¹ McGee, Thomas D'Arcy, “Salutation to the Celts,” The Poems of Thomas D'Arcy McGee (New York, 1886), 135.Google Scholar

² Quoted in Hoagland, Kathleen, A Thousand Years of Irish Poetry (New York, 1951), xlii.Google Scholar

³ Quoted in Boston, Pilot, 01 2, 1886.Google Scholar

⁴ Lecky, W. E. H., Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland (New York, 1903), II, 184Google Scholar; Froude, James Anthony, “Romanism and the Irish Race in the United States,” North American Review, CXXX (1880), 39.Google Scholar

⁵ See O'Donnell, F. Hugh, “Fenianism—Past and Present,” Contemporary Review, XXXIII (1883), 753Google Scholar; Maguire, John F., The Irish in America (New York, 1868), 692–697.Google Scholar See letter of Carroll, M., Irish World, 12 25, 1875Google Scholar and another from “Castleblaney,” ibid., March 30, 1876.

⁶ Sullivan, A. M., New Ireland (Philadelphia, 1878), 335.Google Scholar

⁷ United States Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789–1945 (Washington, D. C., 1949), 33–34.Google Scholar

⁸ Johnson, Stanley C., A History of Emigration from the United Kingdom to North America, 1768–1912 (London, 1912), Table VIII, 351Google Scholar; Strauss, Eric, Irish Nationalism and British Democracy (New York, 1951), 138Google Scholar; Paul-Dubois, L., Contemporary Ireland (Dublin, 1911), 355.Google Scholar

⁹ Report From the Select Committee on Tenure and Improvement of Land (Ireland) Act … (House of Commons, 1865), 122Google Scholar; Locker-Lampson, G., A Consideration of the State of Ireland in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1907), 276Google Scholar; Strauss, , op. cit., 138.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Duffy, Charles Gavan, Four Years of Irish History (London, 1883), 448.Google Scholar

¹¹ See Handlin, Oscar, Boston's Immigrants … (Cambridge, Mass., 1941), 64Google Scholar; Kelly, Mary Gilbert, Catholic Immigrant Colonization Projects in the United States, 1815–1860 (New York, 1939), 267 ff.Google Scholar; Browne, Henry J., “Archbishop Hughes and Western Colonization,” The Catholic Historical Review, XXXVI (1950–1951), 257–285.Google Scholar For a detailed study of Irish settlement in a rural state see McDonald, M. Judith, A History of the Irish in Wisconsin (Washington, 1954).Google Scholar

¹² See the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part I (Washington, D. C, 1895)Google Scholar, Table I, 670 and Part II (Washington, D. C, 1897), cxlvi, cxlix. The figure given is actually 15.51 per cent, but includes those engaged in agriculture, fisheries and mining. Only 11.60 per cent of the males were engaged solely in agriculture.

¹³ Ernst, Robert, Immigrant Life in New York City, 1825–1863 (New York, 1949), 50.Google Scholar

¹⁴ For the condition of the Irish before the Civil War see Handlin, , op. cit., 59–127Google Scholar; Ernst, , op. cit., 48–83Google Scholar; Pierce, Bessie L., A History of Chicago (New York, 1940), II, 13, 151–153.Google Scholar For the post-Civil War period see Bushee, Fred A., Ethnic Factors in the Population of Boston (New York, 1903), 27 ff.Google Scholar and Woods, Robert A., ed., The City Wilderness…. (Boston, 1898), passim.Google Scholar

¹⁵ See letter of “J. S.,” Irish World, 09 18, 1875Google Scholar and another from “D. A. Q.,” Boston Pilot, 02 16, 1878.Google Scholar

¹⁶ See letter of Byrnes, Jennie F., Boston Pilot, 08 19, 1882.Google Scholar See also Mitchel, John, The Crusade of the Period and Last Conquest of Ireland (Perhaps) (New York, 1873), 212–213Google Scholar; Morehouse, Frances, “Irish Migration of the ‘Forties’,” American Historical Review, XXXIII (1927–1928), 586.Google Scholar

¹⁷ See Irish World, 06 24, 1876Google Scholar and letters of “C. D. G.,” ibid., October 26, 1878, “Ballaghaslane Beara,” ibid., January 1, 1876; Godkin, E. L., “An American View of Ireland,” Nineteenth Century, XII (1882), 180.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Ernst, , op. cit., 182–183.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Handlin, , op. cit., 160Google Scholar; Ernst, , op. cit., 126Google Scholar; Frawley, Mary Alphonse, Patrick Donahoe (Washington, D. C., 1946), 105.Google Scholar

