No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Parkinson's disease
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 November 2008
Abstract
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Clinical geriatrics
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991
References
1Strudwick, A, Mutch, WJ, Dingwall-Fordyce, I. Parkinson's disease – functional impairment and who helps. Clinical Rehabilitation 1990; 4: 213–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Rajput, AH, Offord, KP, Beard, CM, Kurland, LT. Epidemiology of Parkinsonism: incidence, classification and mortality. Ann Neurol 1984; 16: 278–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Mutch, WJ, Dingwall-Fordyce, I, Downie, AW, Paterson, JG, Roy, SK. Parkinson's disease in a Scottish city. Br Med J 1986a; 292: 534–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4D'Alessandro, R, Gamberini, G, Granieri, F, Benassi, G, Naccarato, S, Manzaroli, D. Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the Republic of San Marino. Neurology 1987; 37: 1679–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Bekkelund, SI, Selseth, B, Nellgren, SI. Parkinson's disease in a population group in Northern Norway. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen (VRV) 1989; 109: 561–63.Google Scholar
6Bharucha, NE, Bharucha, EP, Bharucha, AE, Bhise, AV, Schoenberg, BS. Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the Parsi Community in Bombay, India. Arch Neurol 1988; 45: 1321–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Ebmeier, KP, Calder, SA, Crawford, JR, Stewart, L, Besson, JAO, Mutch, WJ. Parkinson's disease in Aberdeen: survival after 3.5 years. Ada Neurol Scand 1990; 81: 294–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Li, TM, Sawsh, M, Alberman, E. Morbidity and mortality in motor neurone disease: comparison with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease: age and sex specific rates and cohort analyses. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48: 320–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Schoenberg, BS, Osuntokun, BO, Adeuja, AOG et al. Comparison of the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in black populations in the rural US and in rural Nigeria: door-to-door community studies. Neurology 1987; 37 (suppl 1): 120.Google Scholar
10Ricaurte, GA, Irwin, I, Forno, LS, Delanney, LE, Langston, EB, Langston, JW. Ageing and MPTP-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra. Brain Res 1987; 403: 43–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Schoenberg, BS. Clinical neuroepidemiology in developing countries. Neuroepidemiology 1982; 1: 137–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12Mutch, WJ, Smith, WC, Scott, RF. A screening and alerting questionnaire for Parkinsonism. Neuroepidemiology 1991 (in press).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Mjones, H. Paralysis agitans. A clinical and genetic study. Acta Psychiat et Neurologica Scand 1949; 25 (suppl 54): 1–195.Google Scholar
14Martilla, RJ, Kaprio, MD, Koskenvuo, M, Rinne, MD. Parkinson's disease in a nationwide twin cohort. Neurology 1988; 38: 1217–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15Ward, CD, Duvoisin, RC, Ince, SE, Nutt, JD, Eldridge, R, Calne, DB. Parkinson's disease in 65 pairs of twins and in a set of quadruplets. Neurology 1983; 33: 815–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Barbeau, A, Roy, M. Familial subsets in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Can J Neurol Sci 1984; 11: 144–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Ballard, PA, Tetrad, JW, Langston, JW. Permanent human Parkinsonism due to MPTP. Neurology 1985; 35: 949–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Langston, JW. MPTP: The promise of a new neurotoxin. In: Marsden, CD, Fahn, S eds. Movement disorders 2. London: Butterworth, 1987: 73.Google Scholar
19Barbaeau, A, Roy, M. Uneven prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the province of Quebec. Can J Neurol Sci 1985; 12: 169–70.Google Scholar
20Aquilonius, SM, Hartvig, P. A Swedish county with unexpectedly high utilization of anti-Parkinsonian drugs. Acta Neurol Scand 1986; 74: 379–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Langston, JW, Irwin, I. Pyridine toxins. In: Calne, DB ed. Drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Handbook Exp Pharm 88. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989: 205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22Ebmeier, KP, Mutch, WJ, Calder, SA, Crawford, JR, Stewart, L, Besson, JAO. Does idiopathic Parkinsonism in Aberdeen follow intra-uterine influenza? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52: 911–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Bharucha, NE, Stokes, L, Schoenberg, BS et al. A case control study of twin pairs discordant for Parkinson's disease – a search for environmental risk factors. Neurology 1986; 36: 284–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Koller, WC, Dolezal, J, Chin, T, Hassanein, RS, Weldon, G. Environmental risk factors in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989; 39 (suppl 1): 285.Google Scholar
25Tanner, CM. The role of environmental toxins in the etiology of Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci 1989; 12: 49–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26McGeer, PL, McGeer, E, Suzuki, JS. Ageing and extrapyramidal function. Arch Neurol 1977; 34: 33–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Calne, DB, Langston, JW. Aetiology of Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1983; ii: 1457–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28Gibb, WRG, Lees, AJ. The progression of idiopathic Parkinson's disease is not explained by age-related changes. Clinical and pathological comparisons with post-encephalitic Parkinsonian syndrome. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1987; 73: 195–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29Halliwell, B. Oxidants and the central nervous system: some fundamental questions. Acta Neurol Scand 1989; 80 (suppl 126): 23–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30Waring, RH, Sturman, SG, Smith, MCG, Steventon, GB, Heafield, MTE, Williams, AC. S-Methylation in motor neurone disease and Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1989; ii: 356–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31Ramsay, RR, Salach, JI, Dadgar, J, Singer, TP. Inhibition of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase by pyridine derivatives and its possible relation to experimental and idiopathic Parkinsonism. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1986; 135: 269–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Parker, WD, Boyson, SJ, Parks, JK. Abnormalities of the electron transport chain in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1989; 26: 719–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Schapira, AHV, Copper, JM, Dexter, D, Jenner, P, Clark, JB, Marsden, CD. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1989; i: 1269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34Dexter, DT, Wells, FR, Lees, AJ et al. Increased nigral iron content and alterations in other metal ions occurring in brain in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 1989; 52: 1830–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Dexter, DT, Carter, C, Wells, FR et al. Basal lipid peroxidation in substantia nigra is increased in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 1989; 52: 381–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Sinclair, AJ, Barnett, AH, Lunec, J. Free radicals and antioxidant systems in health and disease. Br J Hosp Med 1990; 43: 334–42.Google ScholarPubMed
37Cohen, G. Monoamine oxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 1986; 45: 119–25.Google Scholar
39Riederer, P, Wuketich, S. Time course of nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 1976; 38: 227–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Cohen, G, Spina, MB. Deprenyl suppresses the oxidant stress associated with increased dopamine turnover. Ann Neurol 1989; 26: 689–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Shoulson I and the Parkinson Study Group. DAT ATOP: A multicentre controlled clinical trial in early Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 1989b; 46: 1052–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42Tanner, CM, Kinori, I, Goetz, CG, Carvey, PM, Klawans, HL. Clinical course in Parkinson's disease: relationship to age at onset. Neurology 1985; 232 (suppl): 25.Google Scholar
43Gibb, WRG, Lees, AJ. A comparison of clinical and pathological features of young- and old-onset Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1988; 38: 1402–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44Mutch, WJ, Jones, S. Age at onset and Parkinson's disease. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Parkinson's disease. Jerusalem, 1988: 118.Google Scholar
45Turnbull, CJ, Aitken, JA. Diagnosis and management of ‘Parkinsonism’ in the elderly. Age Ageing 1983; 12: 309–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Zetusky, WJ, Jankovic, J, Pirozzolo, FJ. The heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease: clinical and prognostic implications. Neurology 1985; 35: 522–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Hietanen, M, Teravainen, H. The effect of age of disease onset on neuropsychological performance in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 244–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Reid, WGJ. The neuropsychology of de novo patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease: the effect of age of onset.Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Parkinson's disease. Jerusalem, 1988: 9.Google Scholar
49Ebmeier, KP, Calder, SA, Crawford, JR, Stewart, L, Besson, JAO, Mutch, WJ. Clinical features predicting dementia in idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A follow-up study. Neurology 1990; 40: 1222–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Agid, Y, Javoy-Agid, F, Ruberg, M. Biochemistry of neurotransmitters in Parkinson's disease. In: Marsden, CD, Fahn, S eds. Movement disorders 2. London: Butterworth, 1987: 166.Google Scholar
51Brown, RG, Marsden, CD. Neuropsychology and cognitive function in Parkinson's disease: an overview. In: Marsden, CD, Fahn, S eds. Movement disorders 2. London: Butterworth, 1987: 99.Google Scholar
52Cederbaum, JM, McDowell, FH. Sixteen years follow up of 100 patients begun on levodopa in 1968: emerging problems. In: Yahr, MD, Bergmann, KJ eds. Advances in neurology. New York: Raven Press, 1986: 469–72.Google Scholar
53Gauthier, S, Gauthier, L. Current status of levodopa therapy in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Can J Neurol Sci 1987; 14: 452–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Diamond, SG, Markham, CH, Hoehn, MM, McDowell, FH, Muenter, MD. Effect of age at onset on progression and mortality in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989; 39: 1187–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Wilson, JA, Smith, RG. The prevalence and aetiology of long-term L-dopa side-effects in elderly Parkinsonian patients. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 11–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Godwin-Austen, RB, Lowe, J. The two types of Parkinson's disease. In: Clifford-Rose, F, ed. Current problems in neurology. Parkinson's disease, clinical and experimental advances. London: J Libbey, 1987: 79.Google Scholar
57Goetz, CG, Tanner, CM, Stebbins, GT, Buchman, AS. Risk factors for progression in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1988; 38: 1841–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Schoenberg, BS. Epidemiology of movement disorders. In: Marsden, CD, Fahn, S eds. Movement disorders 2. London: Butterworth, 1987: 17.Google Scholar
60Findley, LJ, Cleeves, L. The relation of essential tremor to Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48: 192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Hardie, RJ, Lees, AJ. Neuroleptic-induced Parkinson's syndrome: clinical features and results of treatment with Levodopa. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 850–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62Michel, IF, Pardal, MF, Gatto, M et al. Flunarizine and cinnarizine-induced extra pyramidal reactions. Neurology 1987; 37: 881–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63Gibb, WRG. The Lewy body and Parkinson's disease. In: Clifford-Rose, F ed. Current problems in neurology 6. Parkinson's disease clinical and experimental advances. London: John Libbey, 1987: 3.Google Scholar
64Jellinger, K. The pathology of Parkinsonism. In: Marsden, CD, Fahn, S eds. Movement disorders 2. London: Butterworth, 1987: 124.Google Scholar
65Jankovic, J. Parkinsonian disorders. In: Appel, SH ed. Current neurology, Volume 5. New York: Wiley, 1984: 1.Google Scholar
66Lees, AJ. The Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome (Progressive Supranuclear Palsy). In: Marsden, CD, Fahn, S eds. Movement disorders 2. London: Butterworth, 1987: 272.Google Scholar
67Broe, GA, Creasey, H. The neuroepidemiology of old age. In: Tallis, R ed. Clinical neurology of old age. London: John Wiley, 1989: 51.Google Scholar
68Cedarbaum, JM. Clinical pharmacokinetics of anti-Parkinsonian drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 1987; 13: 141–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69 Anti-Parkinson drugs. In: Caird, FI ed. Drugs for the elderly. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1985: 115.Google Scholar
70Nutt, JG, Woodward, WR, Carter, JH, Trotman, TL. Influence of fluctuations of plasma large neutral amino acids with normal diets on the clinical response to levodopa. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52: 481–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Sandler, M. A new dimension to management-MAO-B and COMT inhibitors. Proceedings Roche symposium: new pharmacological approaches to management. London: Medical Action Communications, 1989.Google Scholar
