Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T15:43:58.949Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Tocqueville on Algeria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2009

Melvin Richter
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

On any list of the most penetrating and least deceived political theorists of the nineteenth century, Alexis de Tocqueville must be ranked high. Few others perceived the dangers both of egalitarianism and of racial thinking; of secular religions as well as of state churches; of historical determinism, as well as of those other explanations which equally well undermine responsibility by attributing everything to mere chance or to the appearance of exceptional individuals. Tocqueville insisted upon the obligation of free men to determine by empirical investigation just what are the genuine alternatives confronting them. By his own effort to perform this task, he made a classic contribution to the study of the relationships between social organization and political institutions.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Review of Politics , Volume 25 , Issue 3 , July 1963 , pp. 362 - 398
Copyright
Copyright © University of Notre Dame 1963

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Bastid, Paul, “Tocqueville et la doctrine constitutionnelle,” Alexis de Tocqueville: Livre du Centenaire, 1859–1959 (Paris, 1960), pp. 51–53Google Scholar.

2 de Tocqueville, Alexis, Oeuvres complètes, ed. Mayer, J. P., t. III, Ecrits et Discours politigues (Paris, 1962)Google Scholar, v. I. Texte établi et annoté par André Jardin.

3 Ibid., 9.

4 Jardin, André, “Tocqueville et l'Algérie,” Revue des Travaux de l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques, 4e série, 1962 (1er semestre), 61–62Google Scholar.

5 Tocqueville, ed. Mayer, t. III, v. I, 443–507.

6 Ibid., 213–82.

7 On this point there is a discrepancy between the introduction by Chevallier and Jardin, which states that Tocqueville envisioned a permanent inequality, and the paper of Jardin, who believes that Tocqueville was against permanent inequality. Cf. Tocqueville, ed. Mayer, t. III, v. I, 26, 32, and Jardin, , op. cit., p. 69Google Scholar.

8 Pierson, George W., Tocqueville and Beaumont in America (New York, 1938)Google Scholar.

9 Tocqueville, , ed. Mayer, , Voyages en Angleterre, Irlande, Suisse, et Algérie (Paris, 1958)Google Scholar, t. V, v. II. Texte établi et annoté par Mayer et Jardin. For the journalist's report, Bussière, A., “Le Maréchal Bugeaud et la Colonisation de l'Algérie,” Revue des Deux Mondes (11, 1853), 449–506Google Scholar.

10 Tocqueville, ed. Beaumont, t. IX, 443; or, ed: Mayer, t. III, v. I, 329.

11 Esquer, Gabriel, Histoire de l'Algérie (1830–1960) (Paris, 1960), p. 8Google Scholar.

12 Tocqueville, , De la démocratie en Amérigue, ed. Mayer, , I, 238–240Google Scholar.

13 Esquer, , Histoire de l'Algérie, pp. 5–7Google Scholar.

14 Julien, Ch.-André, “L'Algérie de 1830 à 1870,” La Révolution de 1848, XXI, (1925), 3–7Google Scholar.

15 Tocqueville, ed. Beaumont, IX, 423. The figures rose to 70,000 in 1841, 76,000 in 1843, 83,000 in 1845, and 101,000 in 1846.

16 Azan, Gen. Paul (ed.), Par l'Épée et par la Charrue: Écrits et Discours de Bugeaud (Paris, 1948), p. 63Google Scholar.

17 Ibid., pp. 64–65.

18 Ibid., pp. 67–68.

19 Esquer, , Histoire de l'Algérie, p. 33Google Scholar.

20 Ad. de Saint-Arnaud, Leroy (ed.), Lettres de Maréchal de Saint-Arnaud (Paris, 1855), 2 vols., I, 379, 381, 433Google Scholar.

21 Julien, Ch.-André, Histoire del'Afrique du Nord (Paris, 1931), p. 633Google Scholar.

22 Tocqueville, , ed. Mayer, , De la démocratie en Amérique, I, 354–355Google Scholar.

23 Tocqueville, ed. Beaumont, VII, 102–104, 105.

24 Tocqueville, , ed. Mayer, , De la démocratic en Amérique, I, 355Google Scholar.

25 Tocqueville, , ed. Mayer, , Voyages en Sicile et aux États-Unis (Paris, 1957), p. 225Google Scholar.

26 Tocqueville, ed. Mayer, t. III, v. I, 117.

27 Ibid., 325.

28 Ibid., 212–13.

29 Ibid., 88–89.

30 ibid., 174.

31 Jardin, , “Tocqueville et l'Algérie,” 62–63Google Scholar.

32 Tocqueville, ed. Beaumont, VI, 101–02; letter to M. de Corcelle, September 26, 1841.

33 Roland-Marcel, Pierre-René, Essai politique sur Alexis de Tocqueville (Paris, 1910), p. 326Google Scholar, letter from Tocqueville to his father, May 12, 1841.

34 Tocqueville, , ed. Mayer, , Voyages en Angleterre, Irlande, Suisse et Algérie, p. 192Google Scholar.

35 Tocqueville, ed. Beaumont, V, 361, letter to Kergolay, May 23, 1841.

36 Roland-Marcel, , Essai politique, p. 326Google Scholar, letter from Tocqueville to his father, May 12, 1841.

37 Tocqueville, , ed. Mayer, and Jardin, , Voyages, p. 217Google Scholar.

38 Ibid., p. 191.

39 Ibid., p. 217.

40 Ibid., p. 216.

41 Ibid., p. 217.

42 Tocqueville, ed. Beaumont, VII, 188–190, letter to Faucher, July 5, 1841.

43 Tocqueville, ed. Mayer, t. III, v. I, 226.

44 Ibid., 227.

45 Ibid.

46 Ibid., 241–44.

47 Ibid., 214.

48 Tocqueville, ed. Beaumont, IX, 374–388, speech of January 18, 1842.

49 Ibid., IX, 389–415, speeches of January 29, 1843, and March 2, 1843.

50 The speech which was most offensive to the English was that made by Tocqueville on December 1, 1840, Le Moniteur universel. The most complete account of Tocqueville's stand on the Eastern Question is Mary Lawlor, S.N.D., Alexis de Tocqueville in the Chamber of Deputies (Washington, D.C., 1959), pp. 43–66Google Scholar.

51 Tocqueville, , ed. Mayer, , Correspondance Anglaise (Paris, 1954), p. 330Google Scholar, letter to J.S. Mill, December 18, 1840.

52 Ibid., p. 335, letter to J.S. Mill, March 18, 1841.

53 Ibid., pp. 337–8, letter from Mill to Tocqueville, August 9, 1842.

54 Tocqueville, , ed. Mayer, , L'ancien régime et la Révolution (Paris, 1952), 2 vols., I, 198Google Scholar.

55 Le Moniteur universel, December 1, 1840.

56 Tocqueville, , ed. Mayer, , Correspondance Anglaise, I, 58, letter to Henry Reeve, 04 12, 1840Google Scholar.

57 Tocqueville, ed. Beaumont, VI, 412–413, letter to Lady Theresa Lewis, October 18, 1857.

58 Tocqueville, ed Mayer, t. III, v. I, 545.

59 Ibid., 448–49.

60 Ibid., 445.

61 Machiavelli, , The Discourses, tr. Walker, L.J., (New Haven, 1950), 2 vols., I, Book I, viGoogle Scholar. Montesquieu, , Oeuvres complètes de Montesquieu (Paris, 1949–1951), 2 vols, II, 122, 141–42Google Scholar.

62 Tocqueville, ed. Mayer, t. III, v. I, 509.

63 Tocqueville, ed. Mayer, t. IX, 259, letter from Gobineau to Tocqueville, March 20, 1856.

64 Tocqueville, ed. Mayer, t. III, v. I, 478.

65 de Saint-Arnaud, Leroy (ed.), Lettres, II, 37–38Google Scholar. Saint-Arnaud gave the figure of 500; Julien has stated it to be 1,500. Cf. his Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, op. cit., p. 632.

66 Le Moniteur universel, June 11, 1846, 1735. Lamartine's speech runs from 1733–1736.

67 For Corcelle's speech see Le Moniteur universel, June 9, 1846; 1715; for Tocqueville's, that of June 10, 1846, 1722–23.

68 Tocqueville, ed. Beaumont, VI, 127–128, letter to Corcelle, written at Marseilles, October 11, 1846.

69 Bussière, , “Le Maréchal Bugeaud,” p. 471Google Scholar.

70 L'Epine, Quatrelles, Le Maréchal de Saint-Arnaud (Paris, 1928), I, 413–14Google Scholar, letter from Saint-Arnaud to his brother.

71 Campagnes d'Afrique, 1835–1848, Lettres adressées au Maréchal de Castellane (Paris, 1898), pp. 503–504Google Scholar, letter from M. Dussert to Castellane, January 1, 1847.

72 Tocqueville, , ed. Mayer, , Correspondance Anglaise, I, 92–94Google Scholar, letters to Henry Reeve, March 23, 1846, and April 4, 1846.

73 Tocqueville, ed. Beaumont, IX, 446–460.

74 Ibid., 461–2, 466.

75 Ibid., 438.

76 Ibid., 442.

77 Tocqueville, , ed. Mayer, , Correspondance Anglaise, I, 326Google Scholar, letter to J.S. Mill, November 14, 1839.

78 Tocqueville, , ed. Mayer, , De la démocratie en Amérique, I, 378Google Scholar.

79 Tocqueville, , ed. Mayer, , L'ancien régime et la Révolution, I, 189Google Scholar.

80 Weber, Max, “Politics as a Vocation,” in Gerth, H. H. and Mills, C. Wright, trs. and eds., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York, 1946), p. 123Google Scholar.