Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T05:30:57.989Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Hypertension in elderly people

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

Andrew K Scott*
Affiliation:
University of Manchester, UK
*
Andrew K Scott, Senior Lecturer in Geriatric Medicine, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building, Hope Hospital, Eccles Old Road, Salford M6 8HD, UK.

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Clinical geriatrics
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Petrie, JC, O'Brien, ET, Littler, WA, De Swiet, M.Recommendations on blood pressure measurement. Br Med J 1986; 293: 611–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Sever, P, Beevers, G, Bulpitt, C et al. Management guidelines in essential hypertension: report of the second working party of the British Hypertension Society. Br Med J 1993; 306: 983–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Smith, WCS, Lee, AJ, Crombie, IK, Tunstall-Pedoe, H.Control of blood pressure in Scotland: the rule of halves. Br Med J 1990; 300: 981–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Webster, J, Newnham, D, Petrie, JC, Lovell, HG.Influence of arm position on measurement of blood pressure. Br Med J 1984; 288: 1574–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Pickering, TG.Ambulatory monitoring and blood pressure variability. London: Science Press, 1991.Google Scholar
6Kenny, RA.Hypertension in the elderly. Rev Clin Gerontol 1992; 2: 299309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7Report by the management committee. The Australian therapeutic trial on mild hypertension. Lancet 1980; i: 1261–69.Google Scholar
8Coope, J, Warrender, TS.Randomised trial of treatment of hypertension in the elderly in primary care. Br Med J 1986; 293: 1145–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Amery, A, Birkenhager, WH, Brixho, P et al. Mortality and morbidity results from the European working party on high blood pressure in the elderly. Lancet 1985; i: 1349–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Dahlof, B, Lindholm, LH, Hansson, L, Schersten, B, Ekbom, T, Wester, P-O.Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish trial in old patients with hypertension (STOP-Hypertension) Lancet 1991; 338: 1281–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Medical Research Council Working Party. MRC trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. Br Med J 1992; 304: 405–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12SHEP Co-operative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the systolic hypertension in the elderly program (SHEP). JAMA 1991; 265: 3255–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Medical Research Council Working Party. MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. Br Med J 1985; 291: 97104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14The IPPPSH Collaborative Group. Cardiovascular risk and risk factors in a randomised trial of treatment based on the beta-blocker oxprenolol: the International Prospective Primary Prevention Study in Hypertension (IPPPSH). J Hypertens 1985; 3: 379–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15Law, MR, Frost, CD, Wald, NJ.By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? 1: Analysis of observational data among populations. Br Med J 1991; 302: 811–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Frost, CD, Law, MR, Wald, NJ.By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? 2: Analysis of observational data within populations. Br Med J 1991; 302: 815–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Law, MR, Frost, CD, Wald, NJ.By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? 3: Analysis of data from trials of salt reduction. Br Med J 1991; 302: 819–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Fotherby, MD, Potter, JF.Effect of moderate sodium restriction on blood pressure in elderly subjects. Age Ageing 1993; 22 (suppl 2): 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Siami, A, Strazzullo, P, Russo, L et al. Controlled trial of long term oral potassium supplements in patients with mild hypertension. Br Med J 1987; 294: 1453–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20MacGregor, GA, Smith, SJ, Markandu, ND, Banks, RA, Sagnella, GA.Moderate potassium supplementation in essential hypertension. Lancet 1982; ii: 567–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Fujita, T, Katsuyuki, A.Hemodynamic and endocrine changes associated with potassium supplementation in sodium-loaded hypertensives. Hypertension 1984; 6: 184–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Swales, JD. Blood pressure distribution. In: Hypertension, a concise guide. London: Science Press, 1991; 118.Google Scholar
23Herd, GW, Bell, SG, Swales, JD.Clinicians illustrated dictionary of hypertension. London: Science Press, 1988.Google Scholar
24Jackson, R, Scragg, R, Beaglehole, R.Alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease. Br Med J 1991; 303: 211–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Reaven, PD, Barret-Connor, E, Edelstein, S.Relation between leisure time physical activity and blood pressure in older women. Circulation 1991; 8: 559–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26Hagberg, JM, Mountain, SJ, Wade, H et al. Effect of exercise training in 60–69 year old persons with essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64: 348–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Arroll, B, Beaglehole, R.Exercise for hypertension. Lancet 1993; 341: 1248–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28McMurdo, MET, Burnett, L.A trial of exercise in the elderly. Age Ageing 1992; 21 (suppl 2): 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29Meredith, IT, Jennings, GL, Esler, MD et al. Time course of the antihypertensive and autonomic effects of regular endurance exercise in human subjects. J Hypertens 1990; 8: 859–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30van Montfrans, GA, Karemaker, JM, Wieling, W, Dunning, AJ.Relaxation therapy and continuous ambulatory blood pressure in mild hypertension: a controlled study. Br Med J 1990; 300: 1368–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Johnston, DW, Gold, A, Kentish, J et al. Effect of stress management on blood pressure in mild primary hypertension. Br Med J 1993; 306: 963–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Perkins, J, Dick, TBS.Smoking and myocardial infarction: secondary prevention. Postgrad Med J 1985; 61: 295300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33 Anon. Secondary prevention of coronary disease with lipid-lowering drugs. Lancet 1989; i: 473–74.Google Scholar
34 Anon. Sudden cardiac death in obesity and hypertension. Lancet 1988; i: 628–29.Google Scholar
35Shinton, R, Sagar, G.Lifelong exercise and stroke. Br Med J 1993; 307: 231–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Carlsen, JE, Kober, L, Torp-Pedersen, C, Johansen, P.Relation between dose of bendrofluazide, antihypertensive effect, and adverse biochemical effects. Br Med J 1990; 300: 975–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Lavie, CJ, Ventura, HO, Messerli, FH.Regression of increased mass by antihypertensives. Drugs 1991; 42: 945–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Ames, R.Effect of diuretic drugs on the lipid profile. Drugs 1988; 36 (suppl 2): 3340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Amery, A, Fagard, R, Staessen, J.Recent data on changes in lipid metabolism induced by hypotensive drugs. Curr Opin Cardiol 1987; 2: 769–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40Treatment of mild hypertension Research Group. The treatment of mild hypertension study. A randomised, placebo controlled trial of a nutritional-hygienic regimen along with various drug monotherapies. Arch Int Med 1991; 151: 1413–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41Petrie, JC, Galloway, DB, Webster, J, Simpson, WT, Lewis, JA.Atenolol and bendrofluazide in hypertension. Br Med J 1975; 4: 133–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Wilcox, RG.Randomised study of six beta-blockers and a thiazide diuretic in essential hypertension. Br Med J 1978; 2: 383–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43Milne, RJ, Buckley, MM-T.Celiprolol: an updated review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in cardiovascular disease. Drugs 1991; 41: 941–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Scott, AK, Rigby, JW, Webster, J, Hawksworth, GM, Petrie, JC, Lovell, HG.Atenolol and metoprolol once daily in hypertension. Br Med J 1982; 284: 1514–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Rigby, JW, Scott, AK, Hawksworth, GM, Petrie, JC.A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of atenolol, metoprolol, oxprenolol and propranolol in elderly hypertensive and young healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 20: 327–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Norwegian Multicentre Study Group. Timolol-induced reduction in mortality and reinfarction in patients surviving acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 801807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47ISIS (First International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous atenolol among 16027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-1. Lancet 1986; ii: 5766.Google Scholar
48Dunn, FG, Ventura, HO, Messerli, FH, Kobrin, I, Frohlich, ED.Time course of regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients treated with atenolol. Circulation 1989; 76: 254–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49Schuhman, SP, Weiss, JL, Becker, LC et al. The effects of antihypertensive therapy on left ventricular mass in elderly patients. N Eng J Med 1990; 322: 1350–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50Wikstrand, J, Berglund, G.Antihypertensive treatment with beta-blockers in patients aged over 65. Br Med J 1982; 285: 850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Coope, JR.Multicentre trial of treatment of hypertension in the elderly in primary care. Drugs 1983; 25: 8788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52Breckenridge, A.Which beta blocker? Br Med J 1983; 286: 1085–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Croog, SH, Levine, S, Testa, MA et al. The effects of antihypertensive therapy on the quality of life. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 1657–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54Dahlof, C, Dimenas, E, Kendall, M, Wiklund, I.Quality of life in cardiovascular diseases: emphasis on beta-blocker treatment. Circulation 1991; 84 (suppl 6): 108–18.Google ScholarPubMed
55Silke, B, Rosenthal, F, Taylor, S.A randomised double-blind study of atenolol and celiprolol in mild to moderate hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1986; 8 (suppl 4):s12226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Hole, DJ, Gillis, CR, Hawthorne, VW et al. Incidence of and mortality from cancer in hypertensive patients. Br Med J 1993; 306: 609–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Fletcher, AE, Beevers, DG, Bulpitt, CJ et al. Cancer mortality and atenolol treatment. Br Med J 1993; 306: 622–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58El Mehairy, MM, Shaker, A, Ramadan, M, Hamza, S, Tadros, SS.Control of essential hypertension with captopril and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 11: 469–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Andren, L, Karleberg, BE, Svensson, A et al. Long term effects of captopril and atenolol in essential hypertension. Acta Med Scand 1985; 217: 155–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Salvetti, A, Innocenti, PF, Iardella, M et al. Captopril and nifedipine interactions in the treatment of essential hypertension: a crossover study. J Hypertens 1987; 5 (suppl 4):s13942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61De Cesaris, R, Ranieri, G, Salzano, EV, Liberatore, SM.Once daily therapy with ACE inhibitors in mild hypertension: a comparison of captopril and enalapril. J Hypertens 1987; 5 (suppl 5): S59597.Google Scholar
