Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T17:31:08.049Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutrition in old age: an update and questions for future research: Part 1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

Anthea B Lehmann
Anthea B Lehmann*
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham Medical School, UK
*
Anthea B Lehmann, Department of Elderly Medicine, West Wing, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Clinical geriatrics
Information
Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 1 , Issue 2 , May 1991 , pp. 135 - 145
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Rowe, JW, Kahn, RL. Human aging: usual and successful. Science 1987; 237: 143–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Bortz, WM. Redefining human aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 1092–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Elahi, VK, Elahi, D, Andres, R, Tobin, JD, Butler, MG, Norris, AH. A longitudinal study of nutritional intake in men. J Gerontol 1983; 38: 162–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Stanton, BR, Exton-Smith, AN. A longitudinal study of the dietary intake of elderly women. London: King Edwards's Hospital Fund, 1970.Google Scholar
5Scrimshaw, NS. Epidemiology of nutrition of the aged. In: Horwitz, A, Macfadyen, DM, Munro, H et al. eds. Nutrition in the elderly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
6Patrick, JM, Bassey, EJ, Fentem, PH. Changes in body fat and muscle in manual workers at and after retirement. Eur J Appl Physiol 1982; 49: 187–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Rowe, JW. Research in gerontology. In: Rowe, JW, Besdine, RW eds. Health and disease in old age. Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1982.Google Scholar
8Friedlaender, JS, Costa, PT, Bosse, R, Ellis, E, Rhoads, JG, Stoudt, NW, Longitudinal physique changes among healthy white veterans at Boston. Hum Biol 1977; 49: 541–58.Google ScholarPubMed
9Novak, LP, Aging, total body potassium, fat-free mass, and cell mass in males and females between ages 18 and 85 years. J Gerontol 1972; 27: 438–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Burr, ML, Milbank, JE, Gibbs, D. The nutritional status of the elderly. Age Ageing 1982; 11: 89–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Steen, B. Body composition and aging. Nutr Rev 1988; 42(2): 45–51.Google Scholar
12Lehmann, AB, Bassey, EJ, Morgan, K, Dallosso, HM. Normal values for weight, skeletal size and body mass indices in 890 men and women aged over 65 years. Clin Nutr 1991; 10: 18–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Castelli, WP, Dawber, TR, Gordon, R, Kannel, WB. Lipoproteins, cardiovascular disease and death: the Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141: 1128–31.Google Scholar
14Kohns, MB, Tobben, CK. Association of obesity with disease among the elderly. Nutr Rep Int 1982; 25: 533–41.Google Scholar
15Andres, R. Effect of obesity on total mortality. Int J Obesity 1980; 4: 381–86.Google ScholarPubMed
16Mattila, K, Haavisto, M, Rajala, S. Body mass index and mortality in the elderly. Br Med J 1986; 292: 867–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Campbell, AJ, Spears, GFS, Brown, JS, Busby, WJ, Borrie, MJ. Anthropometric measurements as predictors of mortality in a community population aged 70 years and over. Age Ageing 1990; 19: 131–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Friedman, PJ, Campbell, AJ, Caradoc-Davies, TH. Prospective trial of a new diagnostic criterion for severe wasting malnutrition in the elderly. Age Ageing 1985; 14: 149–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Bienia, R, Ratcliff, S, Barbour, GL, Kummer, M. Malnutrition in the hospitalized geriatric patient. J Am Geriatr Soc 1982; 30: 433–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Delmi, M, Rapin, CH, Bengoa, J-M, Delmas, PD, Vasey, H, Bonjour, J-P. Dietary supplementation in elderly patients with fractured neck of femur. Lancet 1990; i: 1013–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Bastow, MD, Rawlings, J, Allison, SP. Undernutrition, hypothermia, and injury in elderly women with fractured femur: an injury response to altered metabolism. Lancet 1983; i: 143–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22Older, MWJ, Delyth, E, Dickerson, JWT. A nutrient survey in elderly women with femoral neck fracture. Br J Surg 1980; 67: 884–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Kiel, DP, Felson, DP, Anderson, JJ et al. Hip fracture and the use of oestrogens in postmenopausal women: the Framingham Study. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1169–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Farmer, ME, Harris, T, Madans, JH, Wallace, RB, Cornoni-Huntley, J, White, JR. Anthropometric indicators and hip fracture. The NHANES-I epidemiologic follow-up study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 9–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Keatinge, W. The medical problems of cold weather. J R Coll Phys [Land] 1986; 20: 283–87.Google ScholarPubMed
26Pinchcofsky-Devin, GD, Kaminski, MV. Correlation of pressure sores and nutritional status. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 435–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Breslow, R, Hallfisch, J, Moser, PB, Maney, D, Muller, D, Goldbergh, A. Nursing home patients. Fed Proc 1987; 46: 4042.Google Scholar
28Chandra, RK. Nutritional regulation of immunocompetence and risk of disease. In: Horwitz, A, Macfadyen, DM, Munro, H et al. eds. Nutrition in the elderly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
29Extern-Smith, AN. Nutritional status: diagnosis and prevention of malnutrition. In: Exton-Smith, AN, Caird, FI eds. Metabolic and nutritional disorders in the elderly. Bristol: John Wright & Sons, 1980.Google Scholar
30Lehmann, AB. Review: undernutrition in elderly people. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 339–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Davies, L. Risk factors for malnutrition. In: Horwitz, A, Macfadyen, DM, Munro, H et al. eds. Nutrition in the elderly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
32Department of Health and Social Security. A nutrition survey of the elderly. London: HMSO, 1979.Google Scholar
33Hunter, AMB, Carey, MA, Larsh, HW. The nutritional status of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124: 376–81.Google ScholarPubMed
34Openbrier, DR, Irwin, MM, Rogers, MM et al. Nutritional status and lung function in patients with emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Chest 1983; 83: 17–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Schols, AMWJ, Mostert, R, Soeters, PB, Greve, LH, Wonters, EFM. Nutritional state and exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Thorax 1989; 44: 937–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Rigotti, NA. Cigarette smoking and body weight. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 931–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Hellemans, J, Joosten, E, Ghoos, Y, Carchon, H, Vantrappen, G, Pelemans, W, Rutgeerts, P. Positive 14CO2 bile acid breath test in elderly people. Age Ageing 1984; 13: 138–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Gracey, MS. Nutrition, bacteria and gut. Br Med Bull 1981; 37: 71–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Balas, D. Vieillissement de l'appareil digestif: perspectives et recherches futures. L'Annee Gerontologique 1989; 3: 135–48.Google Scholar
40Blair, EL, Greenwell, JR, Grand, ER, Reed, JD. Gastric response to meals of different compositions in normal subjects. Gut 1975; 16: 766–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Archimandrites, A, Alegakis, G, Theodoropoulos, G et al. Serum gastrin concentrations in healthy males and females of various ages. Acta Hepato-Gastro 1979; 26: 58–63.Google Scholar
42Suski, NS, Nielsen, CC. Factors affecting food intake of women with Alzheimer's type dementia in long term care. J Am Diet Assoc 1989; 12: 1770–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43Hu, T, Huang, L, Cartwright, WS. Evaluation of the costs of caring for the senile demented elderly: a pilot study. Gerontologist 1986; 26: 158–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Carr, EK. Feeding difficulties after stroke: their assessment and nursing management [Thesis]. Nottingham: University of Nottingham, 1989.Google Scholar
45Asplund, K, Axelsson, K, Norberg, A, Eriksson, S. Malnutrition in hospitalised elderly. In: Chandra, RK ed. Nutrition, immunity and illness in the elderly. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1985.Google Scholar
46Axelsson, K, Asplund, K, Norberg, A, Eriksson, S. Eating problems and nutritional status during hospital stay of patients with severe stroke. J Am Diet Assoc 1989; 89: 1092–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Morgan, DB, Newton, HMV, Schorah, CJ, Jewitt, MA, Hancock, MR, Hullin, RP. Abnormal indices of nutrition in the elderly: a study of different clinical groups. Age Ageing 1986; 15: 65–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Singh, S, Mulley, GP, Losowsky, MS. Why are Alzheimer patients so thin? Age Ageing 1988; 17: 21–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Franklin, CA, Karkeck, J. Weight loss and senile dementia in an institutionalised elderly population. J Am Diet Assoc 1989; 89(6): 790–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50Burns, A, Marsh, A, Bender, DA. Dietary intake and clinical, anthropometric and biochemical indices of malnutrition in elderly demented patients and nondemented subjects. Psychol Med 1989; 19: 383–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51Prentice, AM, Leavesley, K, Murgatroyd, PR et al. Is severe wasting in elderly mental patients caused by excessive energy requirement? Age Ageing 1989; 18: 158–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Asplund, K, Normark, M, Petterson, V. Nutritional assessment of psychogeriatric patients. Age Ageing 1981; 10: 87–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Sims, EAH. Destiny rides again as twins overeat. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1522–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Angell, M. The Nazi hypothermia experiments and unethical research today. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1462–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Exton-Smith, AN, Stanton, BR, Windsor, ACM. Nutrition of housebound old people. London: King Edward's Hospital Fund, 1972.Google Scholar
56Bunker, VW, Lawson, MS, Stansfield, MF, Clayton, BE. Nitrogen balance studies in apparently healthy elderly and those who are housebound. Br J Nutr 1987; 57: 211–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Lehmann, AB, Johnston, D, James, OFW. The effects of old age and immobility on protein turnover in human subjects with some observations on the possible role of hormones. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 148–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Frayn, KN, Stoner, HB, Barton, RN, Heath, DF, Galasko, CSB. Persistence of high plasma glucose, insulin and cortisol concentrations in elderly patients with proximal femoral fractures. Age Ageing 1983; 12: 70–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Blickle, JF, Reville, P, Stephen, F, Meyer, P, Demangeat, C, Sapin, R. The role of insulin, glucogen and growth hormone in the regulation of plasma glucose and free fatty acid levels in anorexia nervosa. Harm Metab Res 1984; 16: 336–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60Todd, JE, Walker, AM. Adult dental health: volume one. England and Wales, 1968–1978. London: HMSO, 1980.Google Scholar
61Hamilton, FA, Grant, AA, Worthington, HV. Dental care for elderly people by general dental practitioners. Br Dent J 1990; 168: 108–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62Ahlqwist, M, Bengtsson, C, Hollender, L et al. Smoking habits and tooth loss in Swedish women. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1989; 17: 144–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Geissler, CA, Bates, JF. The nutritional effects of tooth loss. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 39: 478–89.Google ScholarPubMed
64McGandy, RB, Russell, RM, Hartz, SC et al. Nutritional status survey of healthy non-institutionalised elderly: energy and nutrient intakes from 3-day records and nutrient supplements. Nutr Res 1986; 6: 785–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65Osterberg, T, Steen, B. Relationship between dental status and dietary intake in 70-year-old males and females in Goteborg, Sweden. A population study. J Oral Rehabil 1982; 9: 509–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66Bates, JF, Elwood, PC, Foster, W. Studies relating mastication and nutrition in the elderly. Gerontol Clin 1971; 13: 227–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Lee, CJ, Johnson, GH, Lawler, GS. Some clinical indices of nutrition and health status among elderly Kentucky residents volunteering to be surveyed: comparison by sociological factors, lifestyles and health characteristics. Nutr Res 1981; 1: 47–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68Albin, N, Asplund, K, Bjermer, L. Nutritional status of medical patients on emergency admission to hospital. Acta Med Scand 1982; 212: 151–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69Fiske, J, Watson, RM. The benefit of dental care to an elderly population assessed using a sociodental measure of oral handicap. Br Dent J 1990; 168: 153–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70Anderson, EL. Eating patterns before and after dentures. J Am Diet Assoc 1971; 58: 421–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Taylor, K. Dental health in residental and nursing homes for elderly people in the South Birmingham Health District. Br Dent J 1990; 168: 167–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72Vestol, RE, McGuire, EA, Tobin, JD, Andres, R, Morris, AH, Mezey, E. Aging and ethonol metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977; 21: 343–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73Hartford, JT, Samorajski, T. Alcoholism in the geriatric population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1982; 30: 18–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Seitz, HK, Meydani, M, Simanowski, UA, Hoepker, WW, Blumberg, JB, Russell, RM. Enhanced acute and chronic toxicity of alcohol with age due to an impairment of ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism [Abstract]. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 1772.Google Scholar
75Jacques, PF, Sulsky, S, Hartz, SC, Russell, RM. Moderate alcohol intake and nutritional status in non-alcoholic elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 50: 875–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
76Morley, JE, Silver, AJ. Anorexia in the elderly. Neurobiol Aging 1988; 9: 9–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Essatara, MB, Levine, AS, Morley, JE, McClain, CJ. Zinc deficiency and anorexia in rats: normal feeding patterns and stress-induced feeding. Physiol Behav 1984; 32: 469–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Allison, SP. Some psychological and physiological aspects of enteral nutrition. Gut 1986; 27(suppl 1): 18–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79Zung, W. Depression in the normal aged. Psychosomatics 1967; 8: 287–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Kaplan, S, Tuckman, TB. Considerations for those providing nutritional care to the elderly. J Nutr Elderly 1986; 5: 53–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81Nemeroff, CB, Bissette, G, Widerlov, E. Elevated concentrations of corticotropin-releasing-factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science 1984; 226: 1342–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82Yates, CM, Ritchie, IM, Simpson, J. Noradrenaline in Alzheimer-type Down's syndrome. Lancet 1981; ii: 39–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83Khalil, T, Walker, JP, Wiener, I et al. Effect of aging on gallbladder contraction and release of cholecystokinin-33 in humans. Surgery 1985; 98: 423–29.Google ScholarPubMed
84Hsu, LKG, Zimmer, B. Eating disorders in old age. Int J Eating Disorders 1988; 7: 133–38.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
85Kohrs, MB, Czajka-Narins, DM, Nordstrom, JW. Factors affecting nutritional status of the elderly. In: Munro, HN, Danford, D eds. Nutrition, aging and the elderly (Human nutrition, volume 6). New York, London: Plenum Press, 1989.Google Scholar
86Ryan, VC, Bower, ME. Relationship of socio-economic status and living arrangements to nutritional intake. J Am Diet Assoc 1989; 89: 1805–1807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87Macarthy, PI, Johnson, AA, Walters, CS. Iron nutritional status of selected elderly black persons in Washington DC. J Nutr Elderly 1986; 6: 3–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
88Sandstead, HH, Henriksen, LK, Greger, JL, Prasad, AS, Good, RA. Zinc nutriture in the elderly in relation to taste acuity, immune response and wound healing. Am J Clin Nutr 1982: 36: 1046–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89Clarke, L. Domiciliary services for the elderly. London: Croom Helm, 1984.Google Scholar
90Goldberg, EM, Connelly, N. The effectiveness of social care for the elderly. An overview of recent and current evaluative research. London: Heinemann, 1982.Google Scholar
91Johnson, ML, di Gregorio, S, Harrison, B. Aging, needs and nutrition, PSI research paper 81/8. London: Policy Studies Institute, 1982.Google Scholar
92Gore, MS. Social factors affecting the health of the elderly. In: Kane, RL, Evans, JG, Macfadyen, D eds. Improving the health of older people: a world view. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
93Apt, NA. The role of the family in the care of the elderly in developing countries. In: Kane, RL, Evans, JG, Macfadyen, D eds. Improving the health of older people: a world view. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
94Horwath, CC. Socio-economic status and dietary habits in the elderly: results from a large random survey. J Hum Nutr Diet 1989; 2: 173–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
95Davies, L, Holdsworth, MD. An at-risk concept used in homes for the elderly in the United Kingdom. J Am Diet Assoc 1980; 76: 264–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96Chen, PM. Minority elderly: continuity/discontinuity of life patterns in nutrition programs. J Nutr Elderly 1980; 1: 65–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97Krondl, M, Coleman, P. Food selection and dietary intake of elderly persons. In: Chandra, RK ed. Nutrition, immunity and illness in the elderly. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1985.Google Scholar
98Horwath, CC. Marriage and diet in elderly Australians: results from a large random survey. J Hum Nutr Diet 1989; 2: 185–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
99Westenbrink, S, Löwik, MRH, Hulshof, KFAM. Effect of household size on nutritional patterns among Dutch elderly. J Am Diet Assoc 1989; 89: 793–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100Davis, MA, Randall, E, Forthafer, RN, Lee, ES, Margen, S. Living arrangements and dietary patterns of older adults in the United States. J Gerontol 1985; 40: 434–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101Kohrs, MB, Preston, A, O'Neal, R, Eklund, D, Abrahams, O. Nutritional status of elderly residents in Missouri. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31: 2186–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102O'Hanlon, P, Kohrs, MB, Hilderbrand, E, Nordstrom, J. Socio-economic factors and dietary intake of elderly Missourians. J Am Diet Assoc 1983; 82: 646–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
103Fernandez-Ballart, J, Gordillo, B, Arija, V, Marti-Henneberg, C. Nutrition of the elderly in a mediterranean city in Spain: effects of lifestyle patterns. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1989; 59: 8–13.Google Scholar
104Edwards, SJ. Nutrition and lifestyle. In: Feldman, EB ed. Nutrition in the middle and later years. Boston: John Wright/PSG, 1983.Google Scholar
105Young, VR, Munro, HN, Fukagawa, N. Protein and functional consequences of deficiency. In: Horwitz, A, Macfadyen, DM, Munro, H et al. eds. Nutrition in the elderly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
106Dawson, D, Hendershot, G, Fulton, J. Aging in the eighties: functional limitations of individuals 65 and over. NCHS Advance Data from Vital and health statistics no. 133, DHHS publication (PHS) 87–1250. Hyattsville: Public Health Service, 1987.Google Scholar
107Dallosso, H, Morgan, K, Bassey, EJ, Ebrahim, SBJ, Fentem, PH, Arie, THD. Levels of customary physical activity among the old and the very old living at home. J Epidemiol Community Health 1988; 42: 121–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108Zimmerman, SA, Krondl, MM. Perceived intolerance of vegetables among the elderly. J Am Diet Assoc 1986; 86: 1047–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109Mucklow, JC, Rawlins, MD, Brodie, MJ, Boobis, AR, Dollery, CT. Drug oxidation in Asian vegetarians [correspondence]. Lancet 1980; ii: 151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
110Nieman, DC, Underwood, BC, Sherman, KM, Arabatzis, K, Barbesa, JC, Schultz, TD. Dietary status of Seventh Day Adventist vegetarian and non-vegetarian elderly women. J Am Diet Assoc 1989; 89: 1763–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Cotugna, N. Predictors of nutrition supplement use in the elderly. Part I: a review of the literature. Part II: the role of beliefs, attitude, subjective norm and intention. J Nutr Elderly 1989; 8(3, 4): 3–13, 15–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
112 Anonymous. Pseudonutrition and the Medicines Act. Lancet 1990; 335: 1007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
113McEvoy, A, Dutton, J, James, OFW. Bacterial contamination of the small intestine is an important cause of occult malabsorption in the elderly. Br Med J 1983; 287: 789–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114Kemm, JR, Allcock, J. The distribution of supposed indicators of nutritional status in elderly patients. Age Ageing 1984; 13: 21–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
115Friedman, PJ, Campbell, AJ, Caradoc-Davies, TH. Hypoalbuminaemia in the elderly is due to disease not malnutrition. J Clin Exp Gerontol 1985; 7: 191–204.Google Scholar
116Albiin, N, Asplund, K, Bjermer, L. Nutritional status of medical patients on emergency admission to hospital. Acta Med Scand 1982; 212: 151–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
117Anderson, NI, Campbell, AER, Dunn, A, Runciman, JBM. Osteomalacia in elderly women. Scott Med J 1966; 11: 429–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
118Rammohan, M, Juan, D, Jung, D. Hypophagia among hospitalised elderly. J Am Diet Assoc 1989; 89: 1774–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
119Bistrian, BR, Blackburn, GL, Vitale, J, Cochran, D, Taylor, J. Prevalence of malnutrition in general medical patients. JAMA 1976; 235: 1567–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120Burr, ML. The nutritional state of the elderly: demographic and epidemiologic considerations. In: Chandra, RK ed. Nutrition, immunity and illness in the elderly. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1985.Google Scholar