Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T15:25:52.865Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Future directions in stroke rehabilitation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

JB Young
Affiliation:
St Lukes Hospital. Bradford
JRF Gladman*
Affiliation:
Department of Health Care of the Elderly, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
*
JRF Gladman, B Floor Medical School, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Rehabilitation
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Sharpe, FR. Transplants for stroke patients? Ann Neural 1993; 34: 322–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Bach-y-Rita, P. Applications of principles of brain plasticity and training to restore function. In: Young, R, Delwaide, PJ eds. Principles and practice of restorative neurology. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 1992: 5465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3Malmgren, R, Bamford, J, Warlow, C, Sandercock, P, Slattery, J. Projecting the number of patients with first ever strokes and patients newly handicapped by stroke in England and Wales. Br Med J 1989; 298: 656–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Bone, M. A multi-cohort longitudinal study. In: Robine, J-M, Blanchet, M, Dowd, JE eds. Health expectancy. First workshop of the International Healthy Life Expectancy Network (REVES). OPCS Studies on medical and population subjects No. 54. London: HMSO, 1992: 125–32.Google ScholarPubMed
5Forster, A, Young, J. Stroke rehabilitation: can we do better? Br Med J 1992; 305: 144–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Schwartz, D, Lellouche, J. Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutic trials. J Chronic Dis 1967; 20: 637–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7Taylor, P, Ewins, D, Swain, I. Development and evaluation of functional electrical stimulation orthosis for spinal cord injured patients. Report to the Department of Health, 1992.Google Scholar
8Meade, TW, Dyer, S, Browne, W, Townsend, J, Frank, A. Low back pain of mechanical origin: randomised comparison of chiropractic and hospital out patient treatment. Br Med J 1990; 300: 1431–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Langhorne, P, Williams, B, Gilchrist, W, Howie, K. Do stroke units save lives? Lancet 1993; 342: 395–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Ottenbacher, KJ, Jannell, S. The results of clinical trials in stroke rehabilitation research. Arch Neural 1993; 50: 3744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Mahoney, FI, Barthel, DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Md State Med J 1965; 14: 6165.Google ScholarPubMed
12Young, JB, Forster, A. The Bradford community stroke trial: results at six months. Br Med J 1992; 304: 1085–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Indredavik, B, Bakke, F, Solberg, R, Rosketh, R, Haaheim, LL, Holme, I. Benefit of a stroke unit: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 1991; 22: 1026–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Nouri, F, Lincoln, NB. An extended activities of daily living scale for stroke patients. Clin Rehab 1987; 1: 301305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15Gladman, JRF, Lincoln, NB, Barer, DH. A randomised controlled trial of domiciliary and hospital-based rehabilitation for stroke patients after discharge from hospital. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 960–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Drummond, A, Walker, MF. Leisure therapy after stroke [Abstract]. Clin Rehab 1994; 8: 86.Google Scholar
17Harwood, RH, Rogers, A, Dickinson, E, Ebrahim, S. Measuring handicap: the London handicap scale, a new outcome measure for chronic disease. Qual Health Care 1994; 3: 1116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Harwood, RH, Gompertz, P, Ebrahim, S. Handicap one year after a stroke: validity of a new scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 825–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Ernst, E. A review of stroke rehabilitation and physiotherapy. Stroke 1990; 21: 1081–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Ashburn, A, Partridge, C, De Souza, L. Physiotherapy in the rehabilitation of stroke: a review. Clin Rehab 1993; 7: 337–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Dennis, M. Stroke services. Lancet 1992; 339: 793–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Wade, DT. Services for people with stroke. Qual Health Care 1993; 3: 263–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Effective health care: stroke rehabilitation. Department of Health Bulletin No. 2, 1992.Google Scholar
24Clarke, PA, Ahern, J. Occupational therapy for stroke patients at home [Abstract]. Clin Rehab 1994; 8: 8687.Google Scholar
25Walker, MF, Drummond, A, Lincoln, NB. Dressing after stroke [Abstract]. Clin Rehab 1994; 8: 271.Google Scholar
26Schleenbaker, R, Mainous, AG. Electromyographic biofeedback for neuromuscular reeducation in the hemiplegic stroke patient: a meta analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabill 1993; 74: 1301–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Bohannon, RW, Warren, ME, Cogman, KA. Motor variables correlated with the hand-to-mouth manoeuvre in stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991; 72: 682–84.Google ScholarPubMed
28Inaba, M, Edberg, E, Montgomery, J, Gilles, MK. Effectiveness of functional training, active exercise, and resistive exercise for patients with hemiplegia. Phys Ther 1973; 53: 2835.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Carr, JH, Shepherd, RB. A motor relearning programme for stroke. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 1987.Google Scholar
30Carr, JH, Mungovan, SF, Shepherd, RB, Dean, CM, Norholm, LA. Physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation: bases for Australian physiotherapists' choice of treatment. Physiother Theor Pract 1994; 10: 201209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31Carr, EK, Kenney, FD. Positioning of the stroke patient: a review of the literature. Int J Nurs Stud 1992; 29: 355–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32Sunderland, A. Single case experiments in rehabilitation. Clin Rehab 1990; 4: 181–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33Langhorne, P, Dennis, MS, Williams, BO. Stroke units: their role in acute stroke management. Vascular Medicine Review 1995; 6: 3344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34Donabedian, A. The quality of care: how can it be measured? J Am Med Assoc 1989; 260: 1742–48.Google Scholar
35Bamford, J, Sandercock, P, Warlow, C, Gray, M. Why are patients with acute stroke admitted to hospital? Br Med J 1986; 292: 1369–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Wade, D, Langton-Hewer, R, Skillbeck, CE. Controlled trial of a home care service for acute stroke patients. Lancet 1985; i: 1323–26.Google Scholar
37Farnworth, MG, Kenny, P, Shiell, A. The costs and effects of early discharge in the management of fractured hip. Age Ageing 1994; 23: 190–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Kettle, M, Chamberlain, MA. The stroke patient in an urban environment. Clin Rehab 1989; 3: 131–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39Anderson, R. The aftermath of stroke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40Greveson, GC, Gray, CS, French, JM, James, OFW. Long-term outcome for patients and carers following hospital admission for stroke. Age Ageing 1991; 20: 337–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Scott, DL, Coulton, BL, Chapman, JH, Bacon, PA, Popert, AJ. The long term effects of treating rheumatoid arthritis. J R Coll Physicians Land 1983; 19: 7985.Google Scholar
42Sheldon, JH. The social medicine of old age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948.Google Scholar
43Partridge, CJ. Physiotherapy in the community. J R Coll Gen Practit 1987; 37: 194–95.Google ScholarPubMed
44Hospital Services 41. Compendium of Health Statistics eighth edition. London: Office of Health Economics, 1992.Google Scholar
45Janis, IL. Victims of group think. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972.Google Scholar
46Young, JB. Stroke is better managed in the community. Br Med J 1994; 309: 1356–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Garraway, WM, Akhtar, AJ, Hockey, L, Frescott, RJ. Management of acute stroke in the elderly: follow up of a controlled trial. Br Med J 1980; 281: 827–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Wade, DT, Collen, FM, Robb, GF, Warlow, CP. Physiotherapy intervention late after stroke. Br Med J 1992; 304: 609–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Andrews, K, Stewart, J. Stroke recovery: he can but does he? Rheumatol Rehabil 1979; 18: 4348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50 Discharge to the community of elderly patients in hospital. Joint statement of Professional Associations. British Geriatric Society, 05 1989.Google Scholar
51Department of Health. Discharge of patients from hospital. Health Circular HC (89). London, HMSO.Google Scholar
52Department of Health. Caring for people, CM 849. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
53Victor, H, Vetter, NJ. The early readmission of the elderly in hospital. Age Ageing 1985; 14: 3742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54Wade, DT, Legh-Smith, J, Langton-Hewer, R. Effects of living with and looking after survivors of a stroke. Br Med J 1986; 293: 418–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55 Statistical Bulletin. Department of Health and Social Services. Personal social services for elderly and younger disabled persons 1976–1986. Bulletin 3/5/88.Google Scholar
56Challis, D. The effectiveness of community care. Rev Clin Gerontol 1993; 3: 97104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57Victor, CR, Vetter, NJ. Rearranging the deckchairs on the Titanic: failure of an augmented home help scheme after discharge to reduce length of stay in hospital. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1988; 7: 8391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Gibbins, FJ, Lee, M, Davidson, P. Augmented home nursing as an alternative to hospital care of elderly invalids. Br Med J 1982; 284: 330–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Currie, CT, Burley, LE, Doull, C, Ravetz, C, Smith, RG, Williamson, J. A scheme of augmented home care for acutely and sub acutely ill elderly patients: report on a private study. Age Ageing 1980; 9: 173–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60Challis, D, Darton, R, Johnson, L, Stone, M, Traske, K. An evaluation of an alternative to long-stay hospital care for frail elderly patients: part I the model of care. Age Ageing 1991; 20: 236–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61Challis, D, Darton, R, Johnson, L, Stone, M, Traske, K. An evaluation of an alternative to long-stay hospital of frail elderly patients: part II costs and outcomes. Age Ageing 1991; 20: 245–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62Townsend, J, Piper, M, Frank, A, Dyer, S, North, W, Meade, T. Reduction in hospital readmission stay of elderly patients by a community based hospital discharge scheme: a randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 1988; 297: 544–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Marks, L. Home and hospital care: redrawing the boundaries. Research report No. 9. London: King's Fund Institute, 1991.Google Scholar
64Taylor, D. Hospital at home: the coming revolution. Health and social care communication. London: Kings Fund Centre, 1989.Google Scholar
65Challis, D, Davies, B. A new approach to community care of the elderly. Br J Soc Work 1980; 10: 118.Google Scholar
66Ajayi, V, Miskelly, FG, Walton, IG. The NHS and Community Care Act: is it a success for elderly people? Br Med J 1995; 310: 439–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Forster, A, Young, JB. The role of community physiotherapy of stroke patients. Physiotherapy 1990; 76: 495–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68Young, JB, Forster, MA. Day hospital and home physiotherapy for stroke patients: a comparative cost effectiveness study. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1993; 27: 252–27.Google ScholarPubMed
69Gladman, J, Forster, A, Young, JB. Hospital and home based rehabilitation after discharge from hospital for stroke patients: analysis of two trials. Age Ageing 1995; 24: 4953.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70Kalra, L, Dale, P, Crome, P. Improving stroke rehabilitation: a controlled study. Stroke 1993; 24: 1462–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Fitzgerald, JF, Moor, PS, Dittus, RS. The care of elderly patients with hip fracture. New Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1392–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Bond, S, Bond, J. Outcomes of care within a multiple case study in the evaluation of the experimental National Health Service nursing homes. Age Ageing 1990; 19: 1118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Gladman, J, Albazzaz, M, Barer, D. A survey of survivors of acute stroke discharged from hospital to private nursing homes in Nottingham. Health Trends 1991; 23: 158–60.Google ScholarPubMed
74Bowling, A, Formby, J, Grant, K, Ebrahim, S. A randomised trial of nursing home and long-stay geriatric ward care for elderly people. Age Ageing 1992; 20: 316–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75Hepple, J, Bowler, I, Bownan, CE. A survey of private nursing home residents in Weston-super-Mare. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 6163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Idris Williams, E, Savage, S, McDonald, P, Groom, L. Residents of private nursing homes and their care. Br J Gen Pract 1992; 42: 477–81.Google Scholar
77McCormack, B. The developing role of community hospitals: an essential part of a quality service. Qual Health Care 1993; 2: 253–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Royal College of Physicians of London, Research Unit. Geriatric day hospitals: their role and guidelines for good practice. A report of the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians and the British Geriatrics Society. London: Royal College of Physicians of London, 1994.Google Scholar
79Young, JB, Forster, A. Cost analysis of geriatric day hospital care. Clin Gerontol 1991; 13: 247–62.Google Scholar
80Young, JB, Forster, A. What shall we do with our day hospitals? Geriatr Med 1992; 20: 1516.Google Scholar
81 Stroke audit package. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1994; 28: 433.Google Scholar
82Sharpe, M, Hawton, K, Seagroatt, V et al. Depressive disorders in long-term survivors of stroke. Associations with demographic and social factors, functional status, and brain lesion volume. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164: 380–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Labi, ML, Phillips, TF, Gresham, GE. Psychosocial disability in physically restored long-term stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1980; 61: 561–65.Google ScholarPubMed