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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 October 2009
In the aftermath of the 1918 election Law believed ‘Lloyd George can be Prime Minister for life if he wants’. In the event, the government survived only four turbulent years. Although 1922 was to be a critical year for the Coalition, the year began auspiciously. For all the problems during 1921, by December the fortunes and confidence of the coalition leadership were greater than for some time. A week after signing the Irish Treaty, the government claimed something of a diplomatic triumph with the four-power treaty in Washington covering Pacific and Far Eastern questions. Thereafter progress was also swiftly made with regard to naval disarmament (finally signed on 6 February 1922). Two days after the Pacific agreement, the Commons debate on the Irish Treaty provided the government with its first notable parliamentary success for some months. For the moment even Law broke the ominous silence he had maintained throughout the negotiations to declare his approval. While in the longer term the Irish Treaty was to prove both ‘Lloyd George's greatest achievement, but … also the greatest single cause of his overthrow’, in December 1921 it had undoubtedly restored the government's fortunes and renewed its sense of policy direction. Moreover, although relations with France had been gravely aggravated by the unilateral Angora agreement with the Turks in November 1921 and even more by French obstructionism at Washington, even Anglo-French relations provided some substance for hope. The ‘conversations’ with Briand in London from 18–22 December thus set in motion a process which led, via Cannes and Genoa, to an attempt to resolve Anglo-French differences over German reparations. With Ireland settled, Washington still hailed a triumph and plans already in progress for a conference offering the prospect of European peace and the restoration of prosperity, the scene was set for an attempt to engineer indirectly that which could not be achieved by direct calls for ‘fusion’. Encouraged by McCurdy's grossly over-optimistic assessments of the prospects, some time before Christmas Lloyd George decided that circumstances were propitious for another coalition election. At a dinner held by Birkenhead after the Irish Treaty debate, the subject was discussed for the first time by the Coalition leaders.
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4 Chamberlain memorandum to Lloyd George, 6 January 1922, AC 32/2/27. See also to Ida, 17 January 1922, AC5/I/223.
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24 Chamberlain, A. to Hilda, , 18 03 1922Google Scholar, AC5/1/230; to Lloyd George, 15 March 1922, Lloyd George MSS F/7/5/8.
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29 Philippe Berthelot (1866–1934) French diplomat. Director of political affairs and a principal counsellor to Briand during the Great War. As Secretary-General, Foreign Ministry in 1920 he played a major role in post-treaty negotiations, particularly over Reparations and a supporter of Briand's attempted rapprochement with Germany. Resigned because of involvement with his brother in collapse of Industrial Bank of Indo China. Returned to this post again in left-wing Coalition 1924–32.
30 The Cannes Conference 6–13 January 1922 ended in failure and the resignation of Briand.
31 George Younger (1851–1929) Conservative MP for Ayr Burghs from 1906 until retired in October 1922. President National Union of Conservative Associations in Scotland 1904; Chairman Unionist Party Organisation January 1971–March 1923; Treasurer Unionist Party 1923–29. Created baronet 1911 and Viscount Younger of Leckie 1923.
32 During Cannes Conference Lloyd George and Briand came close to agreement not only over reparations but over the future closeness of the entente but an ill-fated golf match during the conference (actually only a pose for the photographers) between Lloyd George and the novice Briand was represented in France as frivolity and interpreted as a sign that Briand was sacrificing the national interests to the wiles of the Welsh Wizard. Briand returned to Paris next day and resigned a day later.
33 Frederick Edward Guest (1875–1937) Liberal MP for Dorset East 1910–22, Stroud 1923–24, Bristol (North) 1924–29. In 1930 became a Conservative and MP for Plymouth (Drake) 1931–37. Junior Lord of Treasury 1911–12; Treasurer of the Household 1912–15; Joint Patronage Secretary to Treasury and Chief Government Whip 1917–1921; Secretary for Air 1921–1922.
34 Gordon Hewart (1870–1943) Liberal MP for Leicester 1913–22. Solicitor-General 1916–1919; Attorney-General 1919–1922; Lord Chief Justice 1922–40. Knighted 1916, created Baron Hewart 1922 and Viscount 1940.
35 In an attempt to rally support for the Coalition, at Glasgow on 19 January 1922 Chamberlain praised the Coalition's achievements and paid a personal tribute to Lloyd George: a speech his brother considered ‘excellent, thoughtful and statesmanlike’. Chamberlain, N. to Ida, 21 01 1922Google Scholar NC 18/1/335.
36 Eric Campbell Geddes (1875–1937). Unionist MP for Cambridge, 1917–February 22. First Lord of Admiralty 1917–1919; Minister without Portfolio 1919; Minister of Transport 1919–1921. Knighted 1916 and created G.B.E. 1919. Chairman FBI 1923–24 and of Dunlop and Imperial Airways. Chairman of the Committee to advise the Chancellor on National Expenditure 1921. The sharp cuts proposed led it to be dubbed “the Geddes axe”. Chamberlain was chairman of the Cabinet committee considering domestic policy economies on public health, unemployment insurance, Addison's housing programme and, most controversial, cuts in education and teacher's salaries.
37 Ard-fheis: Sinn Fein Convention.
38 On 18 and 20 February 1922 respectively Labour gained Manchester (Clayton) and North Camberwell with huge swings against the government. In both, the Labour candidates vigorously attacked the proposed cuts in elementary education. The day after the Camberwell defeat the Cabinet acknowledged finally that the proposed cuts were losing them votes. On 24 February the Coalition Unionists also lost Bodmin to Isaac Foot (Liberal).
39 See, for example, Chamberlain, A. to George, Lloyd, 15 and 23 03 1922Google Scholar, Lloyd George MSS F/7/5/8, 22.
40 Rufus Daniel Isaacs (1860–1935) Liberal MP for Reading 1903–13. Solicitor-General March–October 1910; Attorney-General 1910—October 1913; Lord Chief Justice 1913–21; Ambassador to Washington 1918–19 while remaining Lord Chief Justice; Viceroy of India 1921–26; Foreign Secretary 1931. Knighted 1910, created G.C.B. 1915, Baron Reading 1914, Viscount 1916, Earl 1917 and Marquess of Reading 1926.
41 Edward Turnour Winterton (1883–1962) Conservative MP for Horsham 1904–18, Horsham and Worthing 1918–1945 and for Horsham from 1945 until he retired in October 1951. PPS to Financial Secretary to Admiralty 1903–05; Under-Secretary for India 1922–1924 and 1924–1929; Chancellor Duchy of Lancaster 1937–1939 (member of Cabinet after March 1938); Paymaster-General 1939. Succeeded father to Irish peerage as 6th Earl Winterton 1907. Created Baron Tumour 1952.
42 After three disastrous by-elections in February, Sir Robert Bird held the marginal West Wolverhampton [not Liverpool] for the Coalition on 7 March and on 16 March Cambridge was held by an official Conservative.
43 On 3 March 1922 at the Oxford Carlton Club Chamberlain renewed his commitment to the Coalition and the need to fight the next election as a government.
44 Herbert John Gladstone (1854–1930) Fourth son of W.E. Gladstone. Liberal MP for Leeds May 1880–85 and Leeds West 1885 until he retired January 1910. Lord of the Treasury, 1881–85; Deputy-Commissioner of Works 1885 Financial Secretary War Office 1886; Under-Secretary Home Office 1892–94; First Commissioner of Works 1894–95; Chief Liberal Whip 1899–1905; Home Secretary 1905–1910; Governor-General of South Africa 1910–14. Created G.C.M.G. and Viscount Gladstone 1910. Played a major role in Liberal Party organisation 1919–24.
45 Edward William Macleay Grigg (1879–1955) Private Secretary to Lloyd George 1921–22. Liberal MP for Oldham 1922–25; Governor Kenya Colony 1925–30; National Conservative MP for Altrincham 1933–1945. Parliamentary Secretary to Minister of Information 1939–1940; Financial Secretary to War Office 1940; Joint Under-Secretary War Office 1940–1942; Minister Resident in Middle East November 1944–1945. Created K.C.V.O. 1920, K.C.M.G. 1928 and Baron Altrincham 1945.
46 Bertrand Dawson (1864–1945) Physician in Extraordinary to Edward VII 1907–10; to George V after 1907 and to Edward, Prince of Wales after 1923. Also served successive Prime Ministers. President, Royal College of Physicians 1931. Created Baron Dawson of Penn 1920.
48 William Joynson-Hicks (1865–1932) Conservative MP for Manchester NW, 1908–10; Brentford 1911–1918, Twickenham 1918–1929. Parliamentary Secretary to Overseas Trade Department 1922–1923; Postmaster- and Paymaster-General 1923; Financial Secretary to Treasury (with seat in Cabinet) 1923; Minister of Health 1923–1924; Home Secretary 1924–1929. Created baronet 1919 and Viscount Brentford 1929.
49 Alfred Haman Warren (1856–1927) Coalition Unionist MP for Edmonton 1918–1922. Knighted 1918.
50 After the Genoa conference assembled on 10 April Lloyd George engaged in secret discussions with the Soviet delegates. At the same time Rathenau, the German foreign minister, was stampeded by the Russians into signing a Soviet-German treaty at Rapallo. Despite his efforts this was a shattering blow to Lloyd George's plans although he stayed at Genoa until 18 May.
52 Leslie Orme Wilson (1876–1955) Conservative MP for Reading 1913–22, Portsmouth S 1922–23. Assistant Secretary to War Cabinet 1918; Parliamentary Secretary to Minister of Shipping 1919–1921; Parliamentary Secretary to Treasury and Chief Conservative Whip 1921–1923. Governor of Bombay 1923–28 and of Queensland 1932–46.
53 When the Genoa conference finally collapsed in May, it was decided to postpone the many outstanding issues to a further conference at the Hague in June.
54 Philip Cunliffe-Lister (1884–1972) Changed his surname from Lloyd-Greame in 1924. Conservative MP for Hendon 1918–35. Parliamentary Secretary Board of Trade 1920–1921; Secretary to Overseas Trade Dept 1921–1922; President Board of Trade 1922–1924 and 1924–1929 and 1931; Colonial Secretary 1931–1935; Air Secretary 1935–1938; Minister Resident West Africa 1942–1944; Minister of Civil Aviation 1944–1945; Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster and Minister of Materials 1951–1952; Commonwealth Secretary 1952–1955. Created K.B.E. 1920, G.B.E. 1929, Viscount Swinton 1935 and Earl of Swinton 1955.
55 On 16 May 1922 the government proposal for a 5% levy on teachers for superannuation as part of the Geddes package of economies in education was defeated in the Commons. House of Commons Debates, 5 Series, vol.154 cols.263–326.
56 Henry Wickham Steed (1871–1956) Journalist. Foreign Editor, The Times 1914–19; Editor 1919–22. Lecturer on Central European History, King's College London, 1925–38. Proprietor and editor, Review of Reviews 1923–30. Broadcaster on Overseas Affairs, BBC 1937–47. As editor of Northcliffe's Times, Steed pursued a prolonged and virulent campaign against Lloyd George from a pro-French revanchist perspective which reached a climax during Genoa.
57 In late May 1922 Irish Irregulars invaded the ‘Pettigo triangle’ and old stone fort of Belleek: a tiny piece of Ulster cut off from access to the North by Lough Erne. Although probably intended to be provocative, it was easily recaptured by British troops.
58 General Sir Alexander John Godley (1867–1957) Military Secretary to Secretary of State for War 1920–22: C-in-C Army of the Rhine 1922–24: GOC-in-C Southern Command 1924–28; Governor Gibraltar 1928–33.
59 Northcliffe's nephew claims he had contracted syphilis: a condition which manifested itself in increasing signs of megalomania during the war. By 1922 his dementia had taken control and he died on 14 August 1922. King, C., Strictly Speaking (1969), 57.Google Scholar
60 Blake, R., The Unknown Prime Minister, 440–1Google Scholar.
61 Chamberlain, A. to Ida, , 22 07 1922Google Scholar, AC5/1/246.
62 Joseph Wirth (1879–1956) German Centrist politician. Minister of Finance 1920; Chancellor May 1921–November 1922; Minister of Interior 1930–31. Left Germany when Nazis obtained power.
63 The Balfour Note of 1 August 1922 complained that the USA was demanding that Britain should fund her debt to the US immediately but Britain's allies must also meet their obligations to her in turn. Britain would claim from Europe no more than the USA demanded from her. Chamberlain and Horne wished to placate the USA and asked for their dissent from the Note to be recorded formally. CAB 42(22), 25 July 1922 CAB 23/30. This led to a further cooling of Anglo-American relations.
64 General Sir Charles Harington (1872–1940) Deputy Chief of Imperial General Staff 1918–20; GOC-in-C Army of the Black Sea 1920–21; Allied Occupation Forces in Turkey 1921–23; Northern Command 1923–27; Western Command, India 1927–31; Aldershot Command 1931–33. Governor and C-in-C Gibraltar, 1933–38.
65 Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938) Member of Young Turk reform movement. In 1919 led national resistance to Greek invasion, established a provisional government in Ankara (April 1920) and led Turks to victory in War of Independence which resulted in expulsion of the Greeks, deposition of Sultan and establishment of a republic (in 1923) with himself as first President.
66 For these events see Morgan, K.O., Consensus and Disunity, Chapter 14Google Scholar; Cowling, M., The Impact of Labour, Chapter 11Google Scholar; Kinnear, M., The Fall of Lloyd GeorgeGoogle Scholar, Chapters 5–6.
67 See, for example, Chamberlain, A. to Gretton, J., 21 02 1922Google Scholar, AC 33/1/11; Murray, G., A Man's Life, 259.Google Scholar
68 Jones Diary, 18 September 1932, reporting Baldwin, , A Diary with Letters, 1931–50 (1954), 61Google Scholar; Winterton, Earl, Orders of the Day, 115.Google Scholar
69 Chamberlain, A. to Steel-Maitland, A., 23 03 1923Google Scholar, AC35/1/49.
70 Chamberlain, A. to Birkenhead, , 15 10 1922Google Scholar, Blake, R., The Unknown Prime Minuter, 451Google Scholar. Also Bridgeman Diary, July 1922, Bridgeman MSS II fol.69–73; Chamberlain, A. to Wilson, L., 12 10 1922Google Scholar, AC 33/2/36; Amery Diary, 10 October 1922, The Leo Amery Diaries, 293.Google Scholar
71 Chamberlain, at Birmingham, , Birmingham Daily Post, 14 10 1922.Google Scholar
72 Chamberlain, A. to Birkenhead, , 15 10 1922.Google Scholar
73 Ernest Pollock memorandum, ‘The Fall of the Coalition Government under Lloyd George in October 1922’, n.d. (?1922) corrected 14 September 1931, Hanworth MSS d.432 fol.157–8 (Bodleian Library, Oxford).
74 For Chamberlain's speech see Gleanings and Memoranda, LVI, 11 1922, 489Google Scholar. For his view of future leadership see A. Chamberlain to Pike Pease, 20 October and to L. Wilson, 22 October 1922, AC 32/2/114; AC 33/2/95. For criticism of the speech and its tone see Amery Diary, 19 October 1922, The Leo Amery Diaries, 299Google Scholar; Jones Diary, 19 October 1922, Whitehall Diary, I, 210–11Google Scholar; Hemingford, Lord, Backbencher and Chairman: Some Parliamentary Reminiscences, (1946), 42.Google Scholar
75 Younger, G. to Strachey, J., 20 10 1922Google Scholar, Strachey MSS S/19/4/26b. (House of Lords Record Office). Davidson recorded the result as 185 to 88 with one abstension while Chamberlain's record shows 186 to 85 with three abstentions.
76 Pollock memorandum ‘The Fall of the Coalition …’ fol.163; Sanders Diary, 19 October 1922; Headlam Diary, 20 October 1922 reporting Baldwin, Headlam MSS D/He/19 fol.293.
77 Chamberlain, A. to Wilson, L., 22 11 1922Google Scholar, AC 33/2/95. For Chamberlain's special anger at Wilson's intervention at the Carlton Club see Amery Diary, 19 October 1922, The Leo Amery Diaries, 300.Google Scholar
78 See, for example, Chamberlain, A. to Hilda, , 1 06 1930Google Scholar, AC5/1/5O3.
79 Wilson, L. to Salisbury, Lord, 25 11 1922Google Scholar, Salisbury MSS 103/123 (Hatfield House). In exasperation Wilson even threatened to repudiate the leadership if the party was denied an opportunity to express its view but Chamberlain told him to await the outcome of the crisis. See Wilson to Chamberlain and reply, 11 and 12 October 1922, AC33/2/43.
80 See, for example, Younger, G. to Sanders, , 25 09 1922Google Scholar, Bayford MSS III; Younger, to Gwynne, H.A. 8 10 1922Google Scholar, Gwynne MSS 22 (Bodleian Library, Oxford courtesy of Vice-Admiral Sir Ian Hogg); Wilson, to Salisbury, 25 11 1922Google Scholar Salisbury MSS 103/123; Sir Alexander Leith at Newcastle, Morning Post, 13 11 1922Google Scholar.
81 See, Pollock memorandum, fol. 156.
82 Ernest Varili Hiley (1868–1949) Town Clerk Birmingham 1908; Deputy Director of National Service 1917. Conservative MP for Birmingham (Duddeston) November 1922 until retired in November 1923.
83 Eldred Hallas (1870–1926) Trade Union Secretary and Birmingham City Councillor 1911–1918. MP for Birmingham (Duddeston) December 1918–October 1922 elected as pro-Coalition National Democratic Party member with Conservative support but took the Labour Whip from October 1919.
84 R.G. Hewins, Chairman of Midlands Liberal Unionist Association.
85 Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett Amery (1873–1955) Conservative MP for Birmingham (South later, Sparkbrook) 1911–45. PUS for Colonies 1919–1921; Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to Admiralty 1921–1922; First Lord of Admiralty, 1922–1924; Colonial Secretary, 1924–1929 and Dominion Secretary 1925–1929; Secretary of State for India 1940–1945. A lifelong ardent tariff reformer and imperialist.
86 Arthur Herbert Drummond Ramsay-Steel-Maitland (1876–1935) Conservative MP for Birmingham East 1910–18; Birmingham, Erdington 1918–29; Tamworth 1929–35. PUS for Colonies 1915–1917; Joint PUS for Foreign Affairs and Parliamentary Secretary to Board of Trade (Overseas Trade Dept) 1917–1919; Minister of Labour 1924–June 1929. Created baronet 1917.
87 Arthur Sackville Trevor Griffith-Boscawen (1865–1946) Conservative MP for Tunbridge 1892–1906; Dudley 1910–21; Taunton 1921–22. Parliamentary Secretary to Ministry of Pensions 1916–1919; Parliamentary Secretary to Ministry of Agriculture 1919–1921; Minister of Agriculture 1921–1922; Minister of Health 1922–1923 but resigned after his defeat in Mitcham by-election, March 1923. Knighted 1911.
88 Chamberlain met almost all the Unionist Junior and non-Cabinet ministers in his room in the Commons on 20 July. The second meeting was on 3 August in Birkenhead's room at the Lords.
89 The meeting actually took place on Sunday 17 September, Petrie, , Life and Letters, II, 196–8Google Scholar.
90 (John) Malcolm Fraser (1878–1949) Formerly editor of the Standard and Daily Express. In the Conservative reorganisation of 1911 Fraser became head of the press bureau at Central Office before becoming Principal Agent, 192O–March 1923. Vice-Chairman, Conservative Party, 1937–8. Also Deputy Director of Airship Production at the Admiralty, 1918–19. Knighted 1919; created Baronet 1921.
91 Chamberlain's account is confused on this point. Although accounts vary, Curzon said this at Churchill's dinner on either 9 or 10 October 1922. See, Ronaldshay, Lord to Chamberlain, A., 12 12 1927Google Scholar, AC 54/4/26.
92 Stanley Baldwin (1867–1947) Conservative MP for Worcestershire Bewdley 1903–1937. Joint Financial Secretary to Treasury 1917–1921; President Board of Trade 1921–1922; Chancellor of Exchequer 1922–1923; Prime Minister 1923–24, 1924–29, 1935–37; Lord President of the Council 1931–35. Created K.G. and Earl Baldwin of Bewdley 1937.
93 The Lausanne Conference was planned to secure a new treaty with Turkey to replace the shattered Treaty of Sèvres. In the event, it did not meet until mid-November 1922.
94 James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil (1861–1947) Conservative MP for Darwen 1885–1892; Rochester 1893–1903. Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs 1900–1903; Lord Privy Seal 1903–1905 and 1924–1929; President Board of Trade, 1905; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1922–1923; Lord President of Council 1922–1924. Conservative leader in Lords 1925–31. Styled Viscount Cranborne 1868–1903, succeeded his father as 4th Marquess of Salisbury in 1903. Created G.C.V.O. 1909 and K.G. 1917.
95 Sidney James Webb (1859–1947) Labour MP for Seaham 1922–29. President Board of Trade 1924; Dominion and Colonial Secretary 1929–1930; Colonial Secretary 1930–1931. Created Baron Passfield 1929.
96 Dr R. Dunstan was Labour candidate against Neville Chamberlain in Birmingham Ladywood in 1922. Despite the confidence of both Chamberlain brothers Neville's majority fell from nearly 7000 in 1918 to less than 2500 against a more formidable candidate than his predecessor. At the 1924 election Dunstan moved to contest West Birmingham against Austen Chamberlain where he polled 7000 votes.
97 Francis Samuel Smith (1854–1940) Unsuccessfully contested Hammersmith 1892; Attercliffe Sheffield 1894; Tradeston Glasgow 1895; Taunton 1909; Croydon 1909; Chatham 1910; Balham & Tooting 1918 before contesting unsuccessfully Austen Chamberlain's West Birmingham seat in 1922 and 1923. Unsuccessful Nuneaton 1924 but became Labour MP for that seat May 1929–October 1931. PPS to Lansbury as First Commissioner of Works October 1930.
98 John Robert Clynes (1869–1949) Labour MP for Manchester NE (Platting after 1918) 1906–31 and 1935–45. Parliamentary Secretary to Minister of Food 1917–1918; Food Controller 1918–1919; Lord Privy Seal 1924; Home Secretary 1929–1931.
99 William Robert Wellesley Peel (1867–1937) Conservative MP for Manchester (South) 1900–1906 and Taunton 1909–12. Joint-Parliamentary Secretary Ministry of National Service 1918; Under-Secretary for War and Air 1919–1921; Chancellor Duchy of Lancaster 1921–1922; Minister of Transport 1921–1922; Secretary of State for India 1922–1924 and 1928–1929; First Commissioner of Works 1924–1928; Lord Privy Seal 1931. Succeeded father as 2nd Viscount Peel in 1912. Created G.B.E. 1919, G.C.S.I. 1932, Earl Peel 1929.
100 Victor Christian William Cavendish (1868–1938) Liberal Unionist MP for Derbyshire (West) 1891–1908. Financial Secretary to Treasury 1903–1905; Civil Lord of Admiralty 1915–1916; Governor-General Canada 1916–21; Colonial Secretary 1922–1924. Succeeded uncle as 9th Duke of Devonshire in 1908. Created G.C.V.O. 1912 and K.G. 1916.
101 Philip Albert Gustave David Sassoon (1868–1939) Conservative MP for Hythe June 1912–June 1939. PPS to Lloyd George 1920–22. Under-Secretary for Air 1924–1929 and 1931–1937; First Commissioner of Works 1937–1939.
102 William James Bull (1863–1931) Conservative MP for Hammersmith (later South) 1900–1929. PPS to Walter Long 1903–21. Created baronet 1922.