Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T05:34:39.822Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The impact of retirement on the individual

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

Ann E McGoldrick*
Affiliation:
The Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
*
Ann McGoldrick, Department of Management, The Manchester Metropolitan University, Aytoun Street, Manchester M1 3GH, UK.

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Social and psychological gerontology
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Ekerdt, DT.On defining persons as retired. J Aging Studies 1990; 4: 211–29.Google Scholar
2McGoldrick, AE. Stress, early retirement and health. In: Markides, KS, Cooper, CL eds. Ageing, stress and health. New York: Wiley, 1989: 91118.Google Scholar
3Kasl, SV. The impact of retirement. In: Cooper, CL, Payne, R eds. Current concerns in occupational stress. Chichester: Wiley, 1980: 137–86.Google Scholar
4Talaga, J, Beehr, TA. Retirement: a psychological perspective. In: Cooper, CL, Robertson, I eds. International review of industrial and organisational psychology. Chichester: Wiley, 1989: 185211.Google Scholar
5Miller, DR. The study of social relationships: situations, identity and social interaction. In: Koch, S ed. Psychology: a study of science. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.Google Scholar
6Friedman, EA, Havighurst, RJ eds. The meaning of work and retirement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954.Google Scholar
7Cumming, E, Henry, WE.Growing old: the process of disengagement. New York: Basic Books, 1961.Google Scholar
8Rosow, I.Socialisation in old age. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974.Google Scholar
9Shanas, E. Adjustment to retirement: substitution or accommodation. In: Carp, FM ed. Retirement. New York: Behavioural Publications, 1972: 219–43.Google Scholar
10Atchley, RC.The sociology of retirement. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing, 1976.Google Scholar
11Bell, BD.Life satisfaction and occupational retirement beyond the impact year. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1979; 9: 3150.Google Scholar
12Beehr, TA.The process of retirement: a review and recommendations for future investigation. Personnel Psychol 1986; 39: 3155.Google Scholar
13Moller, PH, Gerber, EP.An integrated sociological model for explaining adjustment to role transitions during retirement. S Afr J Sociol 1988; 19: 175–87.Google Scholar
14Lazarus, RS, Cohen, JB. Theory and method in the study of stress and coping in aging individuals. In: Levi, L ed. Society, stress and disease. Volume 5, Old age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987: 314.Google Scholar
15Laird, RJ.Hassles, uplifts and health status reports by pensioners living in a New Zealand Town. Sociol Social Res 1990; 75: 2731.Google Scholar
16Adams, C, Lefebvre, L.Retirement and mortality. Aging Work 1981; 4: 115–20.Google Scholar
17Braithwaite, VA, Gibson, DM.Adjustment to retirement: what we know and what we need to know. Aging Soc 1987; 7: 118.Google Scholar
18Erkerdt, DJ.Why the notion persists that retirement harms health. Gerontologist 1987; 27: 454–57.Google Scholar
19Erkerdt, DJ, Bosse, R, LoCastro, JS.Claims that retirement improves health. J Gerontol 1983; 38: 231–36.Google Scholar
20Hardy, MA, Pavalko, EK.The internal structure of self-reported health measures among older male workers and retirees. J Health Soc Behav 1986; 27: 346–57.Google Scholar
21Breslaw, J, Stelcher, M.The effect of health on the labour force behaviour of elderly men in Canada. J Hum Resources 1987; 22: 490517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22Colsher, PL, Dorfman, L, Wallace, RB.Specific health conditions and work-involvement status among the elderly. J App Gerontol 1988; 7: 485503.Google Scholar
23Midanik, LT, Soghikiank, Ransom LJ, Polen, MR.Health status, retirement plans, and retirement: The Kaiser Permanente Study. J Aging Health 1990; 2: 462–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24Ruchlin, HS, Morris, JN.Deteriorating health and the cessation of employment among older workers. J Aging Health 1992; 4: 4357.Google Scholar
25Muller, CF, Boaz, RF.Health as a reason or a rationalisation for being retired. Res Aging 1988; 10: 3755.Google Scholar
