Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T08:49:59.838Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The epidemiology of osteoporosis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

J Grimley Evans
J Grimley Evans*
Affiliation:
Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
*
J Grimley Evans, Department of Clinical Geratology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford 0X2 6HE, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Biological gerontology
Information
Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , February 1993 , pp. 13 - 29
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Murby, B, Fogelman, I.Bone mineral measurements clinical practice. BrJ Hosp Med 1987; 37: 453–58.Google ScholarPubMed
2Singh, M, Nagrath, AR, Maid, PS.Changes in trabecular pattern of the upper end of the femur as an index of osteoporosis. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1970; 52A: 457–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Genant, HK, Cann, C, Ettinger, B, Gordon, G.Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97: 699–705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Lees, B, Stevenson, JC.An evaluation of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and comparison with dual-photon absorptiometry. Osteoporosis int 1992; 2: 146–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Lanyon, LE. Bone loading – the functional determinant of bone architecture and a physiological contributor to the prevention of osteoporosis. In: Smith, R ed. Osteoporosis 1990. London: Royal College of Physicians of London. 1990: 63–78.Google Scholar
6Kleerekoper, M, Villanueva, AR, Stanciu, Jet at. The role of three-dimensional trabecular microstructure the pathogenesis of vertebral compression fractures. Calcif Tissue int 1985; 37: 594–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Baran, DT, McCarthy, CK, Leahey, D, Lew, R.Broadband ultrasound attenuation of the calcaneus predicts lumbar and femoral neck density in Caucasian women: a preliminary study. Osteoporosis int 1991; 1: 110–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Kröger, H, Heikkinen, J, Laitinen, K, Kotaniemi, A.Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in normal women: a cross-sectional study of 717 Finnish volunteers. Osteoporosis int 1992; 2: 135–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Need, AG, Nordin, BEC.Which bone to measure? Osteoporosis int 1990; 1: 3–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Chevalley, T, Rizzoli, R, Nydegger, Vet al. Preferential low bone mineral density of the femoral neck in patients with a recent fracture of the proximal femur. Osteoporosis int 1991; 1: 147–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Aloia, JF, McGowan, D, Erens, E, Miele, G.Hip fracture patients have generalized osteopenia with a preferential deficit in the femur. Osteoporosis Int 1992; 2: 88–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Garn, SM, Rohmann, CO, Wagner, B.Bone loss as a general phenomenon in man. Fed Proc 1967; 26: 1729–36.Google ScholarPubMed
13Newton-John, HF, Morgan, DB.Osteoporosis: disease or senescence? Lancet. 1963; i: 232–33.Google Scholar
14Fairweather, DS, Grimley, Evans J. Ageing. In: Cohen, RD, Lewis, B, Alberti, Kgmmeds. The metabolic and molecular basis of acquired disease. London: Baillière Tindall, 1990: 213–36.Google Scholar
15Adams, P, Davies, GT, Sweetnam, P.Osteoporosis and the effects of ageing on bone mass in elderly men and women. Q J Med 1970; 39: 601–15.Google Scholar
16Pocock, NA, Eisman, JA, Hopper, JLet al. Genetic determinants of bone mass in adults: a twin study. J Clin Invest 1987; 80: 706–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Evans, RA, Marel, GM, Lancaster, EKet al. Bone mass is low in relatives of osteoporotic patients. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109: 870–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Seeman, E, Hopper, JL, Bach, LASet al. Reduced bone mass in daughters of women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 554–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Riggs, BL, Melton, LJ.Involutional osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 1676–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Baillie, SP, Davison, CE, Johnson, FJ, Francis, RM.Pathogenesis of vertebral crush fractures in men. Age Ageing 1992; 21: 139–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Franklyn, JA, Betteridge, J, Daykjin, Jet al. Long-term thyroxine treatment and bone mineral density. Lancet 1992; 340: 9–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Leidig, G, Minne, HW, Sauer, Pet al. A study of complaints and their relation to vertebral destruction in patients with osteoporosis. Bone Miner 1990; 8: 217–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Melton, LJ III, Kan, SJ, Frye, MA, Wahner, HW, O'Fallon, WM, Riggs, BL.Epidemiology of vertebral fractures in women. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129: 1000–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Ross, PD, Davis, JW, Epstein, RS, Wasnich, RD.Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 919–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Cooper, C, Shah, S, Hand, DJet al. Screening for vertebral osteoporosis using individual risk factors. Osteoporosis int 1991; 2: 48–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Prior, JC, Vigna, YM, Schechter, MT, Burgess, AE.Spinal bone loss and ovulatory disturbances. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1221–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Alffram, P-A, Bauer, GCH.Epidemiology of fractures of the forearm. J Bone Joint Surg 1962; 44A: 105–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Miller, SWM, Grimley, Evans J.Fractures of the distal forearm in Newcastle: an epidemiological survey. Age Ageing 1985; 14: 155–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Adebajo, AO, Cooper, C, Grimley, Evans J.Fractures of the hip and distal forearm in West Africa and the United Kingdom. Age Ageing 1991; 20: 435–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Winner, SJ, Morgan, CA, Grimley, Evans J.Perimenopausal risk of falling and incidence of distal forearm fracture. Br Med J 1989; 298: 1486–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Rees, JL.Secular changes in the incidence of proximal femoral fracture in Oxfordshire: a preliminary report. Community Med 1982; 4: 100–103.Google ScholarPubMed
32Law, MR, Wald, NJ, Meade, TW.Strategies for prevention of osteoporosis and hip fracture. Br Med J 1991; 303: 453–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Grimley, Evans J, Prudham, D, Wandless, I.A prospective study of fractured proximal femur: hospital differences. Public Health 1980; 94: 149–54.Google Scholar
34Leitch, IH, Knowelden, J, Seddon, HJ.Incidence of fractures, particularly of the neck of the femur, in patients in mental hospitals. Br J Prey Soc Med 1964; 18: 142–45.Google ScholarPubMed
35Rees, JL.Accuracy of Hospital Activity Analysis data in estimating the incidence of proximal femoral fracture. Br Med J 1982; 284: 1856–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Donaldson, LI, Parsons, L, Cook, AJ.Death certification in fractured neck of femur. Public Health 1989; 103: 237–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Greatorex, IF.Proximal femoral fractures: an assessment of the outcome of health care in elderly people. Community Med 1988; 10: 20310.Google ScholarPubMed
38Grimley, Evans J, Prudham, D, Wandless, I.A prospective study of proximal femoral fracture: incidence and outcome. Public Health 1979; 93: 235–41.Google Scholar
39Grimley, Evans J, Prudham, D, Wandless, I.A prospective study of fractured proximal femur: factors predisposing to survival. Age Ageing 1979; 8: 246–50.Google Scholar
40Maggi, S, Kelsey, JL, Litvak, J, Heyse, SP.Incidence of hip fractures in the elderly: a cross-national analysis. Osteoporosis Int 1991; 1: 232–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Kellie, SE, Brody, JA.Sex-specific and race-specific hip fracture rates. Am J Public Health 1990; 80: 326–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Solomon, L.Bone density in ageing Caucasian and African populations. Lancet 1979; ii: 1326–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43Stott, S, Stevenson, W.The incidence of femoral neck fracture in New Zealand. NZ Med J 1980; 91: 5–9.Google ScholarPubMed
44Wong, PCN.Fracture epidemiology in a mixed South-east Asian community (Singapore). Clin Orthop 1966; 45: 55–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45Chalmers, J, Ho, KC.Geographical variations in senile osteoporosis. The association with physical activity. J Bone Joint Surg 1970; 52B: 667–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Lau, EMC.Osteoporosis in elderly Chinese. Br Med J 1988; 296: 1263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47Ross, PD, Norimatsu, H, Davis, JWet al. A comparison of hip fracture incidence among native Japanese, Japanese Americans, and American Caucasians. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 801–809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Trotter, M, Broman, GE, Peterson, RR.Densities of white and negro skeletons. J Bone Joint Surg 1960; 40A: 50–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49Weinstein, RS, Bell, NH.Diminished rates of bone formation in normal black adults. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1698–1701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Walensky, NA, O'Brien, MP.Anatomical factors relative to the racial selectivity of femoral neck fracture. Am J Phys Anthropol 1968; 28: 93–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51Bell, NH, Greene, A, Epstein, S, Oexman, MJ, Shaw, S, Shary, J.Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in blacks. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 470–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Eddy, TP.Deaths from falls and fractures. Br J Prey Soc Med 1972; 26: 173–79.Google ScholarPubMed