²⁰ Handlin, , op. cit., 164Google Scholar; Ernst, , op. cit., 125–126, 128.Google Scholar

²¹ O'Connor, Batt, With Michael Collins in the Fight for Irish Independence (London, 1929), 14.Google Scholar

²² White, John, Sketches From America (London, 1870), 369.Google Scholar See also the comments of James Stephens, the Irish Fenian, on the loneliness of O'Mahoney, John, the American Fenian, in the “American Diary of James Stephens, 1858–1860,” Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Records for the Years 1938–1945.Google Scholar Government of Northern Ireland (Belfast, n.d.), 32.

²⁸ For Lomasney, see Ryan, Mark F., Fenian Memories, O'Sullivan, T. F., ed. (Dublin, 1945), 117–120Google Scholar; O'Brien, WilliamRecollections (London, 1905), 74–78Google Scholar; O'Connor, T. P., Memoirs of an Old Parliamentarian (London, 1929), 216.Google Scholar Also born in Ohio and equally fierce was Captain John McCafferty, who planned a raid on Chester Castle in 1867 and later sought to capture the Prince of Wales. See O'Brien, William and Ryan, Desmond, edd., Devoy's Post Bag (Dublin, 1948), I, 37, 67–68.Google Scholar Cited hereafter as Devoy's Post Bag. Parnell believed the second generation were the most useful to the Irish cause in America. See his speech at Galway, October 24, 1880, Irish World, 11 20, 1880.Google Scholar This was the opinion of Sullivan, A. M., “Why Send More Irish Out of Ireland,” Nineteenth Century, XIV (1883), 141.Google Scholar The Irish Nation (New York), 08 18, 1883Google Scholar, edited by the exile, Devoy, disagreed. See, however, the letters of Carroll, M. and Foster, T. Cale in Irish World, 12 28, 1875Google Scholar and December 8, 1877.

²⁴ Reprinted in Irish World, 09 25, 1886.Google Scholar

²⁵ Ibid. For similar experiences see Gurran, Michael P., The Life of Patrick A. Collins (Boston, 1906), 8 ff.Google Scholar; Frawley, , op. cit., 13, 21, 45 ff.Google Scholar; letter of Craven, Thomas, Boston Pilot, 01 2, 1886Google Scholar and ibid., August 3, 1878, December 6, 1884.

²⁶ See E. L. Godkin's opinion in Ogden, Rollo, ed., Life and Letters of E. L. Godkin (New York, 1907), I, 181–184Google Scholar; also Grattan, Thomas Colley, Civilized America (Second Edition, London, 1859), II8Google Scholar; Bagenal, Philip H., The American Irish … (Boston, 1882), 129Google Scholar; White, , op. cit., 353–354Google Scholar; Dillon, William, The Life of John Mitchel (London, 1888), II, 53Google Scholar; Buckley, Michael, Diary of a Tour in America, Buckley, Kate, ed., (Dublin, 1886), 142.Google Scholar

²⁷ Handlin, , op. cit., 197 ff.Google Scholar; Ernst, , op. cit., 168 ff.Google Scholar; Billington, Ray Allen, The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860 (New York, 1936), 193.Google Scholar

²⁸ McAvoy, Thomas T., “The Formation of the Catholic Minority in the United States, 1825–1860,” The Review of Politics, X (1948), 25 ff.Google ScholarCelts and Saxons, Nativism and Naturalization: A Complete Refutation of the Nativism of Dr. Orestes Brownson by the Catholic Press of the United States (Boston, 1854), 10.Google Scholar

²⁹ Celts and Saxon, passim; McAvoy, , “Catholic Minority,” loc. cit., 29–30.Google Scholar

³⁰ Morse, Samuel F. B., Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States … (New Edition, New York, 1854)Google Scholar, Appendix 30, 23–29, in Abbott, Edith, ed., Historical Aspects of the Immigration Problem: Selected Documents (Chicago, 1926), 448.Google Scholar

³¹ Irish World, 12 17, 1881Google Scholar; Brown, Stephen J., “The Question of Irish Nationality,” Studies (Dublin), I, (1912), 635.Google Scholar See also Rossa, O'Donovan, “Skirmisher's Column,” Irish World, 05 6, 1876.Google Scholar

³² McGee, Thomas D'Arcy, The Irish Position in British and Republican North America (Montreal, 1866), 17.Google Scholar

³³ For the experiences of Barney Williams, Harrigan and Hart and Boucicault see Boston, Pilot, 05 4, 1878Google Scholar, January 5, 1884; Irish World, 02 8, 1873Google Scholar, October 2, 1875, May 6, 1876, March 13, 1877, January 5, 1878, March 2, 9, 1878.

³⁴ Irish World, 11 13, 1880.Google Scholar For other expressions of this popular theme see speech of Meagher, T. F. at Cooper Institute, 01, 1864Google Scholar, in Cavanagh, Michael, Memoirs of General Thomas Francis Meagher … (Worcester, Mass., 1892), 358Google Scholar; Russell, T. O'Neill, Irish Nation, 06 11, 1882Google Scholar; Irish World, 03 18, 1876Google Scholar; letters from “American Born Irishman,” “Sentinel,” “Tipperary Man” (to O'Donovan Rossa), ibid., March 25, 1876, February 29, 1876, February 16, 1878; lecture of P. K. Walsh to Irish Literary Association of Cleveland, ibid., April 8, 1876; “W. M. C.” column, ibid., July 22, 1876; speech of T. C. Luby at Ogden's Grove, Chicago, ibid., August 31, 1878; speech of William Connolly at Wendell's Assembly Rooms, New York City, ibid., November 13, 1880.

³⁵ Extract from United States vs. Samuel Lumsden et al. (1856)Google Scholar, (Bond's Reports, I, 9–27)Google Scholar, quoted in Abbott, , ed., op. cit., 483.Google Scholar

³⁶ Madden, R. R., The United Irishmen, Their Lives and Times (Third Series, Second Edition, London, 1860), III, 157.Google Scholar

³⁷ For the careers of Emmet and MacNeven see Madden, , op. cit., III, 141–196Google Scholar; Raghallaigh, Deasmunhan O, “William James Macneven,” Studies, XXX (1941), 247–259Google Scholar; Emmet, Thomas Addis, Memoir of Thomas Addis and Robert Emmet (New York, 1915), I, 391 ff.Google Scholar

³⁸ Handlin, , op. cit., 129 ff.Google Scholar

³⁹ Madden, , op. cit., III, 152.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ See Curran, , op. cit.Google Scholar, for Collins and for a timid evaluation of Onahan see Pahorezki, M. Sevina, The Social and Political Activities of William James Onahan (Washington, D. C, 1942).Google Scholar See also, McGee, , Irish Position, 7.Google Scholar

⁴¹ See the Freeman's Journal and Catholic Register (New York), 07 22, September 21, 1843.Google Scholar

⁴² New York Freeman's Journal, 09 30, 1843Google Scholar; Seitz, Don C., The James Gordon Bennetts…. (Indianapolis, 1928), 114.Google Scholar

⁴³ Freeman's Journal, 07 22, September 2, 30, 1843Google Scholar; McGee, T. D., A History of the Irish Settlers in North America… (Boston, 1851), 133.Google ScholarSeward, William H., An Oration on the Death of Daniel O'Connell (Buffalo, 1855), 5, 35.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ SirGriffin, Lepel, “The Harvest of Democracy,” Fortnightly Review, XLI (1884), 387.Google Scholar The Louisville Courier Journal, aware that Americans no longer participated in Irish affairs as they had during O'Connell's period, thought increased wealth in America had diluted interest in struggling nationalities. See Irish Nation, 05 10, 1883.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ See the account of a Repeal meeting at Cincinnati in Freeman's Journal, 07 22, 1843.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Dillon, , op. cit., II, 38–39.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Hansen, Marcus Lee, “The Second Colonization of New England,” New England Quarterly, II (1929), 553.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Athern, R. G., Thomas Francis Meagher … (Boulder, Colorado, 1949), pp. 99, 122.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Lee, Basil, Discontent in New York City, 1861–1865 (Washington, D. C., 1943), 105Google Scholar says that it was “not the Irish as Irish who revolted but the penniless Irish worker.…” It was, however, their poverty that gave the Irish their intense sense of group consciousness.

⁵⁰ O'Donnell, , “Fenianism,” loc. cit., 751.Google Scholar

⁵¹ On this aspect of nationalism see Pillsbury, W. B., The Psychology of Nationality and Internationalism (New York, 1919), 267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵² Irish World, 05 27, 1876Google Scholar. See also “An Occasional Correspondent,” ibid., December 18, 1875, February 10, 1877 for the role of rich and poor in Irish Nationalism in England.