26Bazzoli, GJ.The early retirement decision: new empirical evidence on the influence of health. J Hum Resources 1985; 20: 214–34.Google Scholar
27Holtzman, JM, Berman, H, Ham, R.Health and early retirement decisions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1980; 28: 2328.Google Scholar
28McGoldrick, AE, Cooper, CL.Early retirement. Aldershot: Gower, 1988.Google Scholar
29Ruhm, CJ.Why older Americans stop working. Gerontologist 1989; 29: 294–99.Google Scholar
30Sickles, RC, Taubman, P.An analysis of health and retirement status of the elderly. Econometrica 1986; 54: 1339–56.Google Scholar
31Quinn, JF, Burkhauser, RV. Work and retirement. In: Barstock, RH, George, LK eds. Handbook of aging and the social sciences. San Diego: Academic Press, 1990: 307–27.Google Scholar
32Conner, KA, Dorfman, LT, Tompkins, JB.Life satisfaction of retired professors: the contribution of work, health, income and length of retirement. Educ Gerontol 1985; 11: 337–47.Google Scholar
33Dorval, N, De Grace, GR.Factors associated with satisfaction in retirees from the professional sector: an examination of writings. Rev Quebecoise Psychologie 1988; 9: 164–72.Google Scholar
34Frisbey, N.Retirement of evangelical missionaries: elements of satisfaction and morale. Special Issue No. 2: Psychology and missions. J Psychol Theol 1987; 18: 226335.Google Scholar
35Vinokur-Kaplan, D, Bergman, S.Retired Israeli social workers: work, volunteer activities and satisfaction among retired professionals. J Gerontol Sociol Work 1986; 9: 7386.Google Scholar
36Dorfman, LT, Kouhout, FJ, Heckert, DA.Retirement satisfaction in the rural elderly. Res Aging 1985; 7: 577–99.Google Scholar
37Tuomi, K, Jarvinen, E, Esklinen, L, Ilmarinen, J, Klockars, M.Effect of retirement on health and work ability among municipal employees. Scand J Work Environ Health 1991; 17 (suppl): 7581.Google Scholar
38Tuomi, K, Toikkanen, J, Eskelinen, L et al. Mortality, disability and changes in occupation among municipal employees. Scand J Work Environ Health 1991; 17 (suppl): 6774.Google ScholarPubMed
39Rogalski, S, Paisey, T.Neuroticism versus demographic variables as correlates of self-reported life satisfaction in a sample of older adults. Pers Indiv Diff 1987; 8: 397401.Google Scholar
40Atchley, RC.Retirement: leaving the world of work. Annals Am Acad Polit Soc Science 1982; 464: 120–31.Google Scholar
41Braithwaite, VA, Gibson, DM, Bosly-Craft, R.An exploratory study of poor adjustment styles among retirees. Soc Sci Med 1986; 23: 493–99.Google Scholar
42Ekerdt, FJ, Bosse, R, Levkoff, S.An empirical test for phases of retirement: findings from the Normative Aging Study. J Gerontol 1985; 40: 95101.Google Scholar
43Ekerdt, DJ, Baden, L, Bosse, R, Dibbs, E.The effect of retirement on physical health. Am J Public Health 1983; 73: 779–83.Google Scholar
44Ekerdt, DJ, Bosse, R.Changes in self-reported health with retirement. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1982; 15: 213–23.Google Scholar
45Ekerdt, DJ, Bosse, R, Goldie, C.The effect of retirement on somatic complaints. J Psychosom Res 1983; 21: 6167.Google Scholar
46Casscells, W, Evans, D, Desliva, RA et al. Retirement and coronary mortality. Lancet 1980; i: 288.Google Scholar
47Haynes, SG, McMichael, AJ, Tyroler, HA. Stress research in the evaluation of illness and death around normal, involuntary retirement: a review. In: Levi, L ed. Society, stress and disease. Volume 5, Old age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987: 204–18.Google Scholar
48Minkler, M.Research on the health effects of retirement: an uncertain legacy. J Health Soc Behav 1981; 21: 117–30.Google Scholar
49Palmore, EB, Fillenbaum, GG, George, LK.Consequences of retirement. J Gerontol 1984; 39: 109–16.Google Scholar
50Solem, PE. Mortality during the first five years after reaching retirement age. In: Levi, L ed. Society, stress and disease. Volume 5, Old age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987: 236–48.Google Scholar
51Palmone, E, Burchett, B, Fillenbaum, G, Wallman, L.Retirement: causes and consequences. New York: Springer, 1985.Google Scholar
52Ekerdt, DJ, Sparrow, D, Glynn, RJ, Bosse, R.Change in blood pressure and total cholesterol with retirement. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 120: 6471.Google Scholar
53Friche, C.Work environment and heart disease: research trends and present research plans of the work of the psychology department. Arbejdespykogisk Bull 1985; 1: 5081.Google Scholar
54Camerson, KA, Persinger, MA.Pensioners who die soon after retirement can be discriminated from survivors by post-retirement activities. Psychol Rep 1983; 53: 564–66.Google Scholar
55Howard, JH, Rechnitzer, PH, Cunningham, DA, Donner, AP.Change in type A behaviour a year after retirement. Gerontologist 1986; 26: 643–49.Google Scholar
56Bytheway, B, Keil, T, Allat, P, Bryman, A eds. Becoming and being old. Sociological approaches to later life. London: Sage, 1989.Google Scholar
57Fogel, BS, Gottlieb, GL, Furino, A. Minds at risk. In: Fogel, AF, Gottlieb, GL eds. Mental health policy for older Americans: protecting minds at risk. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990: 121.Google Scholar
58Wolf, S. The social setting and the psychopathology of aging. In: Levi, L ed. Society, stress and disease. Volume 5, Old age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987: 6973.Google Scholar
59Merlin, E. Old people and their psychological environment. In: Levi, L ed. Society, stress and disease. Volume 5, Old age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987: 136–39.Google Scholar
60Aldwin, C. The elders life stress inventory (ELSI): egocentric and nonegocentric stress. In: Stephens, MAP, Hobfol, JH, Crowther, DL, Tannenbaum, DL eds. Stress and coping in later life families. New York: Hemisphere, 1990: 4969.Google Scholar
61Murrell, S, Norris, FH, Hutchins, GH.Distribution and desirability of life events in older adults: population and policy implications. J Commun Psychol 1984; 12: 301–11.Google Scholar
62Holmes, TH, Rahe, RH.The social readjustment rating scale. J Psychosomatic Res 1967; 11: 213–18.Google Scholar
63Wan, TH.Health consequences of major role losses in later life. Res Aging 1984; 6: 469–89.Google Scholar
64Heikkinen, M, Aro, H, Lonngvist, J.The partners views on precipitant stressors in suicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992; 85: 380–84.Google Scholar
65Miller, M.Suicide after sixty: the final alternative. New York: Springer, 1979.Google Scholar
66Rothberg, JM, Ursano, R, Holloway, HC.Suicide in the United States military. Psychiatr Ann 1987; 17: 545–48.Google Scholar
67Kirsling, RA.Review of suicide among elderly persons. Psychol Rep 1986; 59: 359–66.Google Scholar
68Lavigne, PC.Le suicide chez les personnes agees. (Suicide among the elderly.) Can J Commun Mental Health 1987; 6: 5777.Google Scholar
69Templar, DI. Cappelletty, GG.Suicide in the elderly: assessment and intervention. Clin Gerontologist 1986; 5: 475–87.Google Scholar
70Matthews, AM, Brown, KH.Retirement as a critical life event. Res Aging 1987; 9: 548–71.Google Scholar
71Mattila, V, Joukamaa, M, Salokangas RKR. Mental health in the population approaching retirement age: preliminary findings of the TURVA project. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987; 75: 195210.Google Scholar
72Salokangas, RK, Joukaama, M.Physical and mental health changes in retirement age. Psychother Psychosom 1991; 55: 100107.Google Scholar
73Mattila, V, Joukaama, M, Salokangas, R.Retirement, aging, psychosocial adaptation and mentality: some findings of a follow–up study (the TURVA project). Eur J Psychiatr 1990; 4: 147–58.Google Scholar
74Bosse, R, Aldwin, CM, Levenson, MR, Erkerdt, DJ.Mental health differences among retirees and workers: findings from the Normative Aging Study. Psychol Aging 1987; 2: 383–89.Google Scholar
75Dorfman, LT.British and American academics in retirement. Educ Gerontol 1989; 15: 2540.Google Scholar
76Bachman, R, Pillemer, KA.Retirement: does it affect marital conflict and violence? J Elder Abuse Neglect 1991; 3: 7588.Google Scholar
77Bosse, R, Aldwin, CM, Levenson, MR, Workman-Daniels, K.How stressful is retirement? Findings from the Normative Aging Study. J Gerontol 1991; 46: 914.Google Scholar
78Matthews, AM, Brown, KH, Davids, CK, Denton, MA.A crisis assessment technique for the evaluation of life events: transition to retirement as an example. Can J Aging 1982; 1: 2839.Google Scholar
79Thijssen, L.Retirement: consequences for the well-being: a longitudinal analysis. Tijdschrift Gerontologie en Geriatrie 1985; 16: 141–47.Google Scholar
80Bikson, TK, Goodchilds, JD. Experiencing the retirement transition: managerial and professional men before and after. In: Spacapan, S, Oskamps, S eds. The social psychology of aging. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1989: 81108.Google Scholar
81Borson, S, Barnes, RA, Kukull, WA, Okimoto, JT.Symptomatic depression in elderly medical outpatients: I. Prevalence, demography and health service utilization. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 341–47.Google Scholar
82Furstenberg, AL.Older people's age self-concept. Soc Casework 1989; 70: 268–75.Google Scholar
83Wheaton, B.Life transitions, role histories and mental health. Am Social Rev 1990; 55: 209–23.Google Scholar
84Pearlin, LI, Mullan, JT. Loss and stress in aging. In: Wykle, ML, Kahana, E, Kowal, J eds. Stress and health among the elderly. New York: Springer, 1992: 117–32.Google Scholar
85Kasl, SV. Stress and health among the elderly: overview of issues. In: Wycle, ML, Kahana, E, Kowal, J eds. Stress and health among the elderly. New York: Springer, 1992: 534.Google Scholar
86George, LK, Fillenbaum, GG, Palmore, E.Sex differences in the antecedants and consequences of retirement. J Gerontol 1984; 39: 364–71.Google Scholar
87Barfield, RE, Morgan, JN.Trends in planned early retirement. Gerontologist 1978; 18: 1318.Google Scholar
88Menkens, K, Siegers, J.The decision to retire: the case of Dutch men aged 50–64. Eur J Population 1991; 7: 231–49.Google Scholar
89Henretta, J, Chan, C, O'Rand, AM.Retirement reason versus retirement process: examining the reasons for retirement typology. J Gerontol 1992; 47: 5157.Google Scholar
90Maxwell, NL.The retirement experience: psychological and financial linkages to the labour market. Soc Sci Q 1985; 66: 2233.Google Scholar
91Menachery, G.Adjustment and socio-economic status among the urban retired. Indian Psychol Rev 1986; 30: 3134.Google Scholar
92Brief, AP, Nord, WR. The absence of work. In: Brief, AP, Nord, WR eds. Meanings of occupational work. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990: 233–51.Google Scholar
93Kremer, Y.Predictors of retirement satisfaction: a path model. Int J Aging Hum Dev 19841985; 20: 113–21.Google Scholar
94Viney, LL, Tych, AM.To work or not to work? An enquiry of men experiencing unemployment, promotion and retirement. Psychol Hum Dev 19841985; 1: 5766.Google Scholar
95Erdner, RA, Guy, RF.Career identification and women's attitudes toward retirement. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1990; 30: 129–39.Google Scholar
96Forcese, D, Cooper, J.Police retirement: career succession or obsolescence? Can Police College J 1985; 9: 413–24.Google Scholar
97Karp, DA.The social construction of retirement among professionals 50–60 years old. Gerontologist 1989; 29: 750–60.Google Scholar
98Richardson, V, Kilty, KM.Retirement intentions among black professionals: implications for practice with older black adults. Gerontologist 1992; 32: 716.Google Scholar
99Morrow-Howell, N, Leon, J.Life-span determinants of work in retirement years. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1988; 27: 125–40.Google Scholar
100Wan, TH, Odell, BJ.Major role losses and social participation of older males. Res Aging 1983; 5: 173–96.Google Scholar
101O'Brien, GC.Leisure attributes and retirement satisfaction. J Appl Psychol 1981; 66: 371–84.Google Scholar
102Fly, JW, Reinhart, GR, Hamby, R.Leisure activity and adjustment to retirement. Sociol Spectrum 1981; 1: 135–44.Google Scholar
103Hooker, K, Ventis, DG.Work ethic, daily activities and retirement satisfaction. J Gerontol 1984; 4: 478–84.Google Scholar
104Corson, SA, Corson, E. Stress of forced idleness: is chronological age an appropriate criterion for retirement? In: Levi, L ed. Society, stress and disease. Volume 5, Old age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987: 4449.Google Scholar
105Beveridge, WE.Retirement and life significance: a study of adjustment to retirement of a sample of men at managerial level. Hum Relations 1980; 33: 6978.Google Scholar
106Kelly, JR ed. Activity and aging. London: Sage, 1993.Google Scholar
107Payne, EC, Robbins, SB, Dougherty, L.Goal directness and older adult adjustment. J Counselling Psychol 1991; 38: 302308.Google Scholar
108Peacock, EW, Talley, WM.Developing leisure competence: a goal for late adulthood. Educ Gerontol 1985; 11: 261–76.Google Scholar
109Russel, R.The importance of recreation satisfaction and activity participation to the life satisfaction of age-segregated retirees. J Leis Res 1987; 19: 273–83.Google Scholar
110Sagy, S, Antonovsky, A, Adler, I.Explaining life satisfaction in later life: the sense of coherence model and activity theory. Behav Health Aging 1990; 1: 1125.Google Scholar
111Sheppard, RL, Beehr, TA, Hamilton, JW. Life satisfaction and perceived quality of retired life as functions of time since retirement and type of job. In: Kim, JS, Ford, JD eds. Proceedings of the 29th annual conference of the midwest academy of management. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, 1986: 2125.Google Scholar
112Erkerdt, DJ.The busy ethic: moral continuity between work and retirement. Gerontologist 1986; 26: 239–44.Google Scholar
113Rogers, RL, Meyer, JS, Mortel, KF.After reaching retirement age physical activity sustains cerebral perfusion and cognition. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38: 123–28.Google Scholar
114Tokarski, W.Research note: leisure lifestyle courses in old age. Leisure Studies 1991; 10: 7981.Google Scholar
115Long, J.Continuity as a basis for change: leisure and male retirement. Leisure Studies 1987; 6: 5570.Google Scholar
116Long, J. A part to play: men experiencing leisure through retirement. In: Bytheway, B, Keil, T, Allat, P, Bryman, A eds. Becoming and being old: sociological approaches to later life. London: Sage, 1989: 5571.Google Scholar
117Richardson, V, Kilty, KM.Adjustment to retirement: continuity vs discontinuity. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1991; 33: 151–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118Szinovacz, M. Social activities and retirement adaptation: gender and family variations. In: Szinowacz, M, Ekerdt, DJ, Vinick, BH eds. Families and retirement. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992: 236–53.Google Scholar
119Morgan, K, Daliosso, H, Hassey, EJ, Ebrahim, S.Customary physical activity, psychological well-being and successful aging. Aging Soc 1991; 11: 399415.Google Scholar
120Szinovacz, M. Women and retirement. In: Hess, BB, Markson, EW eds. Growing old in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991: 293303.Google Scholar
121Behling, JH, Merves, ES.Pre-retirement attitudes and financial preparedness: a cross-cultural and gender analysis. J Soc Social Welfare 1985; 12: 113–28.Google Scholar
122Hatch, IR.Gender and work in midlife and beyond. Generations 1990; 14: 4852.Google Scholar
123Keddy, B, Singleton, JF.Women's perceptions of life after retirement. Activ Adapt Aging 1991; 16: 5765.Google Scholar
124Seccombe, K, Lee, GR.Gender differences in retirement satisfaction and its antecedents. Res Aging 1986; 8: 426–40.Google Scholar
125Khullar, GS.Race and gender variation in social participation among working and retired elderly. Int J Social Fam 1988; 18: 4555.Google Scholar
126Rogers, GT.Non married women approaching retirement: who are they and when do they retire? Current Perspect Aging Life Cycle 1985; 1: 169–91.Google Scholar
127Gratton, B, Haug, MR.Decision and adaptation: research on female retirement. Res Aging 1983; 5: 5976.Google Scholar
128Campione, WA.The married woman's retirement decision: a methodological comparison. J Gerontol 1987; 42: 381–86.Google Scholar
129Skirboll, E, Silverman, M.Women's retirement: a case study approach. J Women Aging 1992; 4: 7790.Google Scholar
130Vinick, B, Erkerdt, DJ.Retirement and the family. Generations 1989; 13: 5356.Google Scholar
131Hatch, LR, Thompson, A. Family responsibilities and women's retirement. In: Szinovacz, M, Ekerdt, DJ, Vinick, BH eds. Families and retirement. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992: 99113.Google Scholar
132Anson, O, Antonovsky, A, Sagy, S, Alder, I.Family, gender and attitudes toward retirement. Sex Roles 1989; 20: 355–69.Google Scholar
133Gadourek, I, Van-Gelder, BA.Who's afraid of retiring? Social factors influencing the attitudes toward retirement. Tijdschrift Gerontologie en Geriatrie 1985; 16: 199206.Google Scholar
134Keith, PM.Isolation of unmarried in later life. Family Relations: J Appl Family Child Studies 1986; 35: 389–95.Google Scholar
135Hatch, LR.Gender differences in orientation toward retirement from paid labour. Gender Soc 1992; 6: 6685.Google Scholar
136Logue, BJ.Women at risk: predictors of financial stress for retired women workers. Gerontologist 1991; 31: 657–65.Google Scholar
137Morgan, LA. Marital status and retirement plans: do widowhood and divorce make a difference? In: Szinovacz, M, Ekerdt, DJ, Vinick, BH eds. Families and retirement. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992: 114–26.Google Scholar
138Stull, D.A dyadic approach to predicting well-being in later life. Res Aging 1988; 10: 81101.Google Scholar
139Bishop, DS, Epstein, NB, Baldwin, LM.Older couples: the effects of health, retirement and family functioning on morale. Family Systems Medicine 1988; 6: 238–47.Google Scholar
140Dorfman, LT, Hill, EA.Rural housewives and retirement: joint decision-making matters. Family Rels J Applied Family Child Studies 1986; 35: 507–14.Google Scholar
141Salokangas, RK, Mattila, V, Joukamaa, M.Intimacy and mental disorder in late middle age: report of the TURVA project. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 78: 555–60.Google Scholar
142Keating, N, Cole, P.What do I do with him 24 hours a day? Changes in the housewife role after retirement. Gerontologist 1980; 20: 8489.Google Scholar
143Hill, EA, Dorfman, LT.Reactions of housewives to the retirement of their husbands. Fam Relations 1982; 31: 195200.Google Scholar
144Ekerdt, D, Vinick, BH.Marital complaints in husband-working and husband-retired couples. Res Aging 1991; 13: 364–83.Google Scholar
145Vinick, BH, Ekerdt, DJ.Retirement: what happens to husband-wife relationships? J Geriatr Psychiatry 1991; 24: 2340.Google Scholar
146Vinick, BH, Ekerdt, DJ. The transition to retirement. Responses of husbands and wives. In: Hess, BB, Markson, EW eds. Growing old in America, fourth edition. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991: 305–17.Google Scholar
147Gibson, RC. The work, retirement and disability of older black Americans. In: Jackson, JS, Newton, P, Osfield, A, Savage, D, Schneider, EL eds. The black American elderly: research on physical and psychosocial health. New York: Springer, 1989: 304–24.Google Scholar
148Gibson, RC.The subjective retirement of Black Americans. J Gerontol 1991; 46: S204–S209.Google Scholar
149Gibson, RS, Burns, CL.The health, labor force and retirement experiences of aging minorities. Generations 1991; 15: 3135.Google Scholar
150Hubbard, RW. Stress and health, and the minority aged. In: Wykle, ML, Kahana, E, Kowal, J eds. Stress and health among the elderly. New York: Springer, 1992: 172–81.Google Scholar
151Stanford, EP, Happersett, CJ, Morton, DJ, Molgaard, CA, Peddecord, KM.Early retirement and functional impairment from a multi-ethnic perspective. Res Aging 1991; 13: 538.Google Scholar
152Belgrave, LL.The effects of race differences in work history, work attitudes, economic resources and health on women's retirement. Res Aging 1988; 10: 383–98.Google Scholar
153Kremer, Y, Harpaz, I.Anticipatory socialisation toward occupational retirement. J Soc Social Welfare 1984; 11: 558–84.Google Scholar
154Dorfman, LT.Retirement preparation and retirement satisfaction in the rural elderly. J Applied Gerontol 1989; 8: 432–50.Google Scholar
155Abel, B, Hayslip, B.Locus of control and retirement preparation. J Gerontol 1987; 42: 165–67.Google Scholar
156Feit, MD, Tate, NP.Health and mental health issues in pre-retirement programs. Employee Assistance Q 1986; 1: 4956.Google Scholar
157Rowen, R, Wilks, CS.Pre-retirement planning, a quality of life issue of retirement. Employee Assistance Q 1987; 2: 4546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
158Siegel, SR, Rees, BY.Preparing the public employee for retirement. Public Personnel Management 1992; 21: 89100.Google Scholar
159Richardson, V.Gender differences in retirement planning among educators: implications for practice with older women. J Women Aging 1990; 2: 2740.Google Scholar
160Hayes, CL, Deren, JM eds. Pre-retirement planning for women: programme design and research. New York: Springer, 1990.Google Scholar
161Slowick, CM.The relationship of pre retirement education and well being of women in retirement. Gerontol Geriatr Educ 1991; 11: 89104.Google Scholar