62Vidt, DG.A controlled multiclinic study to compare the effectiveness of MK421, hydrochlorothiazide and MK421 combined with hydrochlorothiazide in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1984; 2 (suppl 2): 8188.Google ScholarPubMed
63Morgan, T, Anderson, A, Hopper, J.Enalapril and nifedipine in essential hypertension: synergism of the antihypertensive effects in combination. Clin Exp Hypertens 1988; 10: 779–89.Google ScholarPubMed
64Herrick, AL, Waller, PC, Berkin, KE et al. Comparison of enalapril and atenolol in mild to moderate hypertension. Am J Med 1989; 86: 421–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Bevan, E, McInnes, G.Hypertension and drugs used in its management. Drug choice and treatment protocol. Prescriber 1991; 3446.Google Scholar
66Conway, J, Coats, AJS, Bird, R.Lisinopril and enalapril in hypertension: a comparative study using ambulatory monitoring. J Hum Hypertens 1990; 4: 235–39.Google ScholarPubMed
67Pfeffer, MA, Braunwald, E, Moye, LA et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of the SAVE trial. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 669–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68Consensus Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive cardiac failure. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1429–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69Swedberg, K, Held, P, Kjekshus, et al. Effects of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction: results of CONSENSUS 2. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 678–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70Berkin, KE, Ball, SG.Cough and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Br Med J 1988; 296: 1279–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Testa, MA, Anderson, RB, Nackley, JF, Hollenberg, NK.Quality of life and antihypertensive therapy in men. A comparison of captopril with enalapril. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 907–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72MacFadyn, RJ, Lees, KR, Reid, JL.Differences in first dose responses to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in congestive heart failure: a placebo controlled study. Br Heart J 1991; 66: 206–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73Heagerty, AM, Swales, J, Baksi, A et al. Nifedipine and atenolol singly and combined for treatment of essential hypertension: comparative multicentre study in general practice in the United Kingdom. Br Med J 1988; 296: 468–72.Google Scholar
74Holygreve, H, Distler, A, Michaelis, J, Philipp, T, Wellek, S.Verapamil versus hydrochlorthiazide in the treatment of hypertension: results of long term double blind comparative trial. Br Med J 1989; 299: 881–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75Abernethy, DR, Gutkowska, J, Lambert, MD.Amlodipine in elderly hypertensive patients: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1988; 12 (suppl 7): s6771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Webster, J, Fowler, G, Jeffers, TA et al. A comparison of amlodipine with enalapril in the treatment of isolated systolic hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 35: 499505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Kuwajima, I, Suzuki, Y, Shimosawa, T, Otsuka, Kawamura H, Kuramoto, K.Effect of nifedipine tablets on ambulatory blood pressure in patients aged less than 60 and more than 65 years with systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 1351–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
78Messerli, FH.Antihypertensive therapy: going to the heart of the matter. Circulation 1990; 81: 1128–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79Lavie, CJ, Gau, GT, Squires, KN, Kattke, BA.Management of lipids in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Mayo Clin Proc 1988; 63: 605–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Messerli, FH, Oren, S, Grossman, E.Left ventricular hypertrophy and antihypertensive therapy. Drugs 1988; 35 (suppl 5): s2733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81Yusuf, S.The use of beta-adrenergic agents, IV nitrates and calcium channel blocking agents following acute myocardial infarction. Chest 1988; 93: 2528S.Google ScholarPubMed
82Lewis, JG.Adverse reactions to calcium antagonists. Drugs 1983; 25: 196222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Scott, AK.Stereoisomers and drug toxicity. The value of single stereoisomer therapy. Drug Safety 1993; 8: 149–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Abernethy, DR, Wainer, IW, Longstreth, JA.S-verapamil pharmacodynamics in aging. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 53: 194.Google Scholar
85Solomon, SA, Ramsay, LE, Yeo, WW, Parnell, L, Morris-Jones, W.Beta-blockade and intermittent claudication: placebo controlled trial of atenolol and nifedipine and their combination. Br Med J 1991; 303: 1100–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86Roberts, DH, Tsao, Y, Grimmer, SFM et al. Haemodynamic effects of atenolol, labetalol, pindolol and captopril: a comparison in hypertensive patients with special reference to changes in limb blood flow, heart rate and left ventricular function. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 24: 163–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87Cohn, JN, Archibald, DG, Ziesche, S et al. Effect of vasodilatation therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure: results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 1547–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
88Marshall, HJ, Beevers, DG.Alpha-adrenergic blockade and urinary incontinence. Paper presented to the British Hypertension Society, Cambridge, 09 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
89Mattila, K, Haavisto, M, Rajala, S, Heikinheimo, R.Blood pressure and five year survival in the very old. Br Med J 1988; 296: 887–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90Langer, RD, Ganiats, TG, Barrett-Connor, E.Paradoxical survival of elderly men with high blood pressure. Br Med J 1989; 298: 1356–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91Slovick, DI, Bulpitt, CJ.Hypertension: a guide to successful management. Geriatric Medicine 1992; 22: 5963.Google Scholar