53Grimley, Evans J.Incidence of proximal femoral fracture. Lancet 1985; i: 925–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54Jacobsen, SJ, Goldberg, J, Miles, TP, Brody, JA, Stiers, W, Rimm, AA.Regional variation in the incidence of hip fracture. JAMA 1990; 264: 500–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Stroup, NE, Freni-Titulaer, FWJ, Schwartz, JJ.Unexpected geographic variation in rates of hospitalization for patients who have fracture of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg. 1990; 72A: 1294–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Prudham, D, Grimley, Evans J.Factors associated with falls in the elderly: a community study. Age Ageing 1981; 10: 264–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Grimley, Evans J. Epidemiology of proximal femoral fracture. In: Isaacs, B ed. Recent advances in geriatric medicine 2. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 1982: 201–14.Google Scholar
58Cooper, C, Barker, DJP, Wickham, C.Physical activity, muscle strength, and calcium intake in fracture of the proximal femur in Britain. Br Med J 1988; 297: 1443–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Lotz, JC, Gerhart, TN, Hayes, WC.Mechanical properties of trabecular bone from the proximal femur: a quantitative study. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1990; 14: 107–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60Boyce, WJ, Vessey, MP.Rising incidence of fracture of the proximal femur. Lancet 1985; i: 150–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61Sernbo, I, Johnell, O.Changes in bone mass and fracture type in patients with hip fractures. A comparison between the 1950s and the 1980s in Malmö, Sweden. Clin Orthop 1989; 238: 139–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62Spector, TD, Cooper, C, Fenton, Lewis A.Trends in admission for hip fracture in England and Wales, 1968–85. Br Med J 1990; 300: 173–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Wickham, C, Cooper, C, Margetts, BM, Barker, DJP.Muscle strength, activity, housing and the risk of falls in elderly people. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 47–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64Bastow, MD, Rawlings, J, Allison, SP.Undernutrition, hypothermia, and injury in elderly women: an injury response to altered metabolism? Lancet 1983; i 143–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65Jacobsen, SJ, Goldberg, J, Miles, TP, Brody, JA, Stiers, WL, Rimm, AA.Seasonal variation in he incidence of hip fracture among white persons aged 65 years and older in the United States, 1984-1987. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 996–1004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66Pogrund, H, Makin, M, Manczel, J, Steinberg, R.The epidemiology of femoral neck fracture in Jerusalem: a prospective study. Clin Orthop 1977; 124: 141–46.Google Scholar
67Lawson, DEM, Paul, AA, Black, AE, Cole, TJ, Mandal, AR, Davie, M.Relative contributions of diet and sunlight to vitamin D state in the elderly. Br Med J 1979; 2: 303–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68Barrett-Connor, E.Postmenopausal estrogen and prevention bias. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 455–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69Wyshak, G.Hip fracture in elderly women and reproductive history. J Gerontol 1981; 36: 424–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70Kreiger, N, Kelsey, JL, Holford, TR, O'Connor, T.An epidemiologic study of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1982; 116: 141–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Krall, EA, Dawson-Hughes, B.Smoking and bone loss among post-menopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 1991; 6: 331–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72Mellström, D, Rundgren, D, Jagenburg, R, Steen, B, Svanborg, A.Tobacco smoking, ageing and health among the elderly: a longitudinal population study of 70-year-old men and an age cohort comparison. Age Ageing 1982; 11: 45–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73Anonymous. Anti-oestrogenic effect of cigarette smoking [Editorial]. Lancer 1986; ii: 1433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74Kiel, DP, Baron, JA, Anderson, JJ, Hannan, MT, Felson, DT.Smoking eliminates the protective effect of oral estrogens on the risk for hip fracture among women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 716–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Lalor, BC, France, MW, Powell, D, Adams, PH, Counihan, TB.Bone and mineral metabolism and chronic alcohol abuse. O J Med 1986; 59: 497–511.Google ScholarPubMed
76Tinetti, ME, Speechley, M, Ginter, SF.Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engi J Med 1988; 319: 1701–1707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Ray, WA, Griffin, MR, Downey, W.Benzodiazepines of long and short elimination half-life and the risk of hip fracture. JAMA 1989; 262: 3303–3307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Ray, WA, Griffin, MR, Malcolm, E.Cyclic antidepressants and the risk of hip fracture. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 754–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79Kiel, DP, Felson, DT, Hannan, MT, Anderson, JL, Wilson, PWF. Caffeine and the risk of hip fracture: the Framingham study. AmJ Epidemiol 1990; 132: 675–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Johansson, C, Mellström, D, Lerner, U, Österberg, T.Coffee drinking: a minor risk factor for bone loss and fractures. Age Ageing 1992; 21: 20–26.Google ScholarPubMed
81Ray, WA, Griffin, MR, Downey, W, Melton, LJ III. Long-term use of thiazide diuretics and risk of hip fracture. Lancet 1989; i: 687–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
82LaCroix, AZ, Wienpahl, J, White, LRet at. Thiazide diuretic agents and the incidence of hip fracture. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:286–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Cooper, C, Wickham, C, Lacey, RF, Barker, DJP.Water fluoride concentration and fracture of the proximal femur. J Epidemiol Community Health 1990; 44: 17–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Gordon, SL, Corbin, SB.Summary of Workshop on Drinking Water Fluoride Influence on Hip Fracture and Bone Health (National Institutes of Health, 10 April 1991). Osteoporosis int 1992; 2: 109–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85Krolner, B, Toft, B.Vertebral bone loss: an unheeded side effect of therapeutic bed rest. Clin Sci 1983; 64: 537–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86Compston, JE, Laskey, MA, Croucher, PI, Coxon, A, Kreitzman, S.Effect of diet-induced weight loss on total body bone mass. Clin Sci 1992; 82: 429–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87Matkovic, V, Kostial, K, Simonovic, I, Buzina, R, Broderec, A, Nordin, BEC.Bone status and fracture rates in two regions of Yugoslavia. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32: 540–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88Lau, E, Donnan, S, Barker, DJP, Cooper, C.Physical activity and calcium intake in fracture of the proximal femur in Hong Kong. Br Med J 1988; 297: 441–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89Lau, EMC, Woo, J, Leung, PC, Swaminathan, R, Leung, D.The effects of calcium supplementation and exercise on bone density in elderly Chinese women. Osteoporosis int 1992; 2: 168–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
90Cumming, RG.Calcium intake and bone mass: a quantitative review of the evidence. Calcif Tissue int 1990; 47: 194–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91Johnston, CC, Miller, JZ, Slemenda, CWet al. Calcium supplementation and increases in bone mineral density in children. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 82–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92Heaney, RP.Calcium supplements: practical considerations. Osteoporosis int 1991; 1: 65–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93Compston, JE, Vedi, S, Croucher, PI.Low prevalence of osteomalacia in elderly patients with hip fracture. Age Ageing 1991; 20: 132–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94Baker, MR, McDonnell, H, Peacock, M, Nordin, BEC.Plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations in patients with fractures of the femoral neck. Br Med J 1979; 1:589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95Krall, EA, Sahyoun, N, Tannenbaum, Set al. Effect of vitamin D intake on seasonal variation in parathyroid hormone secretion in post-menopausal women. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
96Khaw, K-T, Sneyd, M-J, Compston, J.Bone density parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in middle-aged women. BrMed J 1992; 305: 273–77.Google ScholarPubMed