We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)
References
1
1 Parkinson's disease: one illness or many syndromes? [Editorial]. Lancet1992; 339: 1263–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2
2Geddes, JF, Hughes, AJ, Lees, AJ, Daniel, SE. Pathological overlap in cases of parkinsonism associated with neurofibrillary tangles: a study of recent cases of postencephalitic parkinsonism and comparison with progressive supranuclear palsy and Guamanian parkinsonism-dementia complex. Brain1993; 116: 281–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3
3Brooks, DJ. PET studies on the early and differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Neurology1993; 43 (suppl 6): S6–S16.Google ScholarPubMed
4
4Ward, CD. Parkinson's disease and related conditions: clinical features, epidemiology and differential diagnosis. In: Swash, M, Oxbury, J eds. Clinical neurology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1991: 1396–425.Google Scholar
5
5Hughes, AJ, Ben-Shlomo, Y, Daniel, SE, Lees, AJ. What features improve the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis in Parkinson's disease: a clinicopathologic study. Neurology1992; 42: 1142–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Ward, CD, Gibb, WR. Research diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease. Adv Neural1990; 53: 245–49.Google ScholarPubMed
8
8Calne, DB, Snow, BJ, Lee, C. Criteria for diagnosing Parkinson's disease: clinical and theoretical implications. Neurology1992; 32: S125–S127.Google Scholar
9
9Hardie, RJ, Lees, AJ. Neuroleptic-induced Parkinson's syndrome: clinical features and results of treatment with levodopa. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1988; 51: 850–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10
10Robbins, TW, James, M, Owen, AM et al. Cognitive deficits in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease, and multiple system atrophy in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatry1994; 57: 79–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11
11Henn, V. Pathophysiology of rapid eye movements in the horizontal, vertical and torsional directions. In: Buttner, U, Brandt, T eds. Ocular motor disorders of the brain stem. London: Baillière, 1992: 373–91.Google Scholar
12
12Pierrot-Deseilligny, C, Gaymard, B. Smooth pursuit disorders. In: Buttner, U, Brandt, T eds. Ocular motor disorders of the brain stem. London: Baillière, 1992: 435–54.Google Scholar
13
13Maher, ER, Lees, AJ. The clinical features and natural history of the Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome (progressive supranuclear palsy). Neurology1986; 36: 1005–1008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14
14Lepore, F, Duvoisin, RC. ‘Apraxia’ of eyelid opening. An involuntary levator inhibition. Neurology1985; 35: 423–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15
15Quinn, NP, Marsden, CD. The motor disorder of multiple system atrophy. J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatry1993; 56: 1239–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16
16Hardie, RJ, Pullon, HWH, Harding, AE et al. Neuroacanthocytosis: a clinical, haematological and neuropathological study of 19 cases. Brain1991; 114: 13–49.Google Scholar
17
17Bain, P. A combined clinical and neurophysiological approach to the study of patients with tremor. J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatry1993; 56: 839–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18
18Brooks, DJ, Playford, ED, Ibanez, V et al. Isolated tremor and disruption of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system: an 18F-dopa PET study. Neurology1992; 42: 1554–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19
19Muhiddin, KA, Hardie, RJ, Pearce, VR, Kirby, BJ. Corticobasal degeneration: a report of three cases. J R Soc Med1994; 87: 359–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20
20Fleminger, S. Control of simultaneous movements distinguishes depressive motor retardation from Parkinson's disease and neuroleptic parkinsonism. Brain1992; 115: 1459–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21
21Rogers, D, Lees, AJ, Smith, E, Trimble, M, Stern, GM. Bradyphrenia in Parkinson's disease and psychomotor retardation in depressive illness: an experimental study. Brain1987; 110: 761–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22
22Sudarsky, L. Gait disorders in the elderly. N Engl J Med1990; 322: 1441–45.Google ScholarPubMed
24Hoehn, MM, Yahr, MD. Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality. Neurology1967; 17: 427–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25
25Hardie, RJ, Lees, AJ, Stern, GM. On-off fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: a clinical and neuropharmacological study. Brain1984; 107: 487–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26
26Hughes, AJ, Lees, AJ, Stern, GM. Challenge tests to predict the dopaminergic response in untreated Parkinson's disease. Neurology1991; 41: 1723–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27
27Gasser, T, Schwarz, J, Arnold, G, Trenkwalder, C, Oertel, WH. Apomorphine test for dopaminergic responsiveness in patients with previously untreated Parkinson's disease. Arch Neural1992; 42: 1131–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28
28Hughes, AJ, Daniel, SE, Blankson, S, Lees, AJ. A clinicopathologic study of 100 cases of Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol1993; 50: 140–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed