary, 14 September 1888. Others built were at Woodcote and Kneeton. See Carnarvon, ‘Memorandum as to my stewardship of the property and my dispositions in regard to it’, 18 October 1889: CP, BL 61054, fos 88–89.

¹⁷⁸ Diary, 1 September 1888.

¹⁷⁹ Carnarvon to Bath, 29 January 1879: Longleat Papers.

¹⁸⁰ Carnarvon to Eveline, Countess of Portsmouth, 17 March 1879: CP, BL 61050, fo. 96.

¹⁸¹ Carnarvon to Heathcote, 3 July 1879: CP, BL 61075, fo. 40.

¹⁸² Carnarvon to Bath, 28 April 1879: Longleat Papers.

¹⁸³ Diary, 20 September 1879.

¹⁸⁴ Diary, 27 October 1879.

¹⁸⁵ Carnarvon to H.W. Acland, 13 June 1880: H.W. Acland Papers, MS Acland, d. 77, fo. 50.

¹⁸⁶ Diary, 6 September 1888.

¹⁸⁷ Herbert, Essays, Addresses and Translations, II, p. 80.

¹⁸⁸ The National Agricultural Labourers’ Union, formed in May 1870, was inspired by Arch. At a meeting held at Newbury, near Highclere, in July 1873, he told a large gathering, ‘Whether for good or evil, he has probably a greater influence over an outdoor assembly than any other man in England’ (quoted in P. Horn, Joseph Arch (1826–1919): the farm workers’ leader (Kineton, 1971), p. 83). Advising a cousin against attending one of Arch's meetings, Carnarvon stated, ‘Arch is apparently fast becoming more and more of a political demagogue and agitator, and those who sympathise with him will naturally lose influence and power of usefulness with the more moderate part of the country’ (Carnarvon to H.W. Acland, 22 October 1872: MS Acland, d. 77, fo. 39).

¹⁸⁹ Herbert, Essays, Addresses and Translations, II, p. 51.

¹⁹⁰ Ibid., p. 81.

¹⁹¹ Carnarvon to S. Lucas, 13 February 1879: CP, BL 60856, fo. 67.

¹⁹² Carnarvon to Derby, 27 November 1879: Derby Papers, 920 DER (15).

¹⁹³ Diary, 29 December 1879.

¹⁹⁴ Carnarvon to Herbert, 13 December 1878: CP, BL 60794, fo. 133.

¹⁹⁵ Diary, 29 December 1879.

¹⁹⁶ Carnarvon to Derby, 29 January 1880: Derby Papers, 920 DER (15).

¹⁹⁷ Carnarvon to Granville, 26 January 1880 (copy), 15 May 1880: CP, BL 60773, fos 131, 129.

¹⁹⁸ Carnarvon to Bath, 5 April 1880 (copy): CP, BL 60772, fo. 98.

¹⁹⁹ Diary, 3 February 1889; Edward Hamilton Papers, BL 48633, fo. 43.

²⁰⁰ Carnarvon to Heathcote, 5 May 1880: CP, BL 61076, fo. 2.

²⁰¹ Diary, 21 May 1879.

²⁰² Carnarvon to Lady Derby, 15 May 1880 (copy): CP, BL 60766, fo. 89.

²⁰³ Diary, 24 August 1880.

²⁰⁴ Corry to Carnarvon, 19 August 1880: CP, BL 60853, fos 38–39.

²⁰⁵ Carnarvon to Cairns, 1 May 1881: Cairns Papers, TNA, PRO 30/51/8, fo. 12.

²⁰⁶ Heathcote to Carnarvon, 7 May 1881: CP, BL 61076, fo. 159.

²⁰⁷ Carnarvon to Heathcote, 6 May 1881: CP, BL 61076, fo. 156.

²⁰⁸ Carnarvon to Cranbrook, 27 May 1884: Cranbrook Papers, HA3 T501/262.

²⁰⁹ Diary, 14 July 1879.

²¹⁰ Carnarvon to Granville, 1 August 1879 (copy): CP, BL 60773, fo. 119.

²¹¹ Hardinge, III, p. 36.

²¹² Sir R. Herbert to Carnarvon, 25 September 1874: CP, BL 60791, fos 125–127. Carnarvon also discussed the idea with Disraeli at Highclere four days later.

²¹³ Childers to Kimberley, 10 May 1880, Kimberley Papers, MS Eng. c. 4197, fo. 9.

²¹⁴ Kimberley to Gladstone, 16 May 1880: Kimberley Papers, MS Eng. c. 4197, fo. 17.

²¹⁵ Kimberley to Gladstone, 23 May 1880: Kimberley Papers, MS Eng. c. 4197, fos 34–35.

²¹⁶ Gladstone to Kimberley, 12 June 1880: Kimberley Papers, MS Eng. c. 4197, fo. 56.

²¹⁷ Carnarvon to Kimberley, 26 October 1880 (copy): CP, BL 60813, fo. 5.

²¹⁸ Carnarvon noted in his final report ‘that many individual opinions were expressed to us in evidence on the understanding that they would not be published’: Royal Commission into the Defence of British Possessions and Commerce Abroad, 1880–1882, third report (Ministry of Defence, War Office Library, 1976), p. 29.

²¹⁹ Milne to Carnarvon, 2 May 1881: CP, BL 60813, fo. 12.

²²⁰ Carnarvon to Kimberley, 18 September 1881: Kimberley Papers, MS Eng. c. 4113, fo. 127. See also J. F. Beeler, British Naval Policy in the Gladstone–Disraeli Era, 1866–1880 (Stanford, CA, 1997), p. 253.

²²¹ Royal Commission into the Defence of British Possessions and Commerce Abroad, 1880–1882, third report, p. 30.

²²² H. Jekyll to Carnarvon, 16 November 1882: CP, BL 60796, fo. 176.

²²³ Carnarvon to Kimberley, 29 November 1882: Kimberley Papers, MS Eng. c. 4238, fo. 123.

²²⁴ Hansard, CCLXXVIII, 4 May 1883, cols 1831–1835.

²²⁵ Shannon, The Crisis of Imperialism, p. 256.

²²⁶ Hansard, CCXC, 8 July 1884, col. 378.

²²⁷ Diary, 10 July 1884.

²²⁸ Diary, 18 July 1884.

²²⁹ Diary, 22 October 1884.

²³⁰ See The Times, 22 October 1884, p. 7.

²³¹ Marsh, P.T., Joseph Chamberlain: entrepreneur in politics (New Haven, CT, and London, 1994), pp. 174–176Google Scholar.

²³² Steele, E.D., Lord Salisbury: a political biography (London, 1999), p. 163Google Scholar.

²³³ Diary, 22 October 1884.

²³⁴ Diary, 24 October 1884.

²³⁵ See Childe-Pemberton, W.S., Life of Lord Norton (London, 1900), p. 260Google Scholar.

²³⁶ Gladstone, through Lord Richard Grosvenor, the Liberal Chief Whip, nevertheless expressed himself as anxious that Carnarvon was not disposed to abandon his scheme: Erskine May to Carnarvon, 28 October 1884: Erskine May Papers, ERM/8/249.

²³⁷ Ponsonby to Spencer, 1 November 1884: Spencer Papers. The same day, the Cabinet appointed Hartington and Dilke as official plenipotentiaries in the negotiations: Nicholls, D., The Lost Prime Minister: a life of Sir Charles Dilke (London, 1995), p. 147Google Scholar. Furthermore, some Conservatives were buoyed in their opposition to the Franchise Bill by the overwhelming by-election victory in South Warwickshire two days later: see Diary, 9 November 1884.

²³⁸ Diary, 7 November 1884.

²³⁹ Jones, A., The Politics of Reform, 1884 (London, 1972), p. 194Google Scholar.

²⁴⁰ Diary, 16 November 1884.

²⁴¹ Diary, 18 November 1884.

²⁴² Hansard, CCXC, 8 July 1884, col. 381.

²⁴³ Becker to Carnarvon, 21 July 1884: CP, BL 60832, fo. 102.

²⁴⁴ Hansard, CCXCIV, 4 December 1884, cols 578–579.

²⁴⁵ Diary, 4 December 1884.

²⁴⁶ Carnarvon to Salisbury, 15 and 20 December 1884: Hatfield House Papers, 3M/E.

²⁴⁷ Diary, 8 November 1884.

²⁴⁸ Diary, 8 December 1884.

²⁴⁹ Diary, 10 December 1884.

²⁵⁰ Spencer to E.G. Jenkinson, 18 September 1884 (copy): Spencer Papers.

²⁵¹ Carnarvon to Derby, 26 October 1879: Derby Papers, 920 DER (15).

²⁵² Carnarvon to Heathcote, 20 March 1880: CP, BL 61075, fo. 157.

²⁵³ Carnarvon to Salisbury, 5 February 1885: Hatfield House Papers, 3M/E.

²⁵⁴ Salisbury to Carnarvon, 15 February 1885: CP, BL 60760, fos 22–23.

²⁵⁵ Diary, 11 June 1885.

²⁵⁶ Queen Victoria, Memorandum, 12 June 1885: Royal Archives, C36/ 420.

²⁵⁷ Diary, 17 June 1885.

²⁵⁸ Carnarvon to Salisbury, 16 June 1885: Hatfield House Papers, 3M/E.

²⁵⁹ M. Townsend to Carnarvon, 18 June 1885: CP, BL 60770, fo. 228.

²⁶⁰ Diary, 27 June 1885.

²⁶¹ Diary, 24 August 1883.

²⁶² Carnarvon, Memorandum, ‘Lord Carnarvon's memoirs relating to his Lord-Lieutenancy’, March–April 1886: CP, BL 60826, fo. 1.

²⁶³ J. Caulfield to Spencer, 17 July 1885: Spencer Papers.

²⁶⁴ Grabham to Carnarvon, 12 August 1885: CP, BL 60868, fo. 157.

²⁶⁵ P. Gordon, The Red Earl: the papers of the fifth Earl Spencer 1835–1910, 2 vols (Northamptonshire Record Society, 1981 and 1986), I, p. 9.

²⁶⁶ Carnarvon to Harrowby, 21 July 1885: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, vii, fo. 128.

²⁶⁷ Carnarvon, Memorandum: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, viii, fo. 4.

²⁶⁸ C.H.D. Howard, ‘Joseph Chamberlain, Parnell and the Irish “central board” scheme, 1884–5’, Irish Historical Studies, 8, no. 32 (1953), p. 327.

²⁶⁹ A.B. Cooke and J.R. Vincent, The Governing Passion: Cabinet government and party politics in Britain, 1885–86 (Brighton, 1974), p. 273.

²⁷⁰ Carnarvon, Memorandum, ‘Conversation with Justin McCarthy’, 6 July 1885: CP, BL 60829, fo. 74.

²⁷¹ Diary, 6 July 1885.

²⁷² Hansard, CCXCVIII, 6 July 1885, cols 1658–1662.

²⁷³ Diary, 6 July 1885.

²⁷⁴ Hardinge, III, p. 174.

²⁷⁵ Carnarvon to Salisbury, 29 July 1885: CP, BL 60825, fo. 47.

²⁷⁶ Hart Dyke, Carnarvon's Chief Secretary, informed Carnarvon, however, the following year, when Parnell had disclosed that a meeting had taken place, ‘I quite understand and appreciate your motive for not telling me, and of course I should have said don't!! as the fact of knowing it would at once have made it more or less hazardous’ (Hart Dyke to Carnarvon, 16 June 1886: CP, BL 60830, fo. 44). A biographer of Salisbury claims that the Prime Minister was alarmed to discover that Gibson was not present at the meeting: R. Taylor, Lord Salisbury (London, 1975), p. 94.

²⁷⁷ CP, BL 60829, fos 99–101.

²⁷⁸ Cecil, III, p. 157.

²⁷⁹ Carnarvon to Sir Robert Hamilton, 25 June 1885: CP, TNA, PRO 30/6/56, fo. 12.

²⁸⁰ ‘Lord Carnarvon's memoirs relating to his Lord-Lieutenancy’, fo. 18.

²⁸¹ Ibid., fo. 7.

²⁸² Diary, 5 October 1885.

²⁸³ ‘Lord Carnarvon's memoirs relating to his Lord-Lieutenancy’, fo. 18.

²⁸⁴ Diary, 17 August 1885.

²⁸⁵ One official, Sir Henry Robinson, observed, ‘He had the most marvellous knack of saying what sounded a very great deal but which when analysed amounted to absolutely nothing at all, and for an English statesman charged with the government of Ireland, I cannot imagine a greater gift’: Sir H. Robinson, Memories: wise and otherwise (London, 1924), p. 76.

²⁸⁶ Lady Carnarvon to Harrowby, 17 July 1885: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, l, fo. 183.

²⁸⁷ Diary, 10 August 1885.

²⁸⁸ Carnarvon to Cranbrook, 2 September 1885 (copy): CP, TNA, PRO 30/6/54.

²⁸⁹ Ashbourne Papers, A 25/1.

²⁹⁰ Carnarvon to Ashbourne, 6 November 1885: Ashbourne Papers, A25/21.

²⁹¹ ‘Lord Carnarvon's memoirs relating to his Lord-Lieutenancy’, fos 1–2.

²⁹² Cooke and Vincent, The Governing Passion, p. 73.

²⁹³ In a biography of his father, Winston Churchill reported a conversation between Randolph Churchill and Parnell about this time, at the former's London home: ‘“There was no compact or bargain of any kind”, Lord Randolph said to Fitzgibbon a year later, “but I told Parnell when he sat on that sofa [in Connaught Place] that if the Tories took office, and I was a member of their Government, I would not consent to renew the Crimes Act.” Parnell replied, “In that case, you will have the Irish vote at the Elections.”’ (W.S. Churchill, Lord Randolph Churchill, 2 vols (London, 1906), I, p. 395.

²⁹⁴ R.F. Foster, Lord Randolph Churchill: a political life (Oxford, 1981), pp. 229–230.

²⁹⁵ Fitzgibbon to Churchill, 9 September 1885: Randolph Churchill Papers, Add. MS 9248/7/883.

²⁹⁶ Carnarvon to Churchill, 18 September 1885 (copy): CP, TNA, PRO 30/5/4.

²⁹⁷ Lady Carnarvon's diary, 2 October 1885: Herbert Papers, Somerset Archives and Record Service, DD/DRO/3/7.

²⁹⁸ Quoted in Steele, Lord Salisbury, p. 187.

²⁹⁹ Carnarvon, Memorandum, ‘Conversation with Lord Salisbury’, 23 November 1885: CP, BL 60760, fos 78–80.

³⁰⁰ Carnarvon to Queen Victoria, 26 November 1885: Royal Archives, D37/99.

³⁰¹ A. Ponsonby, Henry Ponsonby, Queen Victoria's Private Secretary: his life from his letters (London, 1942), pp. 199–200.

³⁰² Quoted in Churchill, Lord Randolph Churchill, II, pp. 21–22.

³⁰³ Carnarvon also proposed a bill ‘to promote the Extension of University Education in Ireland’. The draft bill, printed on 19 December, does not appear to have been discussed by the Cabinet. See ‘University Education (Ireland) Bill’, in Ashbourne Papers, B 25/6; Cooke and Vincent, The Governing Passion, p. 298.

³⁰⁴ Salisbury to Queen Victoria, 14 December 1885: Royal Archives, A65/93. On the same day, Parnell wrote to Mrs O'Shea on the Liberal and Conservative Parties’ attitude to home rule at the coming general election. She stated, ‘I have not seen Lord C. [Carnarvon] and shall probably not arrange to do so for a week or two, as I wish to know how the other side is disposed first’: K. O'Shea, Charles Stewart Parnell: his love story and political life, 2 vols (London, 1914), II, p. 29. She also told Gladstone on 10 December that ‘Parnell was to see “Lord C.” in a day or two’: R.C.K. Ensor, England: 1870–1914 (Oxford, 1936), p. 561. Henry Labouchere reported to Herbert Gladstone after a meeting between Carnarvon and John MacCarthy on 13 December, where they discussed Home Rule, ‘Lord C. said that personally he was in favour of a large measure of Home Rule, but that he despaired of winning his party and some of his colleagues. He asked MacCarthy whether he thought that Parnell would accept an “Inquiry”, during which the Conservatives might be educated. MacCarthy said that this would not do’ (quoted in F. Callanan, T.M. Healy (Cork, 1996), pp. 134–135).

³⁰⁵ Diary, 15 December 1885.

³⁰⁶ Gladstone was influenced in his thinking by a memorandum written for Carnarvon in October 1885 by Sir Robert Hamilton, Under-Secretary, Dublin Castle: see J. Kendle, Ireland and the Federal Solution: the debate over the United Kingdom Constitution, 1870–1921 (Kingston, Ontario, 1989), p. 42.

³⁰⁷ Carnarvon to Sir John Macdonald, 2 October 1885: CP, TNA, PRO 30/6/65, fos 160–161.

³⁰⁸ After Carnarvon's death, Ashbourne ventured another explanation: ‘For his great wealth, I think he was unduly close, and I always thought that his principal reason for resigning in January /86 (at the end of the 6 months he had originally named) was to escape all or any of the expense of the Dublin season, then about to commence’ (A.B. Cooke and A.P.W. Malcolmson, The Ashbourne Papers, 1869–1913: a calendar of the papers of Edward Gibson, 1st Lord Ashbourne (Belfast, 1974), p. 26).

³⁰⁹ Herbert to Carnarvon, 24 December 1885 and 9 January 1886: CP, BL 60795, fos 69–73.

³¹⁰ Carnarvon to Salisbury, 6 January 1886 (copy): CP, BL 60762, fo. 129.

³¹¹ Wolseley to Carnarvon, 18 January 1886: CP, TNA, PRO 30/6/66, fos 275–276.

³¹² A.E. Gathorne Hardy, Gathorne Hardy, First Earl of Cranbrook: a memoir, 2 vols (London, 1910), II, pp. 233–234.

³¹³ Salisbury to W.H. Smith, 17 January 1886: Hambleden Papers, PS9/104.

³¹⁴ Smith to Carnarvon, 9 June 1886: CP, BL 60830, fo. 40.

³¹⁵ Churchill to Salisbury, 16 January 1886: Randolph Churchill Papers, Add. MS 9248/1/134.

³¹⁶ A previous Lord Lieutenant, the 7th Earl Cowper, who had resigned the post four years earlier in unhappy circumstances, wrote in his diary, ‘Lord Carnarvon leaves suddenly. I fancy had a hint to go. No one reaps any credit from that wretched island’ (Lady Katrina Cowper, Earl Cowper, K.G.: a memoir by his wife (London?, 1913), p. 629.

³¹⁷ Mundella to Spencer, 28 December 1885: Spencer Papers, BL 76927 (unnumbered).

³¹⁸ Carnarvon to Salisbury, 2 April 1890 (copy), CP BL 60760, fo. 148.

³¹⁹ Diary, 10 June 1886.

³²⁰ Ibid.

³²¹ Diary, 5 July 1886.

³²² Salisbury to Carnarvon, 25 July 1886: CP, BL 60760, fo. 116.

³²³ Diary, 27 July 1886.

³²⁴ Diary, 29 July 1886.

³²⁵ Carnarvon to Harrowby, 13 August 1886: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, lii, fo. 171.

³²⁶ See Foster, Lord Randolph Churchill, pp. 128ff.

³²⁷ Robb, J.H., The Primrose League, 1883–1906 (New York, 1942), pp. 87–89Google Scholar.

³²⁸ Diary, 17 January 1884.

³²⁹ C.G. Hay to Carnarvon, 28 November 1884: CP, BL 60857, fo. 37.

³³⁰ Diary, 1 June 1885.

³³¹ Lady Carnarvon's diary, 1 June 1885: Herbert Papers, Somerset Archives and Record Service, DD/DRU/3/7.

³³² Diary, 10 August 1886.

³³³ Newbury Weekly News, 4 August 1887.

³³⁴ Diary, 25 February 1873. See also ‘Papers relating to purchase of 16 Bruton Street in 1873’: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 3/4.

³³⁵ Diary, 30 June 1881.

³³⁶ Diary, 28 February 1882.

³³⁷ CP, BL 61504, fos 83–91.

³³⁸ Ibid, fo. 91. Carnarvon's wealth at his death was £328,809. 0s. 4d.

³³⁹ Carnarvon, Memorandum, 24 March 1884: CP, BL 61504, fos 74–75.

³⁴⁰ Adonis, A., Making Aristocracy Work: the peerage and the political system in Britain, 1884–1914 (Oxford, 1993), p. 284CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁴¹ Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 2/4 (g).

³⁴² Diary, 23 April 1883.

³⁴³ Herbert to Carnarvon, 20 Sept 1883: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 9/2.

³⁴⁴ Carnarvon to Herbert, 1 November 1883: ibid.

³⁴⁵ Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 9/2, n.d.

³⁴⁶ ‘Merry millions for Sydney’, unnamed newspaper, November 1888: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 9/3.

³⁴⁷ Valuation after Carnarvon's death. See file ‘Australia, New South Wales, Sydney Property’: Highclere Castle Archives, 1891–1898, Teversal 9/4.

³⁴⁸ W.S. Foster to Carnarvon, 2 January 1889: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 9/3. Carnarvon's banking adviser in Australia had warned him earlier, ‘Mr Billyard has lately been concerned with other speculation in a large land transaction. I understand that they bought an estate for a low price and resold it to a company at very great profit. Some unpleasant things have been said about it but I have not been able to discover anything that would justify me in making specific enquiries on your behalf’ (Sir G. Verdon to Carnarvon, 12 September 1888: CP, BL 60802, fo. 35).

³⁴⁹ Carnarvon to Billyard, 8 January 1889: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 9/3.

³⁵⁰ See Western Australia, Perth Property 1888–96: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 9/7. In 1888, Carnarvon invested £10,000 in Perth housing property.

³⁵¹ Forrest to 5th Earl of Carnarvon, 7 August 1890: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal, 9/7.

³⁵² See file ‘New Zealand Property, 1883–4’: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 9/1.

³⁵³ Diary, 26 December 1888.

³⁵⁴ Diary, 1 April 1887.

³⁵⁵ Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm, briefly Kaiser Friedrich III, recuperated at the villa in 1886. He died two years later. See K. Baedeker, Northern Italy (London, 1930), p. 269.

³⁵⁶ Diary, 24 April 1886.

³⁵⁷ Sir R. Herbert to Carnarvon, 17 April 1888: CP, BL 60795B, fos 166–167.

³⁵⁸ Diary, 6 September 1883.

³⁵⁹ See Carnarvon's lecture, ‘The Cape in 1888’, in Herbert, Essays, Addresses and Translations, III, pp. 53–96; see also Hardinge, III, p. 274.

³⁶⁰ Diary, 22 November 1887.

³⁶¹ Diary, 9 December 1887.

³⁶² Hardinge, III, p. 285.

³⁶³ Carnarvon to Harrowby, 21 March 1888: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, lii, fo. 176.

³⁶⁴ Hansard, CCCXXIX, 31 July 1888, col. 923.

³⁶⁵ Diary, 31 July 1888.

³⁶⁶ Carnarvon to Spencer, 7 October 1888: Spencer Papers.

³⁶⁷ Diary, 27 January 1889.

³⁶⁸ Diary, 1 April 1889.

³⁶⁹ Carnarvon to Rosebery, 24 December 1884 (copy), and Rosebery to Carnarvon, 6 January 1885: CP, BL 60855, fos 43–44.

³⁷⁰ Diary, 18 June 1888; Hansard, CCCXXIX, 18 June 1888, cols 387–414.

³⁷¹ Hansard, CCCXXIII, 11 March 1888, col. 1567.

³⁷² Diary, 10 July 1888; Hansard, CCCXXIX, 10 July 1888, cols 871–872.

³⁷³ Diary, 4 March 1889.

³⁷⁴ Diary, 21 March 1889; Hansard, CCCXXXIV, 21 March 1889, cols 333–343.

³⁷⁵ Diary, 4 February 1889.

³⁷⁶ The Earl of Selborne wrote from his home at Blackwood in Hampshire on 31 December 1884, ‘The Colonial party here, also, is increasingly powerful and aggressive. Rosebery and Carnarvon both caress and flatter it’: R. Palmer, Earl of Selborne, Memorials: personal and political, 2 vols (London, 1898), II, p. 132.

³⁷⁷ Urging Carnarvon to join, W.J. Courthope stated, ‘I feel strongly that the Conservatives are not so prominently represented in the direction of the affairs of the League as they should be’ (Courthope to Carnarvon, 7 June 1886: CP, BL 60775, fo. 183). Carnarvon accepted the vice-chairmanship of the League in 1886: J.C.R. Colomb to Carnarvon, 11 November 1886: CP, BL 60811, fos 74–75.

³⁷⁸ Diary, 7 April 1889.

³⁷⁹ Carnarvon to Churchill, 7 April 1889: Randolph Churchill Papers, Add. MS 9248/23/3098.

³⁸⁰ Diary, 2 April 1889.

³⁸¹ See CP, BL 60828, fo. 26; Hardinge, III, p. 246.

³⁸² Hartington to Carnarvon, 31 May 1889: CP, BL 60828, fos 18–23.

³⁸³ Carnarvon to Churchill, 5 June 1889: Randolph Churchill Papers, Add. MS 9248/24/3170.

³⁸⁴ Diary, 14 July 1889.

³⁸⁵ Carnarvon to Churchill, 1 August 1889: Randolph Churchill Papers, Add. MS 9248/24/3230.

³⁸⁶ Diary, 14 July 1889.

³⁸⁷ Turnor to Ponsonby, 13 May 1878, in Ponsonby, Henry Ponsonby, Queen Victoria's Private Secretary, p. 330. A different sort of link that Carnarvon had with the press was through T.H. Escott. The latter, after writing a favourable leader in the Standard on a speech by Derby, added, ‘You may have heard of my name through my friend and relative, Lord Carnarvon’ (Vincent, Derby, III, p. 174).

³⁸⁸ CP, BL 60776–60780.

³⁸⁹ L. Brown, Victorian News and Newspapers (Oxford, 1985), pp. 162–163.

³⁹⁰ Carnarvon to Delane, 2 May 1877: CP, BL 60779, fo. 26.

³⁹¹ Diary, 16 July 1884.

³⁹² Jones, K., Fleet Street and Downing Street (London, 1920), p. 95Google Scholar.

³⁹³ Smith to Carnarvon, 25 June 1881: Herbert Papers, Somerset Archives and Record Service, DD/DRU 2/82.

³⁹⁴ Diary, 21 May 1866.

³⁹⁵ W.E. Houghton (ed.), The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals, 1824–1900, 2 vols (Toronto, 1966–1972), I, p. 697. Salisbury wrote thirty-three articles in all for the Quarterly, averaging 15,000 words each, between 1860 and 1883: see P. Smith, Lord Salisbury on Politics: a selection from his articles in the ‘Quarterly Review’, 1860–1883 (London, 1972), p. 5.

³⁹⁶ Carnarvon wrote afterwards, ‘The former I like rather less on further acquaintance. The latter gains very much’ (Diary, 14 October 1884). Courthope resigned in 1887 on becoming a Civil Service commissioner: see A. Austin, The Autobiography of Alfred Austin, 2 vols (London, 1911), II, pp. 175–176.

³⁹⁷ Diary, 27 October 1882.

³⁹⁸ Diary, 11 January 1883.

³⁹⁹ S. Koss, The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain, 2 vols (London, 1981–1984), I, p. 249.

⁴⁰⁰ Carnarvon to Lytton, 3 January 1883: Lytton Papers, Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies Office, D/EK C36/147.

⁴⁰¹ Carnarvon was reluctant to continue paying his subscription ‘as in the case of other landlords, there never was a time when money was harder to find’ (Carnarvon to Edward Stanhope, 23 December 1883: Stanhope Papers, Centre for Kentish Studies).

⁴⁰² Houghton, The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals, II, p. 536–545.

⁴⁰³ Carnarvon to Cranbrook, 28 December 1884: Cranbrook Papers, T501/262.

⁴⁰⁴ Diary, 22 March 1889.

⁴⁰⁵ One cause that he enthusiastically supported was the opening of churches on a regular basis in large towns: see Carnarvon to Archbishop Benson, 26 July 1888: Benson Papers, 60, pp. 24–25. He was also an active trustee of the British Museum.

⁴⁰⁶ Diary, 4 December 1880.

⁴⁰⁷ Diary, 9 May 1887.

⁴⁰⁸ Diary, 2 April 1881.

⁴⁰⁹ At the end of the month he wrote, ‘I shall be very sorry to exchange the beauty and sunshine of this for the equivocal pleasures of an English spring’ (Carnarvon to A.J. Mundella, 31 March 1890: Charnwood Papers, BL 70948, fo. 212.)

⁴¹⁰ Diary, 14 May 1890.

⁴¹¹ Carnarvon to Acland, 26 May 1890: H.W. Acland Papers, MS Acland, d. 86, fo. 30.

⁴¹² Diary, 15 May 1890.

⁴¹³ Turner to Lady Carnarvon, 30 July 1921: CP, BL 61060, fos 229–230.

⁴¹⁴ Diary of Charlotte, Lady Phillimore, 29 June 1890: Phillimore Papers, 75 M 91/514/2.

⁴¹⁵ Quoted in Sir H. Drummond Wolff, Rambling Recollections, 2 vols (London, 1908), I, p. 258.

⁴¹⁶ Cecil, I, pp. 221–222.

⁴¹⁷ R. Blake, The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill (London, 1970), p. 106.

⁴¹⁸ Carnarvon to Salisbury, 26 January 1878: Hatfield House Papers, 3M/E.

⁴¹⁹ Queen Victoria, Journal, 29 June 1890: Royal Archives, Z/408.

⁴²⁰ Diary, 29 October 1886.

⁴²¹ Mitchell, D.J., Cross and Tory Democracy (London, 1991), p. 48Google Scholar.

⁴²² Diary, 15 July 1875.

⁴²³ Carnarvon, Memorandum, ‘Confidential for self’, 18 January 1876: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, lv, fos 181–182.

⁴²⁴ Diary, 8 March 1887.

⁴²⁵ Cranbrook Diary, 30 June 1890, Johnson, pp. 772–773.

⁴²⁶ Diary, 19 June 1888.

⁴²⁷ Carnarvon to Lord John Russell (copy), 18 September 1874: CP, BL 60792, fo. 2. On becoming Colonial Secretary in Disraeli's second ministry, Carnarvon wrote to Dufferin ‘a few lines to assure you how glad I am to have an old friend like yourself in Canada to depend upon in the rather difficult and delicate questions with which we have to deal’ (W. Kiewiet and F.H. Underhill (eds), The Dufferin–Carnarvon Correspondence, 1874–1878 (New York, 1955), p. 1).

⁴²⁸ Diary, 23 September 1874.

⁴²⁹ Diary, 27 March 1889.

⁴³⁰ L. Wolf, Life of the First Marquess of Ripon, 2 vols (London, 1921), I, p. 350.

⁴³¹ Diary, 7 October 1888.

⁴³² Diary, 31 January 1886.

⁴³³ Zetland, I, pp. 312–313.

⁴³⁴ Lord George Hamilton, Parliamentary Reminiscences and Reflections, 1886–1906, 1922, p. 10.

⁴³⁵ Jeune, S.E.M., Lady St Helier, Memories of Fifty Years (London, 1909), p. 265Google Scholar.

⁴³⁶ Nevill, Reminiscences, pp. 140–141.

⁴³⁷ Vincent, Derby, I, p. 335.

⁴³⁸ Vanity Fair, 11 September 1869, p. 149.

⁴³⁹ Address to the Newbury Working Men's Club, 30 September 1882: CP, BL 60856, fo. 138.

⁴⁴⁰ Kebbel, T.R., Lord Beaconsfield and Other Tory Memories (London, 1907), p. 85Google Scholar.

⁴⁴¹ Diary, 27 May 1883.

⁴⁴² Carnarvon to Harrowby, 10 January 1888: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, lii, fo. 174.

⁴⁴³ O'Mahony, C., The Viceroys of Ireland (London, 1912), p. 293Google Scholar.

⁴⁴⁴ Carnarvon to 3rd Earl Grey, 3 December 1883: Grey Papers, 80/9.

⁴⁴⁵ The Times, 30 June 1890, p. 10.