Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T03:03:27.013Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Amyloid imaging in dementia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 November 2012

A Ashraf ,
P Mehta  and
P Edison
A Ashraf
Affiliation:
Centre for Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London
P Mehta
Affiliation:
Centre for Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London
P Edison*
Affiliation:
Centre for Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London
*
Address for correspondence: Dr Paul Edison, Centre for Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, MRC Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

A major advancement in the field of medicine has been the timely advent of amyloid imaging, which has allowed critical evaluation of the complex relationship between amyloid β peptide (Aβ) aggregation and Alzheimer's disease in vivo. Most importantly, amyloid imaging has the potential to detect Aβ in mildly affected as well as asymptomatic individuals, when the therapeutic window of opportunity might still be open to pharmacological intervention. It also shows significant promise in differential diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or atypical dementias. Amyloid imaging studies support a model in which amyloid aggregation is considered an early event on the path of dementia, beginning insidiously in cognitively healthy individuals being accompanied by subtle cognitive, functional and structural brain alterations suggestive of incipient AD. As individuals progress to dementia, clinical decline and neurodegeneration accelerate and might proceed independently of amyloid accumulation. In this review we focus on amyloid imaging with particular emphasis on [11C]PIB in AD, mild cognitive impairment and other dementias, and discuss the advances made in this perplexing field.

Keywords

amyloid imaging[11C]PIB-PETAlzheimer's diseasemild cognitive impairmentcognitively normal controls
Type
Neuropsychiatry of old age
Information
Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , February 2013 , pp. 43 - 60
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Thal, DR, Rub, U, Orantes, M, Braak, H. Phases of A beta-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD. Neurology 2002; 58: 1791–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2McKhann, G, Drachman, D, Folstein, M, Katzman, R, Price, D, Stadlan, EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984; 34: 939–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3McKhann, GM, Knopman, DS, Chertkow, H, Hyman, BT, Jack, CR Jr, Kawas, CH, Klunk, WE, Koroshetz, WJ, Manly, JJ, Mayeux, R, Mohs, RC, Morris, JC, Rossor, MN, Scheltens, P, Carrillo, MC, Thies, B, Weintraub, S, Phelps, CH. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011; 7: 263–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Petersen, RC, Smith, GE, Waring, SC, Ivnik, RJ, Tangalos, EG, Kokmen, E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 303–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Tierney, JP, Snow, WG, Fisher, RH, Nores, A, Nadon, G, Dunn, E, George-Hyslop, PH. Prediction of probable Alzheimer's disease in memory-impaired patients: A prospective longitudinal study. Neurology 1996; 46: 661–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Petersen, RC, Doody, R, Kurz, A, Mohs, RC, Morris, JC, Rabins, PV, Ritchie, K, Rossor, M, Thal, L, Winblad, B. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 2001; 58: 1985–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Hardy, J, Selkoe, DJ. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 2002; 297: 353–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Klunk, WE.Amyloid imaging as a biomarker for cerebral beta-amyloidosis and risk prediction for Alzheimer dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32 (suppl 1): S20–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Herholz, K, Carter, SF, Jones, M. Positron emission tomography imaging in dementia. Br J Radiol 2007; 80 (spec no 2): S160–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Shoghi-Jadid, K, Small, GW, Agdeppa, ED, Kepe, V, Ercoli, LM, Siddarth, P, Read, S, Satyamurthy, N, Petric, A, Huang, SC, Barrio, JR. Localization of neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid plaques in the brains of living patients with Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiat 2002; 10: 24–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Klunk, WE, Engler, H, Nordberg, A, Wang, Y, Blomqvist, G, Holt, DP, Bergström, M, Savitcheva, I, Huang, GF, Estrada, S, Ausén, B, Debnath, ML, Barletta, J, Price, JC, Sandell, J, Lopresti, BJ, Wall, A, Koivisto, P, Antoni, G, Mathis, CA, Långström, B. Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer's disease with Pittsburgh Compound-B. Annals Neurol 2004; 55: 306–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Nyberg, S, Jönhagen, ME, Cselényi, Z, Halldin, C, Julin, P, Olsson, H, Freund-Levi, Y, Andersson, J, Varnäs, K, Svensson, S, Farde, L. Detection of amyloid in Alzheimer's disease with positron emission tomography using [11C]AZD2184. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36: 1859–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Kudo, Y, Okamura, N, Furumoto, S, Tashiro, M, Furukawa, K, Maruyama, M, Itoh, M, Iwata, R, Yanai, K, Arai, H. 2-(2-[2-Dimethylamino-thiazol-5-yl]ethenyl)-6- (2-[fluoro]ethoxy)benzoxazole: a novel PET agent for in vivo detection of dense amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease patients. J Nucl Med 2007; 48: 553–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14Verhoeff, NP, Wilson, AA, Takeshita, S, Trop, L, Hussey, D, Singh, K, Kung, HF, Kung, MP, Houle, S. In-vivo imaging of Alzheimer disease beta-amyloid with [11C]SB-13 PET. Am J Geriatr Psychiat 2004; 12: 584–95.Google ScholarPubMed
15Koole, M, Lewis, DM, Buckley, C, Nelissen, N, Vandenbulcke, M, Brooks, DJ, Vandenberghe, R, Van Laere, K. Whole-body biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of 18F-GE067: a radioligand for in vivo brain amyloid imaging. J Nucl Med 2009; 50: 818–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Rowe, CC, Ackerman, U, Browne, W, Mulligan, R, Pike, KL, O'Keefe, G, Tochon-Danguy, H, Chan, G, Berlangieri, SU, Jones, G, Dickinson-Rowe, KL, Kung, HP, Zhang, W, Kung, MP, Skovronsky, D, Dyrks, T, Holl, G, Krause, S, Friebe, M, Lehman, L, Lindemann, S, Dinkelborg, LM, Masters, CL, Villemagne, VL. Imaging of amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease with 18F-BAY94–9172, a novel PET tracer: proof of mechanism. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 129–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Zhang, W, Oya, S, Kung, MP, Hou, C, Maier, DL, Kung, HF. F-18 Polyethyleneglycol stilbenes as PET imaging agents targeting Abeta aggregates in the brain. Nucl Med Biol 2005; 32: 799–809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Juréus, A, Swahn, BM, Sandell, J, Jeppsson, F, Johnson, AE, Johnström, P, Neelissen, JA, Sunnemark, D, Farde, L, Svensson, SP. Characterization of AZD4694, a novel fluorinated Abeta plaque neuroimaging PET radioligand. J Neurochem 2010; 114: 784–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Cselényi, Z, Jönhagen, ME, Forsberg, A, Halldin, C, Julin, P, Schou, M, Johnström, P, Varnäs, K, Svensson, S, Farde, L. Clinical validation of 18F-AZD4694, an amyloid-beta-specific PET radioligand. J Nucl Med 2012; 53: 415–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Klunk, WE, Wang, Y, Huang, GF, Debnath, ML, Holt, DP, Shao, L, Hamilton, RL, Ikonomovic, MD, DeKosky, ST, Mathis, CA. The binding of 2-(4’-methylaminophenyl)benzothiazole to postmortem brain homogenates is dominated by the amyloid component. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 2086–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Lockhart, A, Ye, L, Judd, DB, Merritt, AT, Lowe, PN, Morgenstern, JL, Hong, G, Gee, AD, Brown, J. Evidence for the presence of three distinct binding sites for the thioflavin T class of Alzheimer's disease PET imaging agents on beta-amyloid peptide fibrils. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 7677–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Fodero-Tavoletti, MT, Smith, DP, McLean, CA, Adlard, PA, Barnham, KJ, Foster, LE, Leone, L, Perez, K, Cortés, M, Culvenor, JG, Li, QX, Laughton, KM, Rowe, CC, Masters, CL, Cappai, R, Villemagne, VL. In vitro characterization of Pittsburgh compound-B binding to Lewy bodies. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 10365–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Ye, L, Velasco, A, Fraser, G, Beach, TG, Sue, L, Osredkar, T, Libri, V, Spillantini, MG, Goedert, M, Lockhart, A. In vitro high affinity alpha-synuclein binding sites for the amyloid imaging agent PIB are not matched by binding to Lewy bodies in postmortem human brain. J Neurochem 2008; 105: 1428–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24Mathis, CA, Lopresti, BJ, Klunk, WE. Impact of amyloid imaging on drug development in Alzheimer's disease. Nuclear Med Biol 2007; 34: 809–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Jack, CR Jr, Lowe, VJ, Senjem, ML, Weigand, SD, Kemp, BJ, Shiung, MM, Knopman, DS, Boeve, BF, Klunk, WE, Mathis, CA, Petersen, RC. 11C PiB and structural MRI provide complementary information in imaging of Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Brain 2008; 131: 665–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Edison, P, Archer, HA, Hinz, R, Hammers, A, Pavese, N, Tai, YF, Hotton, G, Cutler, D, Fox, N, Kennedy, A, Rossor, M, Brooks, DJ. Amyloid, hypometabolism, and cognition in Alzheimer disease: an [11C]PIB and [18F]FDG PET study. Neurology 2007; 68: 501–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Rowe, CC, Ng, S, Ackermann, U, Gong, SJ, Pike, K, Savage, G, Cowie, TF, Dickinson, KL, Maruff, P, Darby, D, Smith, C, Woodward, M, Merory, J, Tochon-Danguy, H, O'Keefe, G, Klunk, WE, Mathis, CA, Price, JC, Masters, CL, Villemagne, VL. Imaging beta-amyloid burden in aging and dementia. Neurology 2007; 68: 1718–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Kemppainen, NM, Aalto, S, Wilson, IA, Någren, K, Helin, S, Brück, A, Oikonen, V, Kailajärvi, M, Scheinin, M, Viitanen, M, Parkkola, R, Rinne, JO. Voxel-based analysis of PET amyloid ligand [11C]PIB uptake in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2006; 67: 1575–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Braak, H, Braak, E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol 1991; 82: 239–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Rabinovici, GD, Jagust, WJ. Amyloid imaging in aging and dementia: testing the amyloid hypothesis in vivo. Behav Neurol 2009; 21: 117–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Lopresti, BJ, Klunk, WE, Mathis, CA, Hoge, JA, Ziolko, SK, Lu, X, Meltzer, CC, Schimmel, K, Tsopelas, ND, DeKosky, ST, Price, JC. Simplified quantification of Pittsburgh Compound B amyloid imaging PET studies: a comparative analysis. J Nucl Med 2005; 46: 1959–72.Google ScholarPubMed
32Price, JC, Klunk, WE, Lopresti, BJ, Lu, X, Hoge, JA, Ziolko, SK, Holt, DP, Meltzer, CC, DeKosky, ST, Mathis, CA. Kinetic modeling of amyloid binding in humans using PET imaging and Pittsburgh Compound-B. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005; 25: 1528–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Watanabe, R, Duchen, LW. Cerebral amyloid in human prion disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1993; 19: 253–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Mead, S, Poulter, M, Beck, J, Webb, TE, Campbell, TA, Linehan, JM, Desbruslais, M, Joiner, S, Wadsworth, JD, King, A, Lantos, P, Collinge, J. Inherited prion disease with six octapeptide repeat insertional mutation–molecular analysis of phenotypic heterogeneity. Brain 2006; 129: 2297–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Klunk, WE, Price, JC, Mathis, CA, Tsopelas, ND, Lopresti, BJ, Ziolko, SK, Bi, W, Hoge, JA, Cohen, AD, Ikonomovic, MD, Saxton, JA, Snitz, BE, Pollen, DA, Moonis, M, Lippa, CF, Swearer, JM, Johnson, KA, Rentz, DM, Fischman, AJ, Aizenstein, HJ, DeKosky, ST. Amyloid deposition begins in the striatum of presenilin-1 mutation carriers from two unrelated pedigrees. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 6174–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Edison, P, Hinz, R, Ramlackhansingh, A, Thomas, J, Gelosa, G, Archer, HA, Turkheimer, FE, Brooks, DJ. Can target-to-pons ratio be used as a reliable method for the analysis of [11C]PIB brain scans? Neuroimage 2012; 60: 1716–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Weiner, MW, Veitch, DP, Aisen, PS, Beckett, LA, Cairns, NJ, Green, RC, Harvey, D, Jack, CR, Jagust, W, Liu, E, Morris, JC, Petersen, RC, Saykin, AJ, Schmidt, ME, Shaw, L, Siuciak, JA, Soares, H, Toga, AW, Trojanowski, JQ. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: A review of papers published since its inception. Alzheimers Dement 2012; 8 (suppl 1): S1–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38Engler, H, Forsberg, A, Almkvist, O, Blomquist, G, Larsson, E, Savitcheva, I, Wall, A, Ringheim, A, Långström, B, Nordberg, A. Two-year follow-up of amyloid deposition in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2006; 129: 2856–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Jack, CR Jr, Lowe, VJ, Weigand, SD, Wiste, HJ, Senjem, ML, Knopman, DS, Shiung, MM, Gunter, JL, Boeve, BF, Kemp, BJ, Weiner, M, Petersen, RC; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Serial PIB and MRI in normal, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: implications for sequence of pathological events in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2009; 132: 1355–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40Scheinin, NM, Aalto, S, Koikkalainen, J, Lötjönen, J, Karrasch, M, Kemppainen, N, Viitanen, M, Någren, K, Helin, S, Scheinin, M, Rinne, JO. Follow-up of [11C]PIB uptake and brain volume in patients with Alzheimer disease and controls. Neurology 2009; 73: 1186–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Kadir, A, Almkvist, O, Forsberg, A, Wall, A, Engler, H, Långström, B, Nordberg, A. Dynamic changes in PET amyloid and FDG imaging at different stages of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33: 198, e1–14.Google ScholarPubMed
42Benilova, I, Karran, E, De Strooper, B. The toxic Abeta oligomer and Alzheimer's disease: an emperor in need of clothes. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15: 349–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Koffie, RM, Meyer-Luehmann, M, Hashimoto, T, Adams, KW, Mielke, ML, Garcia-Alloza, M, Micheva, KD, Smith, SJ, Kim, ML, Lee, VM, Hyman, BT, Spires-Jones, TL. Oligomeric amyloid beta associates with postsynaptic densities and correlates with excitatory synapse loss near senile plaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 4012–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Yan, P, Bero, AW, Cirrito, JR, Xiao, Q, Hu, X, Wang, Y, Gonzales, E, Holtzman, DM, Lee, JM. Characterizing the appearance and growth of amyloid plaques in APP/PS1 mice. J Neurosci 2009; 29: 10706–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Meyer-Luehmann, M, Spires-Jones, TL, Prada, C, Garcia-Alloza, M, de Calignon, A, Rozkalne, A, Koenigsknecht-Talboo, J, Holtzman, DM, Bacskai, BJ, Hyman, BT. Rapid appearance and local toxicity of amyloid-beta plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2008; 451: 720–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46Okello, A, Edison, P, Archer, HA, Turkheimer, FE, Kennedy, J, Bullock, R, Walker, Z, Kennedy, A, Fox, N, Rossor, M, Brooks, DJ. Microglial activation and amyloid deposition in mild cognitive impairment: a PET study. Neurology 2009; 72: 56–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Kemppainen, NM, Aalto, S, Wilson, IA, Någren, K, Helin, S, Brück, A, Oikonen, V, Kailajärvi, M, Scheinin, M, Viitanen, M, Parkkola, R, Rinne, JO. PET amyloid ligand [11C]PIB uptake is increased in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 2007; 68: 1603–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Mormino, EC, Kluth, JT, Madison, CM, Rabinovici, GD, Baker, SL, Miller, BL, Koeppe, RA, Mathis, CA, Weiner, MW, Jagust, WJ; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Episodic memory loss is related to hippocampal-mediated beta-amyloid deposition in elderly subjects. Brain 2009; 132: 1310–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49Koivunen, J, Pirttilä, T, Kemppainen, N, Aalto, S, Herukka, SK, Jauhianen, AM, Hänninen, T, Hallikainen, M, Någren, K, Rinne, JO, Soininen, H. PET amyloid ligand [11C]PIB uptake and cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid in mild cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008; 26: 378–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Forsberg, A, Engler, H, Almkvist, O, Blomquist, G, Hagman, G, Wall, A, Ringheim, A, Långström, B, Nordberg, A. PET imaging of amyloid deposition in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29: 1456–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Pike, KE, Savage, G, Villemagne, VL, Ng, S, Moss, SA, Maruff, P, Mathis, CA, Klunk, WE, Masters, CL, Rowe, CC. Beta-amyloid imaging and memory in non-demented individuals: evidence for preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2007; 130: 2837–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Okello, A, Koivunen, J, Edison, P, Archer, HA, Turkheimer, FE, Någren, K, Bullock, R, Walker, Z, Kennedy, A, Fox, NC, Rossor, MN, Rinne, JO, Brooks, DJ. Conversion of amyloid positive and negative MCI to AD over 3 years: an 11C-PIB PET study. Neurology 2009; 73: 754–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Aizenstein, HJ, Nebes, RD, Saxton, JA, Price, JC, Mathis, CA, Tsopelas, ND, Ziolko, SK, James, JA, Snitz, BE, Houck, PR, Bi, W, Cohen, AD, Lopresti, BJ, DeKosky, ST, Halligan, EM, Klunk, WE. Frequent amyloid deposition without significant cognitive impairment among the elderly. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 1509–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Mormino, EC, Brandel, MG, Madison, CM, Rabinovici, GD, Marks, S, Baker, SL, Jagust, WJ. Not quite PIB-positive, not quite PIB-negative: slight PIB elevations in elderly normal control subjects are biologically relevant. Neuroimage 2011; 59: 1152–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55Koivunen, J, Scheinin, N, Virta, JR, Aalto, S, Vahlberg, T, Någren, K, Helin, S, Parkkola, R, Viitanen, M, Rinne, JO. Amyloid PET imaging in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a 2-year follow-up study. Neurology 2011; 76: 1085–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Jagust, WJ, Bandy, D, Chen, K, Foster, NL, Landau, SM, Mathis, CA, Price, JC, Reiman, EM, Skovronsky, D, Koeppe, RA; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative positron emission tomography core. Alzheimers Dement 2010; 6: 221–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57Villemagne, VL, Pike, KE, Chételat, G, Ellis, KA, Mulligan, RS, Bourgeat, P, Ackermann, U, Jones, G, Szoeke, C, Salvado, O, Martins, R, O'Keefe, G, Mathis, CA, Klunk, WE, Ames, D, Masters, CL, Rowe, CC. Longitudinal assessment of Abeta and cognition in aging and Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 2011; 69: 181–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Ossenkoppele, R, van Berckel, BN, Prins, ND. Amyloid imaging in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2011; 3: 26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Wolk, DA, Klunk, W. Update on amyloid imaging: from healthy aging to Alzheimer's disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2009; 9: 345–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Price, JL, Morris, JC. Tangles and plaques in non-demented aging and ‘preclinical’ Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1999; 45: 358–68.3.0.CO;2-X>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61Mintun, MA, Larossa, GN, Sheline, YI, Dence, CS, Lee, SY, Mach, RH, Klunk, WE, Mathis, CA, DeKosky, ST, Morris, JC. [11C]PIB in a non-demented population: potential antecedent marker of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2006; 67: 446–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62Reiman, EM, Chen, K, Liu, X, Bandy, D, Yu, M, Lee, W, Ayutyanont, N, Keppler, J, Reeder, SA, Langbaum, JB, Alexander, GE, Klunk, WE, Mathis, CA, Price, JC, Aizenstein, HJ, DeKosky, ST, Caselli, RJ. Fibrillar amyloid-beta burden in cognitively normal people at 3 levels of genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 6820–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Villemagne, VL, Pike, KE, Darby, D, Maruff, P, Savage, G, Ng, S, Ackermann, U, Cowie, TF, Currie, J, Chan, SG, Jones, G, Tochon-Danguy, H, O'Keefe, G, Masters, CL, Rowe, CC. Abeta deposits in older non-demented individuals with cognitive decline are indicative of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46: 1688–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64Rodrigue, KM, Kennedy, KM, Devous, MD Sr, Rieck, JR, Hebrank, AC, Diaz-Arrastia, R, Mathews, D, Park, DC. Beta-Amyloid burden in healthy aging: regional distribution and cognitive consequences. Neurology 2012; 78: 387–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Sojkova, J, Zhou, Y, An, Y, Kraut, MA, Ferrucci, L, Wong, DF, Resnick, SM. Longitudinal patterns of beta-amyloid deposition in nondemented older adults. Arch Neurol 2011; 68: 644–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Bennett, DA, Schneider, JA, Arvanitakis, Z, Kelly, JF, Aggarwal, NT, Shah, RC, Wilson, RS. Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies. Neurology 2006; 66: 1837–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Kantarci, K, Lowe, V, Przybelski, SA, Weigand, SD, Senjem, ML, Ivnik, RJ, Preboske, GM, Roberts, R, Geda, YE, Boeve, BF, Knopman, DS, Petersen, RC, Jack, CR Jr. APOE modifies the association between Abeta load and cognition in cognitively normal older adults. Neurology 2012; 78: 232–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68Vlassenko, AG, Mintun, MA, Xiong, C, Sheline, YI, Goate, AM, Benzinger, TL, Morris, JC. Amyloid-beta plaque growth in cognitively normal adults: longitudinal [11C]Pittsburgh compound B data. Ann Neurol 2011; 70: 857–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69Bertram, L. Alzheimer's genetics in the GWAS era: a continuing story of ‘replications and refutations’. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2011; 11: 246–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70Roe, CM, Xiong, C, Miller, JP, Morris, JC. Education and Alzheimer disease without dementia: support for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Neurology 2007; 68: 223–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Murray, AD, Staff, RT, McNeil, CJ, Salarirad, S, Ahearn, TS, Mustafa, N, Whalley, LJ. The balance between cognitive reserve and brain imaging biomarkers of cerebrovascular and Alzheimer's diseases. Brain 2011; 134: 3687–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Rentz, DM, Locascio, JJ, Becker, JA, Moran, EK, Eng, E, Buckner, RL, Sperling, RA, Johnson, KA. Cognition, reserve, and amyloid deposition in normal aging. Ann Neurol 2010; 67: 353–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Tucker, AM, Stern, Y. Cognitive reserve in aging. Curr Alzheimer Res 2011; 8: 354–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Furst, AJ, Rabinovici, GD, Rostomian, AH, Steed, T, Alkalay, A, Racine, C, Miller, BL, Jagust, WJ. Cognition, glucose metabolism and amyloid burden in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33: 215–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Cohen, AD, Price, JC, Weissfeld, LA, James, J, Rosario, BL, Bi, W, Nebes, RD, Saxton, JA, Snitz, BE, Aizenstein, HA, Wolk, DA, Dekosky, ST, Mathis, CA, Klunk, WE. Basal cerebral metabolism may modulate the cognitive effects of Abeta in mild cognitive impairment: an example of brain reserve. J Neurosci 2009; 29: 14770–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Braak, H, Braak, E. Staging of Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary changes. Neurobiol Aging 1995; 16: 271–78; discussion 8–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Sokoloff, L. Relation between physiological function and energy metabolism in the central nervous system. J Neurochem 1977; 29: 13–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Jagust, W, Reed, B, Mungas, D, Ellis, W, Decarli, C. What does fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging add to a clinical diagnosis of dementia? Neurology 2007; 69: 871–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79Mosconi, L, Tsui, WH, De Santi, S, Li, J, Rusinek, H, Convit, A, Li, Y, Boppana, M, de Leon, MJ. Reduced hippocampal metabolism in MCI and AD: automated FDG-PET image analysis. Neurology 2005; 64: 1860–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
80Rabinovici, GD, Rosen, HJ, Alkalay, A, Kornak, J, Furst, AJ, Agarwal, N, Mormino, EC, O'Neil, JP, Janabi, M, Karydas, A, Growdon, ME, Jang, JY, Huang, EJ, Dearmond, SJ, Trojanowski, JQ, Grinberg, LT, Gorno-Tempini, ML, Seeley, WW, Miller, BL, Jagust, WJ. Amyloid vs FDG-PET in the differential diagnosis of AD and FTLD. Neurology 2011; 77: 2034–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81Forsberg, A, Almkvist, O, Engler, H, Wall, A, Langstrom, B, Nordberg, A. High PIB retention in Alzheimer's disease is an early event with complex relationship with CSF biomarkers and functional parameters. Curr Alzheimer Res 2010; 7: 56–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82Perrin, RJ, Fagan, AM, Holtzman, DM. Multimodal techniques for diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2009; 461: 916–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Jack, CR Jr, Knopman, DS, Jagust, WJ, Shaw, LM, Aisen, PS, Weiner, MW, Petersen, RC, Trojanowski, JQ. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 119–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Li, G, Sokal, I, Quinn, JF, Leverenz, JB, Brodey, M, Schellenberg, GD, Kaye, JA, Raskind, MA, Zhang, J, Peskind, ER, Montine, TJ. CSF tau/Abeta42 ratio for increased risk of mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study. Neurology 2007; 69: 631–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85Fagan, AM, Head, D, Shah, AR, Marcus, D, Mintun, M, Morris, JC, Holtzman, DM. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid Abeta(42) correlates with brain atrophy in cognitively normal elderly. Ann Neurol 2009; 65: 176–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86Holtzman, DM. CSF biomarkers for secondary prevention trials: why markers of amyloid deposition and neurodegeneration are both important. Arch Neurol 2012; 69: 691–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87Sunderland, T, Hampel, H, Takeda, M, Putnam, KT, Cohen, RM. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: are we ready? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2006; 19: 172–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88Sunderland, T, Mirza, N, Putnam, KT, Linker, G, Bhupali, D, Durham, R, Soares, H, Kimmel, L, Friedman, D, Bergeson, J, Csako, G, Levy, JA, Bartko, JJ, Cohen, RM. Cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid1–42 and tau in control subjects at risk for Alzheimer's disease: the effect of APOE epsilon4 allele. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 56: 670–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89Shaw, LM, Vanderstichele, H, Knapik-Czajka, M, Clark, CM, Aisen, PS, Petersen, RC, Blennow, K, Soares, H, Simon, A, Lewczuk, P, Dean, R, Siemers, E, Potter, W, Lee, VM, Trojanowski, JQ; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker signature in Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative subjects. Ann Neurol 2009; 65: 403–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
90Hampel, H, Blennow, K, Shaw, LM, Hoessler, YC, Zetterberg, H, Trojanowski, JQ. Total and phosphorylated tau protein as biological markers of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45: 30–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91Mawuenyega, KG, Sigurdson, W, Ovod, V, Munsell, L, Kasten, T, Morris, JC, Yarasheski, KE, Bateman, RJ. Decreased clearance of CNS beta-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. Science 2010; 330: 1774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92Bateman, RJ, Munsell, LY, Morris, JC, Swarm, R, Yarasheski, KE, Holtzman, DM. Human amyloid-beta synthesis and clearance rates as measured in cerebrospinal fluid in vivo. Nat Med 2006; 12: 856–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93Tolboom, N, van der Flier, WM, Yaqub, M, Boellaard, R, Verwey, NA, Blankenstein, MA, Windhorst, AD, Scheltens, P, Lammertsma, AA, van Berckel, BN. Relationship of cerebrospinal fluid markers to 11C-PiB and 18F-FDDNP binding. J Nucl Med 2009; 50: 1464–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94Grimmer, T, Riemenschneider, M, Förstl, H, Henriksen, G, Klunk, WE, Mathis, CA, Shiga, T, Wester, HJ, Kurz, A, Drzezga, A. Beta amyloid in Alzheimer's disease: increased deposition in brain is reflected in reduced concentration in cerebrospinal fluid. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65: 927–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95Fagan, AM, Mintun, MA, Mach, RH, Lee, SY, Dence, CS, Shah, AR, LaRossa, GN, Spinner, ML, Klunk, WE, Mathis, CA, DeKosky, ST, Morris, JC, Holtzman, DM. Inverse relation between in vivo amyloid imaging load and cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42 in humans. Ann Neurol 2006; 59: 512–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96Fagan, AM, Roe, CM, Xiong, C, Mintun, MA, Morris, JC, Holtzman, DM. Cerebrospinal fluid tau/beta-amyloid(42) ratio as a prediction of cognitive decline in nondemented older adults. Arch Neurol 2007; 64: 343–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97Bourgeat, P, Chételat, G, Villemagne, VL, Fripp, J, Raniga, P, Pike, K, Acosta, O, Szoeke, C, Ourselin, S, Ames, D, Ellis, KA, Martins, RN, Masters, CL, Rowe, CC, Salvado, O; AIBL Research Group. Beta-amyloid burden in the temporal neocortex is related to hippocampal atrophy in elderly subjects without dementia. Neurology 2010; 74: 121–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
98Chételat, G, Villemagne, VL, Bourgeat, P, Pike, KE, Jones, G, Ames, D, Ellis, KA, Szoeke, C, Martins, RN, O'Keefe, GJ, Salvado, O, Masters, CL, Rowe, CC; Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle Research Group. Relationship between atrophy and beta-amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 2010; 67: 317–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
99Becker, JA, Hedden, T, Carmasin, J, Maye, J, Rentz, DM, Putcha, D, Fischl, B, Greve, DN, Marshall, GA, Salloway, S, Marks, D, Buckner, RL, Sperling, RA, Johnson, KA. Amyloid-beta associated cortical thinning in clinically normal elderly. Ann Neurol 2011; 69: 1032–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100Förster, S, Grimmer, T, Miederer, I, Henriksen, G, Yousefi, BH, Graner, P, Wester, HJ, Förstl, H, Kurz, A, Dickerson, BC, Bartenstein, P, Drzezga, A. Regional expansion of hypometabolism in Alzheimer's disease follows amyloid deposition with temporal delay. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71: 792–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101Driscoll, I, Zhou, Y, An, Y, Sojkova, J, Davatzikos, C, Kraut, MA, Ye, W, Ferrucci, L, Mathis, CA, Klunk, WE, Wong, DF, Resnick, SM. Lack of association between 11C-PiB and longitudinal brain atrophy in non-demented older individuals. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32: 2123–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102Chételat, G, Villemagne, VL, Villain, N, Jones, G, Ellis, KA, Ames, D, Martins, RN, Masters, CL, Rowe, CC; AIBL Research Group. Accelerated cortical atrophy in cognitively normal elderly with high beta-amyloid deposition. Neurology 2012; 78: 477–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
103Edison, P, Rowe, CC, Rinne, JO, Ng, S, Ahmed, I, Kemppainen, N, Villemagne, VL, O'Keefe, G, Någren, K, Chaudhury, KR, Masters, CL, Brooks, DJ. Amyloid load in Parkinson's disease dementia and Lewy body dementia measured with [11C]PIB positron emission tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 1331–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104Foster, ER, Campbell, MC, Burack, MA, Hartlein, J, Flores, HP, Cairns, NJ, Hershey, T, Perlmutter, JS. Amyloid imaging of Lewy body-associated disorders. Mov Disord 2010; 25: 2516–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105Gomperts, SN, Rentz, DM, Moran, E, Becker, JA, Locascio, JJ, Klunk, WE, Mathis, CA, Elmaleh, DR, Shoup, T, Fischman, AJ, Hyman, BT, Growdon, JH, Johnson, KA. Imaging amyloid deposition in Lewy body diseases. Neurology 2008; 71: 903–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106Maetzler, W, Liepelt, I, Reimold, M, Reischl, G, Solbach, C, Becker, C, Schulte, C, Leyhe, T, Keller, S, Melms, A, Gasser, T, Berg, D. Cortical PIB binding in Lewy body disease is associated with Alzheimer-like characteristics. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 34: 107–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107Ballard, C, Ziabreva, I, Perry, R, Larsen, JP, O'Brien, J, McKeith, I, Perry, E, Aarsland, D. Differences in neuropathologic characteristics across the Lewy body dementia spectrum. Neurology 2006; 67: 1931–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108Rabinovici, GD, Miller, BL. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. CNS Drugs 2011; 24: 375–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
109Gorno-Tempini, ML, Hillis, AE, Weintraub, S, Kertesz, A, Mendez, M, Cappa, SF, Ogar, JM, Rohrer, JD, Black, S, Boeve, BF, Manes, F, Dronkers, NF, Vandenberghe, R, Rascovsky, K, Patterson, K, Miller, BL, Knopman, DS, Hodges, JR, Mesulam, MM, Grossman, M. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology 2011; 76: 1006–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110Laforce, R Jr, Rabinovici, GD. Amyloid imaging in the differential diagnosis of dementia: review and potential clinical applications. Alzheimers Res Ther 2011; 3: 31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Ratnavalli, E, Brayne, C, Dawson, K, Hodges, JR. The prevalence of frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 2002; 58: 1615–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112Alladi, S, Xuereb, J, Bak, T, Nestor, P, Knibb, J, Patterson, K, Hodges, JR. Focal cortical presentations of Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2007; 130: 2636–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113Engler, H, Santillo, AF, Wang, SX, Lindau, M, Savitcheva, I, Nordberg, A, Lannfelt, L, Långström, B, Kilander, L. In vivo amyloid imaging with PET in frontotemporal dementia. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 35: 100–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114Lucignani, G. Clinical applications of PET amyloid imaging: an update. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36: 1185–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
115Johnson, KA, Gregas, M, Becker, JA, Kinnecom, C, Salat, DH, Moran, EK, Smith, EE, Rosand, J, Rentz, DM, Klunk, WE, Mathis, CA, Price, JC, Dekosky, ST, Fischman, AJ, Greenberg, SM. Imaging of amyloid burden and distribution in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Ann Neurol 2007; 62: 229–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
116Smid, LM, Vovko, TD, Popovic, M, Petric, A, Kepe, V, Barrio, JR, Vidmar, G, Bresjanac, M. The 2,6-disubstituted naphthalene derivative FDDNP labeling reliably predicts Congo red birefringence of protein deposits in brain sections of selected human neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Pathol 2006; 16: 124–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
117Klunk, WE, Mathis, CA. The future of amyloid-beta imaging: a tale of radionuclides and tracer proliferation. Current Opin Neurol 2008; 21: 683–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118Agdeppa, ED, Kepe, V, Petri, A, Satyamurthy, N, Liu, J, Huang, SC, Small, GW, Cole, GM, Barrio, JR. In vitro detection of (S)-naproxen and ibuprofen binding to plaques in the Alzheimer's brain using the positron emission tomography molecular imaging probe 2-(1-[6-[(2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl)-(methyl)amino]-2-naphthyl]ethylidene)malononitrile. Neuroscience 2003; 117: 723–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
119Rabinovici, GD, Furst, AJ, O'Neil, JP, Racine, CA, Mormino, EC, Baker, SL, Chetty, S, Patel, P, Pagliaro, TA, Klunk, WE, Mathis, CA, Rosen, HJ, Miller, BL, Jagust, WJ. 11C-PIB PET imaging in Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurology 2007; 68: 1205–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120Tolboom, N, Yaqub, M, van der Flier, WM, Boellaard, R, Luurtsema, G, Windhorst, AD, Barkhof, F, Scheltens, P, Lammertsma, AA, van Berckel, BN. Detection of Alzheimer pathology in vivo using both 11C-PIB and 18F-FDDNP PET. J Nuclear Med 2009; 50: 191–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
121Ikonomovic, MD, Klunk, WE, Abrahamson, EE, Mathis, CA, Price, JC, Tsopelas, ND, Lopresti, BJ, Ziolko, S, Bi, W, Paljug, WR, Debnath, ML, Hope, CE, Isanski, BA, Hamilton, RL, DeKosky, ST. Post-mortem correlates of in vivo PiB-PET amyloid imaging in a typical case of Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2008; 131: 1630–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
122Bacskai, BJ, Frosch, MP, Freeman, SH, Raymond, SB, Augustinack, JC, Johnson, KA, Irizarry, MC, Klunk, WE, Mathis, CA, Dekosky, ST, Greenberg, SM, Hyman, BT, Growdon, JH. Molecular imaging with Pittsburgh Compound B confirmed at autopsy: a case report. Arch Neurol 2007; 64: 431–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
123Nelissen, N, Van Laere, K, Thurfjell, L, Owenius, R, Vandenbulcke, M, Koole, M, Bormans, G, Brooks, DJ, Vandenberghe, R. Phase 1 study of the Pittsburgh compound B derivative 18F-flutemetamol in healthy volunteers and patients with probable Alzheimer disease. J Nucl Med 2009; 50: 1251–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
124Vandenberghe, R, Van Laere, K, Ivanoiu, A, Salmon, E, Bastin, C, Triau, E, Hasselbalch, S, Law, I, Andersen, A, Korner, A, Minthon, L, Garraux, G, Nelissen, N, Bormans, G, Buckley, C, Owenius, R, Thurfjell, L, Farrar, G, Brooks, DJ. 18F-flutemetamol amyloid imaging in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment: a phase 2 trial. Ann Neurol 2010; 68: 319–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
125Zhang, W, Oya, S, Kung, MP, Hou, C, Maier, DL, Kung, HF. F-18 stilbenes as PET imaging agents for detecting beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. J Med Chem 2005; 48: 5980–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
126Fodero-Tavoletti, MT, Brockschnieder, D, Villemagne, VL, Martin, L, Connor, AR, Thiele, A, Berndt, M, McLean, CA, Krause, S, Rowe, CC, Masters, CL, Dinkelborg, L, Dyrks, T, Cappai, R. In vitro characterization of [(18)F]-florbetaben, an Abeta imaging radiotracer. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39: 1042–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
127Villemagne, VL, Ong, K, Mulligan, RS, Holl, G, Pejoska, S, Jones, G, O'Keefe, G, Ackerman, U, Tochon-Danguy, H, Chan, JG, Reininger, CB, Fels, L, Putz, B, Rohde, B, Masters, CL, Rowe, CC. Amyloid imaging with (18)F-florbetaben in Alzheimer disease and other dementias. J Nucl Med 2011; 52: 1210–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128Barthel, H, Luthardt, J, Becker, G, Patt, M, Hammerstein, E, Hartwig, K, Eggers, B, Sattler, B, Schildan, A, Hesse, S, Meyer, PM, Wolf, H, Zimmermann, T, Reischl, J, Rohde, B, Gertz, HJ, Reininger, C, Sabri, O. Individualized quantification of brain beta-amyloid burden: results of a proof of mechanism phase 0 florbetaben PET trial in patients with Alzheimer's disease and healthy controls. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38: 1702–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
129Choi, SR, Golding, G, Zhuang, Z, Zhang, W, Lim, N, Hefti, F, Benedum, TE, Kilbourn, MR, Skovronsky, D, Kung, HF. Preclinical properties of 18F-AV-45: a PET agent for Abeta plaques in the brain. J Nucl Med 2009; 50: 1887–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
130Choi, SR, Schneider, JA, Bennett, DA, Beach, TG, Bedell, BJ, Zehntner, SP, Krautkramer, MJ, Kung, HF, Skovronsky, DM, Hefti, F, Clark, CM. Correlation of amyloid PET ligand florbetapir F 18 binding with Abeta aggregation and neuritic plaque deposition in postmortem brain tissue. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2012; 26: 8–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
131Fleisher, AS, Chen, K, Liu, X, Roontiva, A, Thiyyagura, P, Ayutyanont, N, Joshi, AD, Clark, CM, Mintun, MA, Pontecorvo, MJ, Doraiswamy, PM, Johnson, KA, Skovronsky, DM, Reiman, EM. Using positron emission tomography and florbetapir F18 to image cortical amyloid in patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia due to Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2011; 68: 1404–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
132Lister-James, J, Pontecorvo, MJ, Clark, C, Joshi, AD, Mintun, MA, Zhang, W, Lim, N, Zhuang, Z, Golding, G, Choi, SR, Benedum, TE, Kennedy, P, Hefti, F, Carpenter, AP, Kung, HF, Skovronsky, DM. Florbetapir f-18: a histopathologically validated Beta-amyloid positron emission tomography imaging agent. Semin Nucl Med 2011; 41: 300–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
133Tobias, M, Yeh, LC, Johnson, E. Burden of Alzheimer's disease: population-based estimates and projections for New Zealand, 2006–2031. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2008; 42: 828–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed