No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Bavaria: Munich
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 October 2009
Extract
The great events which have recently taken place in France have excited the interest of this Government and Court, as much as they appear to have done all parts of Europe.
There was in the beginning a great display of popular feeling in the towns of Munich and Augsburg in favour of the insurrection of the people of France against the late overstrained exercise of the Royal Prerogative in that Country, so much so that His Bavarian Majesty's attention was drawn by some of his Courtiers near his person to this sudden ebulition of political sentiment, with a view to induce him to take measures for its suppression.
- Type
- Reports
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Royal Historical Society 2002
References
1 Cf. n. 28 in Frankfurt section.
2 1 Maβ = 1 litre.
3 Karl Theodor.
4 According to §44 of the Edict on the Assembly of the Estates of 1818 (Appendix X to the Constitutional Document of 1818) civil servants needed the permission of the King before they could take up a position as a deputy.
5 Johann Georg Bestelmeyer.
6 Cajetan Peter Graf von und zu Sandizell.
7 Not traceable.
8 Pencilled in margin: ‘by the ladies?’.
9 Original in FO 149/24.
10 The new government was formed on 31 December 1831; cf. pp. 412–413 in Bavaria section.
11 Cf. n. 28 in Frankfurt section.
12 The resistance of the second chamber prevented the new press law from being passed in August 1831.
13 The Press Ordinance of 28 January 1831 had considerably tightened censorship. Political reportage had, without exception, been subjected to pre-censorship. This ordinance had been revoked on 13 June by King Ludwig I, that is, before the more moderate press bill presented to him had been debated by the Landtag (cf. n. 12 in this section).
14 The Bayerische Staatszeitung, which was published in Munich from 1832, had only a brief existence, despite massive state subsidies.
15 Friedrich Ludwig Lindner.
16 The Palatinate (on the left bank of the Rhine), which had been under French rule since 1795, became part of Bavaria in 1816. The continued validity of the French administration, justice and legal systems gave it a special status.
17 Hambach Festival, 27–30 May 1832, cf. pp. 23–26 in Frankfurt section.
18 Karl Philipp Fürst von Wrede.
19 Enclosures: Das Hambacher Fest aus officiellen Quellen dargestellt; Translation: an account of the festival of Hambach from official data.
20 For the Prussian-Austrian propositions, which were accepted by the Bundestag as the Six Articles cf. pp. 28–30 in Frankfurt section.
21 Joachim Graf von Münch-Bellinghausen.
22 In 1832 Hanover filed an application in the Bundestag for a unified customs system (including the free movement of goods on all roads and rivers) to he introduced in the territory of the German Confederation, in line with article 19 of the Act of the German Confederation of 1815.
23 August Friedrich Freiherr von Gise.
24 Since August 1830 Austria had been trying to conclude a trade and customs agreement. The negotiations, which Austria had raised to a new level of intensity in March 1832, had little priority for Bavaria and Württemberg against the background of negotiations for entry into the Zollverein.
25 For the presence of Poles in the states of the German Confederation cf. n. 63 in Frankfurt section.
26 Cf. n. 15 in Prussia section.
27 Cf. pp. 135–138 in Prussia section, and pp. 503–505 in Austria section.
28 The canal project was to connect the Danube with the Main and not, as the dispatch suggests, the Rhine. Building works began in 1835 and were completed in 1846.
29 Cf. n. 171 in Prussia section.
30 Karoline.
31 Enclosure: Praktische Bemerkungen des Professors Dr. Wilhelm in München über die Cholera, dan schützende Verfahren vor und bey derselben, une du Behandlung derselben, 5 11 1836Google Scholar (Practical comments on the cholera, on preventative measures and treatment, by Prof. Dr Wilhelm in Munich) (Publication with accompanying letter to the English King).
32 Press Ordinance of 28 January 1818.
33 The Allgemeine Zeitung, from 1810 also known as the Augsburger Allgemeine (after the place of publication), had been established by Johann Friedrich von Cotta in 1798, and from 1832 was continued by his son, Georg von Gotta. It was among Germany's most important newspapers in the nineteenth century.
34 The Allgemeine Zeitung published the article in question, taken from The Times (London), in German translation on 29 January 1834, without any commentary. In it, doubt was cast on the political competence and the moral suitability of Sir Robert Peel's entire government.
35 Cf. n. 28 in Frankfurt section.
36 Karl Philipp Fürst von Wrede.
37 Staatsrat, the highest authority, in an advisory capacity, in the kingdom. It was composed of Crown Prince Maximilian, Prince Karl Theodor, the ministers, six councillors of State nominated by the King, and one secretary general.
38 Under the terms of the Ordinance of 29 November 1837, the eight circles of the Kingdom of Bavaria, which had so far been named after rivers, were renamed: 1. Upper Bavaria (former Circle of Isar), 2, Lower Bavaria (former Circle of Lower Danube), 3. Palatinate (former Circle of the Rhine), 4. Upper Palatinate and Ratisbonne (Circle of Regen), 5. Upper Franconia (Upper Maine), 6. Middle Franconia (Circle of Rezat), Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg (Lower Maine), 8. Swabia and Neuburg (Upper Danube).
39 Cf., among others, pp. 263–264 in Hanover section.
40 The main components of Montgelas's reform policy were the internal modernization and reordering of Bavaria, which had been enlarged and elevated into a kingdom in 1806. Montgclas is considered to be the father of the modern Bavarian state.
41 Enclosure: Extract from No. 58 of the Regierungs-Blatt, 29 November 1837.
42 Athanasius by Josef von Görres was published in January 1837. An indictment of Protestantism and the Prussian state, it was the first significant document of political Catholicism in Germany.
43 August Graf von Dönhoff.
44 Rheinischer Merkur, founded in 1814 by Joseph von Görres in Koblenz; banned in 1816.
45 Paroks d'un Croyant (1834)Google Scholar, containing a democratic programme advocating religious freedom and the separation of church and state, by Hugues-Félicité-Robert de Lamennais.
46 Enclosure: Copy of Goerres Work (Athanasius) on religious difference existing in Germany.
47 Cf. n. 4 in this section.
48 Paragraph 44 of the Edict on the Assembly of the Estates was cited in justification of the exclusion of advocates. This practice, which was based on a decision taken by the council of ministers (Ministerrat) in 1818, was not legally anchored in legislation until 23 May 1846.
49 Cf. n. 28 in Frankfurt section.
50 The British government's complaints about the Greek government concerned the use of torture, and the involvement of innocent people in proceedings against members of the opposition, tax evaders, and thieves. The Bavarian government reacted to British interventions against state sanctioned terror in Greece by pointing out that King Otto was independent of his father, the Bavarian King Ludwig I.
51 Enclosure: Note from Baron de Gise to Lord Erskine, 17 December 1839, stating in reply to his Lordship's notes, that the King can not interfere with the internal Affairs of Greece.
52 Adolph von Harleß.
53 Genuflexion Ordinance (Kniebeugeorder) of 14 August 1838.
54 Paragraph 2 of the Preamble to the Bavarian Constitution of 1818 provided for the separation of church and state.
55 Karl August von Abel.
56 Karl Theodor Maximilian.
57 Maximilian.
58 Hohenschwangau.
59 Ludwig von Wirschinger.
60 In closing the session of Landtag on 17 November 1837, King Ludwig emphasized that the Bavarian constitution did not ask for evidence of how the budget surplus was used.
61 In a speech to the first chamber on 9 April 1840 Abel had accused his predecessor in office, Gettingen-Wallerstein – without naming him directly – of serious misconduct and dishonourable behaviour. The duel took place on 11 April.
62 Heinrich Freiherr von Hess.
63 For the Rhine crisis cf. n. 210 in Frankfurt section.
64 Nikolaus Becker.
65 Rheinlied: Sie sollen ihn nicht haben, den deutschen Rhein (Song of the Rhine: they shall not have it, the German Rhine), first published by the newspaper, Trierische Zeitung on 16 September 1840.
66 James Stuart Erskine.
67 Cf. n. 164 in Prussia section.
68 Anton Eberhard.
69 Therese.
70 Karoline.
71 Karl August von Abel.
72 Cf. pp. 429–430 and n. 60 in this section.
73 Karoline.
74 Maximilian.
75 Karl Theodor.
76 Michele Viale-Prelà.
77 Lothar Anselm Freiherr von Gebsattel.
78 Karl August von Abel.
79 Johann Peter von Richarz.
80 Felix Berr.
81 Enclosure: Kostordnung (Diet Sheet) (translation not extant in FO 9/83).
82 Maximilian.
83 On 7 May 1835 Rothschild, the Frankfurt bank, was instructed to set up a public limited company for the construction of the Ludwigs-Canal.
84 The Royal Ordinance of 26 March stated that Protestant soldiers could no longer officially be ordered to attend a Catholic service, and vice versa.
85 For the Allgemeine Zeitung cf. n. 33 in this section.
86 Michele Viale-Prelà.
87 Heinrich von Hofstätter.
88 Valentin von Riedel.
89 Cf. p. 435 in this section.
90 Enclosure: Translation, Extract from the Allgemeine Zeitung, 7 April 1844.
91 To Archduke Albrecht of Austria.
92 Karl und Albrecht.
93 Cf. p. 23–26 in Frankfurt section.
94 Cf. pp. 428–430, 436–437 in this section.
95 The Reichsrat (chamber of peers, the first chamber) doctrine of 14 June 1843 resulted in a compromize in the dispute about the Landtag's right to approve the use of budget surpluses. In future, any budget surplus was to be considered part of the state's revenues and would thus be subject to the chambers' right to participate in making budgetary policy.
96 In Austria, Emperor Ferdinand had granted a general amnesty after his accession to the throne in 1835. In Württemberg, an amnesty for political offences was declared on 25 September on the twenty-fifth anniversary of King Wilhelm's accession.
97 The law of exclusion that applied to civil servants also applied to lawyers (cf. pp. 432–433 in this section). This practice was enshrined in law on 23 May 1846.
98 In Württemberg the code of criminal procedure came into effect on 22 June 1843. The code of criminal procedure discussed by the Landtag in Baden and approved by the government in 1843–1844 was even more progressive. However, it was not officially published until 6 March 1845.
99 Cf. n. 16 in this section.
100 Genuflexion Ordinance of 14 August 1838, cf. pp. 447–449 in this section.
101 A ministerial decree of 4 November lifted the prohibition on converting minors in exceptional cases.
102 For the Gustav Adolf Verein, which was banned in Bavaria on 10 February 1844, cf. n. 220 in Prussia section.
103 Cf. pp. 447–449 in this section.
104 Ludwig Friedrich von Voltz.
105 Jacob Bauer (first burgomaster) and Kaspar von Steinsdorf (second burgomaster).
106 Maximilian.
107 Die Eisenbahnproduction und der Eisenbedarf für die Schienenwege (Railway production and the demand for iron for railway lines), Allgemeine Zeitung, no. 71, 12 March 1845.
108 Not traceable.
109 Royal Ordinance concerning the Trade in Grain, 11 November 1845; Royal Ordinance concerning Brewing, 11 November 1845.
110 Cf. n. 59 in Hanover section.
111 Zollvereinsblatt, cf. n. 137 in Saxony section.
112 Friedrich Justus Willich.
113 Karl August von Abel.
114 Cf. n. 4 in this section.
115 Edict on the Assembly of the Estates, Appendix 10 to the Constitutional Document of 1818.
116 Cf. n. 192 in Frankfurt section, and n. 10 in this section.
117 Karl Theodor Fürst von Wrede.
118 Maximilian.
119 Cf. for example p. 454 in this section.
120 Sebastian Freiherr Schrenck von Notzing.
121 Karl Freiherr Schrenck von Notzing.
122 The succession in the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, hitherto united with Denmark in a personal union, was not clear because there were two different laws of succession. The vehement discussions of 1846 were sparked off by a public letter of 8 July from the Danish king, Christian VII, to his subjects, in which he upheld the principle of undivided succession in the area ruled by the Danish royal house.
123 Friedrich Christian Ludwig Graf Senfft von Pilsach.
124 An uprising in February 1846 led to the occupation of Cracow by Austria on 3 April, and the protocol of 6 November incorporated it into the Austrian Empire as part of the Kingdom of Galicia.
125 Cf. pp. 235–236, 238–241 in Prussia section.
126 Enclosure: Translation, Declaration made by the Minister of War of Electoral Hesse to the Chambers respecting the interpretation by the Government of certain articles of the Constitution.
127 Cf. pp. 474–475 in this section.
128 Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von Bray-Steinburg (foreign minister), Karl Freiherr Schrenck von Notzing (minister of justice, culture, education and church affairs), Karl Graf von Seinsheim (finance minister), Anton Freiherr von Gumppenberg (war minister).
129 Lola Montez.
130 The memorandum of 11 February reads: ‘Men like the Bishop of Augsburg [Johann Peter von Richarz], whose fidelity and devotion to Your Majesty are raised above all doubt, shed bitter tears over what is passing & over results that are daily gradually developing themselves.’
131 The memorandum reads: ‘The Prince Bishop of Breslau [Melchior Freiherr von Diepenbrock] had no sooner received information of a Report circulated here, that he had pronounced an opinion in palliation of the said state of things, than he immediately sent a letter here with directions to declare in the most positive manner this statement to be untrue, wherever the subject might be mentioned, and to express his decided disapproval. His letter is no longer a secret, and will soon be known throughout the entire Country, and what will be the effect produced!’
132 Anton Freiherr von Gumppenberg.
133 Enclosure: Translated Letter, dated February 11 1847, from the Bavarian ministers to the King, stating the grounds of & tendering their resignation.
134 Ernst von Lasaulx.
135 Albrecht Graf von Bernstoff.
136 Karl Graf von Seinsheim, Anton Freiherr von Gumppenberg.
137 Anton Freiherr von Gumppenberg.
138 The funeral of the Protestant Queen Mother, Karoline, in 1841 had given rise to a public scandal because the cortège had been received by the Catholic clergy in Munich not wearing their liturgical vestments.
139 Maximilian.
140 Clemens August Freiherr von Droste zu Vischering; cf, for example, pp. 88–91 in Frankfurt section.
141 J.C. Gevers.
142 Cf. pp. 472–474 in this section.
143 Karl Graf von Seinsheim.
144 Cf. pp. 474–475 in this section.
145 Ferdinand Christoph Graf von Degenfeld-Schonburg and Ludwig Freiherr Rüdt von Collenberg-Bödigheim.
146 Not traceable.
147 Adolf Freiherr von Brenner.
148 Cf. pp. 403–404 in Württemberg section.
149 In May 1847 the Austrian government placed a ban on the export of grain from Bohemia to Saxony and Bavaria.
150 In addition to Oettingen-Wallerstein (foreign minister, church and school affairs), the cabinet consisted of: Karl Friedrich von Heres (finance minister), Franz von Berks (minister for the interior), Hermann von Beisler (justice minister), and Leonhard Freiherr von Hohenhausen (war minister).
151 It was the task of the Landtag to discuss the regulations for financing the construction of the railways (that is, to specify the interest rate).
152 Enclosures: 1. The Landtagsabschied on closing the Session of the Bavarian States, 30 November 1847; 2. Translation.