72Lieberman, AN, Goldstein, M. Update on bromocriptine in Parkinson's disease. In: Calne, DB ed. Drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Handbook Exp Pharm 88. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989: 443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73Gopinathan, G, Horowski, R, Suchy, H. Lisuride pharmacology and treatment of Parkinson's disease. In: Calne, DB ed. Drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Handbook Exp Pharm 88. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989: 471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74Lees, AJ, Frankel, J, Eatough, V, Stern, GM. New approaches in the use of selegiline for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1989; 80 (suppl 126): 139–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75Heinonen, EH, Rinne, UK, Tuominen, J. Selegiline in the treatment of daily fluctuations in disability of Parkinsonian patients with long-term levodopa treatment. Acta Neurol Scand 1989; 80 (suppl 126): 113–18.Google Scholar
76Birkmayer, W, Knoll, J, Riederer, P, Youdim, MBH, Hars, V, Marlon, J. Increased life expectancy resulting from addition of L-Deprenyl to madopar treatment in Parkinson's disease: a long-term study. J Neural Transm 1985; 64: 113–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77Tetrud, JW, Langston, WJ. The effect of deprenyl (selegiline) on the natural history of Parkinson's disease. Science 1989; 245: 519–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Shoulson I and the Parkinson study group. Effect of deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1364–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79Aquilonius, S-M. The pharmacokinetics of L-dopa and the use of intraduodenal infusions. Proceedings Roche symposium: new pharmacological approaches to management. London: Medical Action Communications, 1989.Google Scholar
80Yahr, MD, Kaufmann, H. Clinical actions of L-deprenyl in Parkinson's disease. In: Calne, DB ed. Drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Handbook Exp Pharm 88. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989: 433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81Poewe, WH, Lees, AJ, Stern, GM. Treatment of motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease with an oral sustained release preparation of L-dopa: clinical and pharmacokinetic observations. Clin neuropharmacol 1986; 9: 430–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82UK Madopar CR Study Group. A comparison of Madopar CR and standard Madopar in the treatment of nocturnal and early morning disability. Clin Neuropharmacol 1989; 12: 498–505.Google Scholar
83Frankel, JP, Lees, AJ, Kempster, PA, Stern, GM. Subcutaneous apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990; 53: 96–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Mayeux, R, Stern, Y, Mulvey, K, Cote, L. Re-appraisal of temporary levodopa withdrawal (‘Drug Holiday’) in Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 724–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
85Rinne, UK. Early combination of bromocriptine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: a 5-year follow up. Neurology 1987; 37: 826–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86Rinne, UK. Lisuride, a dopamine agonist in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989; 39: 336–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87Lindvall, O. Transplantation into the human brain: present status and future possibilities. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52 (special suppl): 39–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
88Goetz, CG, Olanow, CW, Roller, WC et al. Multi-centre study of autologous adrenal medullary transplantation to the corpus striatum in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 337–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
89Hitchcock, ER, Clough, C, Hughes, R, Kenny, B. Embryo's and Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1988; i: 1274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
90Lindvall, O, Brundin, P, Widner, H et al. Grafts of foetal dopamine neurons survive and improve motor function in Parkinson's disease. Science 1990; 247: 574–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91Williams, A. Cell implantation in Parkinson's disease. Br Med J 1990; 301: 301–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92Shibazaki, T, Hirai, T, Hirato, Y et al. Physiologically identified, selective ventrointermedius thalamotomy ameliorates, various kinds of tremor and other disorders of movement related to tremor. In: Crossman, AR, Sambrook, MA eds. Neural mechanisms in disorders of movement. Current problems in neurology 9. London: J Libbey, 1989: 393.Google Scholar