Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T22:30:02.222Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Depression in old age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

Cornelius LE Katona  and
Vivienne Watkin
Cornelius LE Katona*
Affiliation:
University College London Medical School, London, UK
Vivienne Watkin
Affiliation:
University College London Medical School, London, UK
*
Cornelius LE Katona, Department of Psychiatry, University College London Medical School, Wolfson Building, Middlesex Site, London W1N 8AA. UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Psychiatry of old age
Information
Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 5 , Issue 4 , November 1995 , pp. 427 - 441
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Brown, RP, Sweeney, J, Loutsch, E et al. Involutional melancholia revisited. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141: 24–28.Google ScholarPubMed
2Fredman, L, Schoenbach, VJ, Kaplan, BH et al. The association between depressive symptoms and mortality among older participants in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area-Piedmont Health Survey. J Gerontol 1989; 44: S149–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Wallace, J, Pfohl, B. Age-related differences in the symptomatic expression of major depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 1995; 183: 99–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Kivela, S-L, Pahkala, K. Symptoms of depression in old people in Finland. J Gerontol 1988; 21: 257–63.Google ScholarPubMed
5Shulman, KI. Conceptual problems in the assessment of depression in old age. Psychiatr J Univ Ottawa 1989; 14: 364–71.Google ScholarPubMed
6Thompson, LW, Futterman, A, Gallagher, D. Assessment of late-life depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 1988; 24: 577–86.Google ScholarPubMed
7Bird, AS, Macdonald, AJD, Mann, AH, Philpot, MP. Preliminary experience with the self-CARE D Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1987; 2: 31–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Adshead, F, Cody, DD, Pitt, B. BASDEC: a novel screening instrument for depression in elderly medical patients. BMJ 1992; 305: 397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Yesavage, JA, Brink, TL, Rose, TL, Lum, O. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 1983; 17: 37–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Ramsay, R, Wright, P, Katz, A et al. Psychiatric morbidity and bed-occupancy in geriatric in-patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1991; 6: 861–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11D'ath, P, Katona, P, Mullan, M, Evans, S, Katona, C. Screening, detection and management of depression in elderly primary care attendere. 1: The acceptability and performance of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS15) and the development of short versions. Fam Pract 1994; 11: 260–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12Royal College of Physicians and British Geriatrics Society. Standardised assessment scales for elderly people. Report of Joint Workshops of the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians and the British Geriatrics Society. London: Royal College of Physicians, 1992.Google Scholar
13Williams, El, Wallace, P. Health checks for people aged 75 and over. Br J Gen Pract Occasional paper no. 59, 1993.Google ScholarPubMed
14Burvill, PW, Hall, WD, Stampfer, HG, Emmerson, JP. A comparison of early-onset and late-onset depressive illness in the community. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 155: 673–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15Carney, MWP, Roth, M, Garside, RF. The diagnosis of depressive syndromes and the prediction of ECT response. Br J Psychiatry 1965; 140: 659–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, third edition. Washington, DC: APA, 1980.Google Scholar
17Conwell, Y, Nelson, JC, Kim, KM, Mazure, CM. Depression in late life: age of onset as a marker of subtype. J Affect Disord 1989; 17: 189–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18O'Boyle, M, Amadeo, M. ‘Don't know’ responses in elderly demented and depressed patients. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989; 2: 83–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Alexopoulos, GS, Meyers, BS, Young, RC, Mattis, S, Kakuma, T. The course of geriatric depression with ‘reversible dementia’: a controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1693–99.Google ScholarPubMed
20Emery, OB, Breslau, LD. Language deficits in schizophrenia: comparisons with SDAT and normal aging, J Gerontol 1989; 44: M85–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21La Rue, A. Patterns of performance on the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation in elderly inpatients with depression or dementia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1989; 11: 409–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Forsell, Y, Jorm, AF, Winblad, B. Association of age, sex, cognitive dysfunction, and disability with major depressive symptoms in an elderly sample. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1600–604.Google Scholar
23van Ojen, R, Hooijer, C, Jonker, C, Lindeboom, J, van Tilburg, W. Late-life depressive disorder in the community, early onset and the decrease of vulnerability with increasing age. J Affect Disord 1995; 33: 159–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Alexopoulos, GS. Late-life depression and neurological brain disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1989; 4: 187–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Kumar, A. Functional brain imaging in late-life depression and dementia. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54: (11 suppl): 21–25.Google Scholar
26Allen, NHP, Burns, A. The noncognitive features of dementia. Rev Clin Gerontol 1995; 5: 57–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Rovner, BW, Broadhead, J, Spencer, M, Carson, K, Folstein, MF. Depression and Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 350–53.Google ScholarPubMed
28Greenwald, BS, Kramer-Ginsberg, E, Marin, DB et al. Dementia with coexistent major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 1472–78.Google ScholarPubMed
29Mackenzie, TB, Robiner, WN, Knopmans, DS. Differences between patient and family assessments of depression in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 1174–78.Google ScholarPubMed
30Alexopoulos, GS, Abrams, RC, Young, RC, Shamoian, CA. Cornell scale for depression in dementia. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 23: 271–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Sunderland, T, Hill, JL, Lawlor, BA et al. NIMH Dementia Mood Assessment Scale (DMAS). Psychopharmacol Bull 1988; 24: 747–49.Google ScholarPubMed
32Katona, CLE, Aldridge, CR. The dexamethasone suppression test and depressive signs in dementia. J Affect Disord 1985; 8: 83–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Myers, JK, Weissman, MM, Tischler, GL et al. Six-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 959–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Henderson, AS, Jorm, AF, MacKinnon, A et al. The prevalence of depressive disorders and the distribution of depressive symptoms in later life: a survey using Draft ICD-10 and DSM-III-R. Psychol Med 1993; 23: 719–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Weissman, MM, Leaf, PJ, Bruce, ML, Florio, L. The epidemiology of dysthymia in five communities: rates, risks, comorbidity, and treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 815–19.Google ScholarPubMed
36Kivela, SL, Pahkala, K, Eronen, A. Depressive symptoms and signs that differentiate major and atypical depression from dysthymic disorder in elderly Finns. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1989; 4: 79–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37Copeland, JRM, Dewey, ME, Griffiths-Jones, HM. A computerized psychiatric diagnostic system and case nomenclature for elderly subjects: GMS and AGECAT. Psychol Med 1986; 16: 89–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Ravindran, AV, Welburn, K, Copeland, JRM. Semi-structured depression scale sensitive to change with treatment for use in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164: 522–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Gurland, BJ, Golden, RR, Teresi, JA, Challop, J. The SHORT-CARE: an efficient instrument for the assessment of depression, dementia and disability. J Gerontol 1984; 39: 166–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Kay, DWK, Henderson, AS, Scott, R et al. Dementia and depression among the elderly living in the Hobart community: the effect of diagnostic criteria on the prevalence rates. Psychol Med 1985; 15: 771–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Copeland, JRM, Gurland, BJ, Dewey, ME et al. Is there more dementia, depression and neurosis in New York? A comparative community study of the elderly in New York and London using the community diagnosis AGECAT. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 151: 466–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Copeland, JRM, Dewey, ME, Wood, N et al. Range of mental illness among the elderly in the community: prevalence in Liverpool using the GMS-AGECAT package. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 150: 815–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Livingston, G, Hawkins, A, Graham, N et al. The Gospel Oak Study: prevalence rates of dementia, depression and activity limitation among elderly residents in inner London. Psychol Med 1990; 20: 137–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Blanchard, MR, Waterreus, A, Mann, AH. The nature of depression among older people in inner London, and the contact with primary care. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164: 396–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Callahan, MC, Hui, SL, Nienaber, NA, Musick, BS, Tierney, WM. Longitudinal study of depression and health services use among elderly primary care patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 833–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Macdonald, AJD. Do general practitioners ‘miss’ depression in elderly patients? BMJ 1986; 292: 1365–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Evans, S, Katona, CLE. The epidemiology of depressive symptoms in elderly primary care attendere. Dementia 1993; 4: 327–33.Google Scholar
48Iliffe, S, Tai, SS, Haines, A et al. Assessment of elderly people in general practice. 4. Depression, functional ability and contact with services. Br J Gen Pract 1993; 43: 371–74.Google ScholarPubMed
49Ames, D. Depressive disorders among elderly people in long-term institutional care. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1993; 27: 379–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Good, WR, Vlachonikolis, I, Griffiths, P, Griffiths, RA. Depression, dementia and disability in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 150: 482–93.Google ScholarPubMed
51Blazer, D, Wiliams, CD. Epidemiology of dysphoria and depression in an elderly population. Am J Psychiatry 1980; 137: 439–44.Google Scholar
52Skoog, I. The prevalance of psychotic, depressive and anxiety syndromes in demented and non-demented 85-year-olds. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1993; 8: 247–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53Heeren, TJ, van Hemert, AM, Lagaay, AM, Rooymans, HGM. The general population prevalence of non-organic psychiatric disorders in subjects aged 85 years and over. Psychol Med 1992; 22: 733–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Kennedy, GJ, Kelman, HR, Thomas, C et al. Hierarchy of characteristics associated with depressive symptoms in an urban elderly sample. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 220–25.Google Scholar
55Murrell, SA, Himmelfarb, S, Wright, K. Prevalence of depression and its correlates in older adults. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 117: 173–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Linn, MW, Hunter, K, Harris, R. Symptoms of depression and recent life events in the community elderly. J Clin Psychol 1980; 36: 675–82.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Smallegan, M. Level of depressive symptoms and life stresses for culturally diverse older adults. Gerontologist 1989; 29: 45–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Murphy, E. Social origins of depression in old age. Br J Psychiatry 1982; 141: 135–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Carpiniello, B, Carta, MG, Rudas, N. Depression among elderly people: a psychological study of urban and rural populations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 80: 445–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60Emmerson, JP, Burvill, PW, Finlay-Jones, R, Hall, W. Life events, life difficulties and confiding relationships in the depressed elderly. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 155: 787–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Rotenberg, K, Hamel, J. Social interaction and depression in elderly individuals. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1988; 27: 305–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62Abrams, RC, Rosendahl, E, Card, C, Alexopoulos, GS. Personality disorder correlates of late and early onset depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 727–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Veith, RC, Raskind, MA. The neurobiology of aging: does it predispose to depression? Neurobiol Aging 1988; 9: 101–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64Mendlewicz, J. The age factor in depression illness: some genetic considerations. J Gerontol 1976; 31: 300–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Reynolds, CF, Kupfer, DJ, Houck, PR et al. Reliable discrimination of elderly depressed and demented patients by electroencephalograpnic sleep data. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 258–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Patterson, JV, Michalewski, HJ, Starr, A. Latency variability of the components of auditory event-related potentials to infrequent stimuli in aging, Alzheimer-type dementia, and depression. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1988; 71: 450–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Salzman, C. Clinical guidelines for the use of antidepressant drugs in geriatric patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1985; 46: 38–44.Google ScholarPubMed
68Yokoyama, M, Kusui, A, Sakamoto, S, Fukuzaki, H. Age associated increments in human platelet alpha-adrenoceptor capacity. Possible mechanism for platelet hyperactivity to epinephrine in aging man. Thromb Res 1984; 34: 286–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69Braddock, L, Cowen, PJ, Elliot, JM et al. Binding of yohimbine and imipramime to platelets in depressive illness. Psychol Med 1986; 16: 765–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70Stahl, SM, Lemoine, PM, Ciaranello, RD, Berger, PA. Platelet adrenergic receptor sensitivity in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 1983; 10: 157–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Garcia-Sevilla, JA, Guimon, J, Garcia-Vallejo, P, Fuster, MJ. Biochemical and functional evidence of super-sensitive platelet adrenoceptors in major affective disorder: effect of long term lithium carbonate treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 46: 51–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72Mann, JJ, Stanley, M, McBride, PA, McEwen, BS. Increased serotonin-2 and beta adrenergic receptor binding in the frontal cortices of suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 46: 954–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73Stanley, MJ, Virgilio, J, Gershon, S. Tritiated imipramine binding sites are decreased in frontal cortex of suicides. Science 1982; 216: 1337–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Mann, JJ, Petito, M, Stanley, PA et al. Amine receptor binding and monoamine oxidase activity in postmortem human brain tissue: effect of age, gender and postmortem delay. In: Burrows, GD, Norman, TR, Dennerstein, L eds. Clinical pharmacological studies in psychiatric disorders. London: John Libey, 1985: 37–39.Google Scholar
75Mellerup, ET, Plenge, P. Imipramine binding in depression and other psychiatric conditions. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 78 (suppl 345): 61–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
76Schneider, LS, Severson, JA, Sloane, RB. Platelet H-imipramine binding in depressed elderly patients. Biol Psychiatry 1985; 20: 1232–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77Theodorou, AE, Katona, CLE, Davies, SL et al. H-imipramine binding to freshly prepared platelet membranes in depression. Psychiatr Res 1989; 29: 87–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
78Nemeroff, CR, Knight, DL, Krishnan, RR et al. Marked reductions in the number of platelet tritiated-imipramine binding sites in geriatric depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 919–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79Heninger, GR, Charney, DS, Sternberg, DE. Serotonergic function in depression: prolactin response to intravenous tryptophan in depressed patients and healthy subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 398–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Cowen, PJ, Charig, EM. Neuroendocrine responses to tryptophan in major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44: 958–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81Brown, SL, Salive, ME, Harris, TB, Simonsick, EM, Guralnik, JM, Kohout, FJ. Low cholesterol concentrations and severe depressive symptoms in elderly people. BMJ 1994; 308: 1328–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82Philpot, MP, Banerjee, S, Needham-Bennett, H, Costa, DC, Ell, PJ. Tc-HMPAO single photon emission tomography in late life depression: a pilot study of regional cerebral blood flow at rest and during a verbal fluency task. J Affect Disord 1993; 28: 233–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83Beats, B, Levy, R. Imaging and affective disorder in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 1992; 8: 267–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Baldwin, RC. Late life depression and structural brain changes: a review of recent magnetic resonance imaging research. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1993; 8: 115–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
85Fujikawa, T, Yamawaki, S, Touhouda, Y. Background factors and clinical symptoms of major depression with silent cerebral infarction. Stroke 1994; 25: 798–801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86Fujikawa, T, Yamawaki, S, Touhouda, Y. Incidence of silent cerebral infarction in patients with major depression. Stroke 1993; 24: 1631–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87Kok, RM, Heeren, TJ, Hooijer, C, Dinkgreve, MAHM, Rooijmans, HGM. The prevalence of depression in elderly medical inpatients. J Affect Disord 1995; 33: 77–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88Feldman, E, Mayou, R, Hawton, K, Arden, M, Smith, EBO. Psychiatric disorder in medical inpatients. Q J Med 1987; 240: 301–308.Google Scholar
89Burn, WK, Davies, KN, McKenzie, FR, Brothwell, JA. The prevalence of psychiatric illness in acute geriatric admissions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1993; 8: 171–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
90Harper, RG, Kotik-Harper, D, Kirby, H. Psychometric assessment of depression in an elderly general medical population. J Nerv Ment Dis 1990; 178: 113–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
91Katona, CLE. Depression and physical illness in old age. In Katona, CLE ed. Depression in old age. Chichester: John Wiley, 1994: 63–77.Google ScholarPubMed
92Fenton, FR, Cole, MG, Engelsman, F, Mansouri, I. Depression in older medical inpatients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1994; 9: 279–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93Koenig, HG, Meador, KG, Goli, V, Shelp, F, Cohen, HJ, Blazer, DG. Self-rated depressive symptoms in medical impatients: age and racial differences. Int J Psychiatry Med 1992; 22: 11–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
94Harris, RE, Mion, LC, Patterson, MB, Frengley, JD. Severe illness in older patients: the association between depressive disorders and functional dependency during the recovery phase. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36: 890–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
95Koenig, HG, Shelp, F, Goli, V, Cohen, HJ, Blazer, DG. Survival and health care utilization in elderly medical inpatients with major depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 599–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96Ramsay, R, Wright, P, Katz, A, Bielawska, C, Katona, C. The detection of psychiatric morbidity and its effects on outcome in acute elderly medical admissions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1991; 6: 861–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97Rapp, SR, Parisi, SA, Wallace, CE. Comorbid psychiatric disorders in elderly medical patients: a 1-year prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 124–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98Cooper, B. Psychiatric disorders among elderly patients admitted to hospital medical wards. J R Soc Med 1987; 80: 13–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99Ganzini, L, Lee, MA, Heintz, RT, Bloom, JD, Fenn, DS. The effect of depression treatment on elderly patients' preferences for life-sustaining medical therapy. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1631–36.Google ScholarPubMed
100Rapp, SR, Walsh, DA, Parisi, SA, Wallace, CE. Detecting depression in elderly medical inpatients. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988; 56: 509–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101Koenig, HG, Meador, KG, Cohen, HJ, Blazer, DG. Detection and treatment of major depression in older medically ill hospitalised patients. Int J Psychiatry Med 1988; 18: 17–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
102Walker, Z, Leek, C, D'ath, P, Katona, CLE. Psychiatric morbidity in elderly attendere of an accident & emergency department. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1995 (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
103Jackson, R, Baldwin, B. Detecting depression in elderly medically ill patients: the use of the Geriatric Depression Scale compared with medical and nursing observations. Age Ageing 1993; 22: 349–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
104Katz, IR, Simpson, GM, Curlik, SM et al. Pharmacologic treatment of major depression for elderly patients in residential care settings. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51 (suppl 7): 41–47.Google ScholarPubMed
105Koenig, HG, Goli, V, Shelp, F et al. Antidepressants use in elderly medical inpatients: lessons from an attempted clinical trial. J Gen Intern Med 1989; 4: 498–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106Lipsey, JR, Robinson, RG, Pearlson, GD, Rao, K, Price, TR. Nortriptyline treatment of post-stroke depression: a double-blind study. Lancet 1984; i: 297–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
107Reding, MJ, Orto, LA, Winter, SW et al. Antidepressant therapy after stroke: a double-blind trial. Arch Neurol 1986; 43: 763–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108Schifano, F, Garbin, A, Renesto, V et al. A double-blind comparison of mianserin and maprotiline in depressed medically ill elderly people. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990; 81: 289–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109Tan, RSH, Barlow, RJ, Abel, C et al. The effect of low dose lofepramine in depressed elderly patients in general medical wards. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 37: 321–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110Pritchard, C. Changes in elderly suicides in the USA and the developed world 1974–87: comparison with current homicide. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1992; 7: 125–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
111Lindesay, J. Suicide in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1991; 6: 355–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
112McClure, GMG. Trends in suicide rate for England and Wales 1975–1980. Br J Psychiatry 1984; 144: 119–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
113Pierce, D. Deliberate self-harm in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1987; 2: 105–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
114Barraclough, B. Suicide in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry 1971; (suppl 6): 87–97.Google Scholar
115Caltell, H, Jolley, DJ. One hundred cases of suicide in elderly people. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 166: 451–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
116Draper, B. Suicidal behaviour in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1994; 9: 655–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
117Nowers, M. Deliberate self-harm in the elderly: a survey of one London borough. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1993; 8: 609–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
118Rifai, AH, George, CJ, Stack, JA, Mann, JJ, Reynolds, CF. Hopelessness in suicide attempters after acute treatment of major depression in late life. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1687–90.Google ScholarPubMed
119Rockwell, E, Lam, RW, Zisook, S. Antidepressant drug studies in the elderly. Psychiatr Clin N Am 1988; 11: 215–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120Gerson, SC, Plotkin, DA, Jarvik, LF. Antidepressant drug studies, 1964 to 1986: empirical evidence for aging patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988; 8: 311–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
121Anstey, K, Brodaty, H. Antidepressants and the elderly: double-blind trials. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1995; 10: 265–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
122Mullan, M, D'ath, P, Katona, C. Screening, detection and management of depression in elderly primary care attendere. 2. Detection and fitness for treatment: a case record study. Fam Pract 1994; 11: 267–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
123Georgotas, A, McCue, RE, Cooper, TB et al. Factors affecting the delay of anti-depressant effects in respondere to nortriptyline and phenelzine. Psychiatry Res 1989; 28: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
124Benbow, SM. The role of electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of depressive illness in old age. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 155: 147–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
125Salzman, C. Electroconvulsive therapy in the elderly patient. Psychiatr Clin N Am 1982; 5: 191–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
126Fraser, RM, Glass, IB. Unilateral and bilateral ECT in elderly patients: a comparative study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1980; 62: 13–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
127Mulsant, BH, Rosen, J, Thornton, JE, Zubenko, GS. A prospective naturalistic study of electroconvulsive therapy in late-life depression. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991; 4: 3–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128Godber, C, Rosenvinge, H, Wilkinson, D et al. Depression in old age: prognosis after ECT. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1987; 2: 19–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
129Morris, RG, Morris, LW. Cognitive and behavioural approaches with the depressed elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1991; 6: 407–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
130Lam, DH, Power, MJ. A questionnaire designed to assess roles and goals: a preliminary study. Br J Med Psychol 1991; 64: 359–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
131Zerhusen, JD, Boyle, K, Wilson, W. Out of the darkness: group cognitive therapy for the elderly. J Psychosoc Nurs 1991; 29: 16–20.Google Scholar
132Campbell, JM. Treating depression in well older adults: use of diaries in cognitive therapy. Issues Ment Health Nurs 1992; 13: 19–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
133Finch, EJL, Kantona, CLE. Lithium augmentation of refractory depression in old age. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1989; 4: 41–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
134van Marwijk, HWJ, Bekker, FM, Nolen, WA et al. Lithium augmentation in geriatric depression. J Affect Disord 1990; 20: 217–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
135Uehlinger, C, Nil, R, Amey, M et al. Citalopram–lithium combination treatment of elderly depressed patients: a pilot study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1995; 10: 281–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
136Parker, KL, Mittmann, N, Shear, NH et al. Lithium augmentation in geriatric depressed outpatients: a clinical report. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1994; 9: 995–1002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
137Georgotas, A, Friedman, E, McCarthy, M et al. Resistant geriatric depressions and therapeutic response to monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Biol Psychiatry 1983; 18: 195–205.Google ScholarPubMed
138Millard, P. Depression in old age. BMJ 1983; 267: 375–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
139Murphy, E. The prognosis of depression in old age. Br J Psychiatry 1983; 142: 111–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
140Baldwin, RC, Jolley, DJ. The prognosis of depression in old age. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 149: 574–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
141Cole, MG. The prognosis of depression in the elderly. Can Med Assoc J 1990; 143: 633–39.Google ScholarPubMed
142Brodaty, H, Harris, L, Peters, K et al. , Prognosis of depression in the elderly. A comparison with younger patients. Br J Psychiatry 1993; 163: 589–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
143Murphy, E, Smith, R, Lindesay, J, Slattery, J. Increased mortality rates in late-life depression. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 152: 347–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
144Robinson, JR. The natural history of mental disorder in old age–a long-term study. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 154: 783–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
145Ciompi, L. Follow-up studies on the evolution of former neurotic and depressive states in old age: clinical and psychodynamic aspects. J Geriatr Psychiatry 1969; 3: 90–106.Google Scholar
146Jacoby, RJ, Levy, R. Computed tomography in the elderly: 3. Affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 136: 270–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
147Pearlson, GD, Rabins, PV, Kim, WS et al. Structural brain CT changes and cognitive deficts in elderly depressives with and without reversible dementia (‘pseudodementia’). Psychol Med 1989; 19: 573–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
148Hinrichsen, GA, Hernandez, NA. Factors associated with recovery from and relapse into major depressive disorder in the elderly. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1820–25.Google ScholarPubMed
149Baldwin, RC. Delusional and non-delusional depression in late life: evidence for distinct subtypes. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 152: 39–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
150Bruce, ML, Seeman, TE, Merrill, SS, Blazer, DG. The impact of depressive symptomatology on physical disability: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Am J Public Health 1994; 84: 1796–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
151Green, BH, Copeland, JRM, Dewey, ME, Sharma, V, Davidson, IA. Factors associated with recovery and recurrence of depression in older people: a prospective study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1994; 9: 789–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
152Old Age Depression Interest Group. How long should the elderly taken antidepressants? A double-blind placebo-controlled study of continuation/prophylaxis therapy with dothiepin. Br J Psychiatry 1993; 162: 175–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
153Georgotas, A, McCue, RE, Cooper, TB. A placebo-controlled comparison of nortriptyline and phenelzine in maintenance therapy of elderly depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 783–85.Google ScholarPubMed
154Feighner, JP, Cohn, JB. Double-blind comparative trials of fluoxetine and doxepin in geriatric patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1985; 46: 20–25.Google ScholarPubMed
155Abou-Saleh, MT, Coppen, A. The prognosis of depression in old age: the case for lithium therapy. Br J Psychiatry 1983; 143: 527–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
156Reynolds, CF, Frank, E, Perel, JM et al. Treatment of consecutive episodes of major depression in the elderly. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1740–43.Google ScholarPubMed
157Ong, YK, Martineau, F, Lloyd, C, Robbins, I. A support group for the depressed elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1987; 2: 119–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar