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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 October 2009
I have taken great pains to procure an accurate account of the Finances of this country, a task of some difficulty as the subject is purposely (as it is supposed) involved in obscurity by the Government. I believe however that the accuracy of the enclosed may be relied upon, and I shall take care from time to time to apprise Your Lordship of any new measure, or of any variation which may occur in the system.
1 The Imperial Patent of 1 November 1829 introduced a standard rate for the consumption tax levied on wine, beer, cider (Most), spirits, and meat. This superseded the numerous regional regulations which had previously existed.
2 Peter Joseph Freiherr von Eichhoff.
3 In 1816 instructions were issued for the Wiener Währung (Viennese currency), which had been introduced only in 1811, to be exchanged for the Conventionswährung (Convention currency). The aim of this measure, which coincided with the founding of the Austrian National Bank, was to get the inflation caused by the fiduciary issue of banknotes under control.
4 Enclosure: Mémoire sur les Finances de l'Autriche.
5 French revolution of July 1830, cf. n. 28 in Frankfurt section.
6 Second Paris Peace of 20 November 1815.
7 Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
8 Cf. pp. 23–26 in Frankfurt section.
9 Heinrich Eduard Fürst zu Schönburg-Hartenstein.
10 The French newspapers Tribune and National published an appeal for the establishment of a Parisian branch of the Preβ- und Vaterlandsverein, which had initiated the Hambach Festival. Later renamed Deutscher Volks-Verein, this was the first political association founded by German emigrants in Paris.
11 Declaration of intent by the rulers of Russia, Austria and Prussia, 26 September 1815, which was joined later by all the crowned heads of Europe, with the exception of the British monarch. With the aim of defending the legitimacy of the monarchies, the Holy Alliance agreed to offer mutual support, and to work for the preservation of the principles of the Christian religion.
12 The Act of the German Confederation of 8 June 1815, and the Vienna Final Act of 15 May 1820.
13 An identically worded dispatch was also sent to Prussia, cf. pp. 123–128 in Prussia section.
14 Cf. n. 131 in Frankfurt section.
15 Six Articles of 28 June 1832, cf. n. 66 in Frankfurt section.
16 Not included in this volume.
17 Military Commission of the German Confederation, cf. n. 35 in Prussia section.
18 For comments on this dispatch, an identically worded version of which was also sent to Prussia, cf. pp. 123–128 in Prussia section.
19 Cf. n. 83 in Frankfurt section.
20 Pencil in margin: ‘But Query are they not representative assemblies?’.
21 The Duchy of Salzburg, which fell to Bavaria in 1809, was returned to Austrian rule on 1 May 1816.
22 For the debate on the press law in Baden cf. n. 51 in Frankfurt section.
23 Joachim Graf von Münch-Bellinghausen.
24 As one of the Confederation's five fortresses, the ‘Garrison of Mayence’ was under the direct control of the German Confederation. Austrian, Prussian and Hessian troops were stationed in Mainz; the Commandant was provided by Austria and Prussia alternately.
25 Bavaria and Württemberg, which had comprised the South German Customs Union since 1828, joined the Prussian Customs Union on 22 March 1833.
26 Cf. n. 66 in Frankfurt section.
27 An attempt by a group of partisans from Galicia to stir up a general revolt in Poland through acts of sabotage and propaganda never got off the ground. Most of the Poles involved were arrested by the Russian police; some were sentenced to death, while other were imprisoned or banished to Siberia.
28 The planned military conspiracy in Ludwigsburg in Württemberg was part of a concerted revolutionary campaign in southern Germany, whose aim was to establish a republic in Germany.
29 The Polish National Committee was founded in 1831 by Polish emigrés in Paris. The members of this organization, which gave rise to the Polish Democratic Society in March 1832, were involved in a large number of revolts throughout the whole of Europe.
30 Not traceable.
31 Ernst Louis Koseritz.
32 Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
33 Not included in this volume.
34 For the Ministers' Conferences in Vienna cf. pp. 135–138 in Prussia section, pp. 503–505 in this section.
35 Cf. p. 506 in this section.
36 For Russia's Oriental policy cf. n. 84 in Prussia section.
37 Six Articles of 28 June 1832, cf. n. 66 in Frankfurt section.
38 Cf. pp. 23–26 in Frankfurt section.
39 French revolution of July 1830, cf. n. 28 in Frankfurt section.
40 Cf. n. 11 in this section.
41 Enclosures: Original and Translation, Article from Austrian Observer, 25 February 1835.
42 Prussia's western provinces, the Rhineland and Westphalia, on the one hand, and the rest of Prussia's provinces in the east of the territory covered by the Customs Union on the other.
43 An identically worded dispatch was also sent to the diplomatic missions in Prussia and Russia, cf. pp. 140–145 in Prussia section.
44 Paul Anton Fürst Esterházy von Galántha.
45 The European Powers had agreed on the creation of the Free Republic of Cracow in the Act of the Vienna Congress, 9 June 1815.
46 At the Congress of Vienna in 1815 the Duchy of Warsaw, excluding Posen and Cracow, was united with Russia in a personal union as the Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland).
47 Cf. n. 18 in Prussia section.
48 Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
49 The most important points in the Constitution of Cadiz (1812–1814) were the separation of powers and the introduction of an unicameral system, the abolition of the privileges of the aristocracy, and the establishment of economic freedoms and a centralized administrative system. The Constitution of Cadiz attained symbolic value in 1820, when a revolutionary rising forced the Spanish king to reintroduce it — at least temporarily. In 1821, during unrest in the Kingdom of Piedmont—Sardinia, attempts were made to introduce the Constitution of Cadiz m Italy as well.
50 Karoline Auguste Charlotte and Maria Anna.
51 The Liguorianer were a missionary order, founded in Naples in 1732, which devoted itself mainly to missionary work among the poor. They filled the gap left by the dissolution of the jesuit Order in 1773, but had no institutional links with the jesuits, who had been permitted again in Austria since 1814.
52 Redemptorists, Congregation of the Redeemer; widespread term for the Order of the Liguorianer.
53 Peter Joseph Freiherr von Eichhoff.
54 Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria was crowned King of Bohemia in Prague on 7 September 1836.
55 Enclosures: 1. Private Letter from Mr Fraser to Sir Frederick Lamb, 28 September 1836; 2. Copy and translation of a letter from Count Kolowrath to Baron Eskales. 19 September 1836; 3. Extract of a letter from Count Kolowrath to Baron Eskales, no date.
56 On the decision of the Emperor, the Secret State Conference met on 12 December 1835.
57 Protestants who refused to join the Catholic Church were compelled to emigrate by an imperial decree of 12 January 1837. The majority of the c.400 people involved subsequently went to South America.
58 The Act of the German Confederation of 8 June 1815 specified that the religious communities of the recognized Christian denominations were to be treated equally. Therefore the granting of civil and political rights could not be made dependent on membership of a particular denomination. The Vienna Final Act of 15 May 1820 does take a position on this issue.
59 Cf. pp. 88–91 in Frankfurt section.
60 For the differences between Prussia and the Vatican on the question of mixed marriage cf. pp. 169–170 in Prussia section.
61 Joachim Karl Ludwig Mortimer von Maltzan.
62 Rhine crisis, cf. n. 210 in Frankfurt section.
63 Cf. n. 83 in Prussia section.
64 In mid-September 1842 Prince Metternich visited Friedrich Wilhelm IV, who was at the Burg Stolzenfels near Koblenz to celebrate the building of Cologne Cathedral and for the German Confederation's military manoeuvres in the Rhineland.
65 Hermann Ulrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow.
66 The Cartel Convention of 1833 between Prussia and Russia for the mutual extradition of deserters and criminals was not renewed in 1843.
67 For the Prussian disputes on mixed marriage and the arrest of the Archbishop of Cologne, cf. pp. 88–91 in Frankfurt section.
68 Charles Augustus Murray.
69 Enclosure: Copy, Prince Metternich to Robert Gordon, 3 March 1843.
70 Based on the decree concerning the dissolution of the monasteries of 12 January 1782, between 700 and 800 monastic houses were secularized in Austria under Joseph II. However, church property was not confiscated in its entirety.
71 Joseph Ritter von Müller.
72 On 9 April 1836 Emperor Ferdinand I granted permission for the railway line planned and financed by Salomon von Rothschild to be built as the Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nord-Bahn.
73 Peter Edler von Muth.
74 Cf. p. 221 in Prussia section. The exposure of the conspiracy in Posen meant that attempted revolutions in Poland failed, even before the ‘Polish National Government’ in Cracow issued a call for a general uprising on 22 February, one day after this dispatch was written.
75 Cf. n. 46 in this section.
76 Cf. pp. 235–241 in Prussia section.
77 Enclosure: Copy of reply by Prince Metternich dated 9 June 1847.