⁵³ Boston, Pilot, 05 22, 1880, November 11, 1882Google Scholar; Irish World, 12 4, 1875, May 20, 1876Google Scholar; Russell, Charles Lord of Killowen, Diary of a Visit to the United States of America, Herbermann, C. G., ed. (New York, 1910), 144–145Google Scholar; Beer, Thomas, The Mauve Decade (New York, 1941), 127–128.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ See Green, Samuel Swett, The Scotch-Irish in America (Worcester, Massachusetts, 1895), especially 7, 9, 51–52, 56, 59Google Scholar. Also the Wilmington, Delaware, Herald quoted in Irish World, 02 10, 1877Google Scholar; Boston, Pilot, 04 27, 1878Google Scholar; Russell, T. O'Neill, Irish Nation, 05 27, 1882Google Scholar; White, , op. cit., 360.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ James Redpath, former abolitionist and biographer of John Brown, after suffering a nervous breakdown in 1879, was sent to Ireland in 1880, at the height of the land agitation, as a correspondent for the New York Herald Tribune. Very quickly he became one of the most effective propagandists of the Irish Land League. And in his dispatches and many lectures in Ireland and America he identified the Irish movement as a continuation of the old abolitionist effort to extend the rights of men. In 1882 he established Redpath's Weekly as an organ of Irish land reform. See Horner, F., The Life of James Redpath (New York, 1926), 255–261Google Scholar and Redpath, James, Talks About Ireland (New York, 1881)Google Scholar, bound in Conyngham, D. P., Ireland Past and Present … (New York, 1884)Google Scholar. Because of his age Phillips was less active than Redpath when the Irish Question came forward in the late 1870's, but he spoke often on the question in Boston and his speech on Daniel O'Connell in 1875 was one of his best efforts. His hostility to respectable Boston opinion and his sympathy for the working classes made him welcome in the Irish camp, where he found the old libertarian spirit of the 1850's. See Roche, , op. cit., 142, 153, 217, 228, 236Google Scholar; Brooks, Van Wyck, New England Indian Summer (New York, 1940), 120, 331Google Scholar; Devyr, T. A., Irish World, 05 20, 1876.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ See Wilde, Lady, Boston Pilot, 05 24, 1879Google Scholar; Spalding, John Lancaster, “Mr. Froude's Historical Method,” North American Review, CXXX (1880), 287Google Scholar; “Diary of an Amateur Emigrant,” Boston Pilot, 09 26, 1885.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ See Stonequist, Everett V., The Marginal Man … (New York, 1937), 1–9; 83–106, 159 ff.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ MacNeven, William J., Pieces of Irish History … (New York, 1807), iii.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ McGee, , History of the Irish Settlers in North AmericaGoogle Scholar, passim.

⁶⁰ Irish World, 01 8, 1876Google Scholar. See also Spalding, , “Mr. Froude's Historical Method,” loc. cit., 287 ff.Google Scholar

⁶¹ See “Hibernicus,” What Brings so Many Irish to America (New York, 1845).Google Scholar

⁶² Grace, William R., The Irish in America (Chicago, 1886)Google Scholar; Kelly, John, The History of the Early Irish Settlers in America (New York, 1884).Google Scholar

⁶³ McGee, T. D., The Catholic History of North America (Boston, 1855), 17.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Irish World, 09 21, 1872, March 22, 1873Google Scholar; Conyngham, , op. cit., 161.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Boston, Pilot, 06 8, June 22, 1878Google Scholar; Conyngham, , op. cit., 161.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Irish World, 09 21, 1872, March 18, 1876, August 19, 1876Google Scholar; Boston, Pilot, 02 11, 1885, September 10, December 10, 1887, August 17, 1889Google Scholar. See also the controversy between Duffield Osborne and Meehan, Thomas F., “Irish Aid in the American Revolution,” North American Review, CXXXXV (1888), 97–99, 319–324.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Irish World, 03 22, 1873Google Scholar, ibid., July 15, 1876; Conyngham, , op. cit., 162–167.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Irish World, 01 22, 1876.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Clancy, James J., Ireland: As She Is, Has Been and As She Ought to Be (New York, 1877), 10.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Irish World, 12 18, 1880Google Scholar; also Boston, Pilot, 01 3, 1879.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Irish World, 09 28, 1872.Google Scholar

⁷² MacNeill, Eoin, Phases of Irish History (Dublin, 1919), 4–9Google Scholar; MacLean, Magnus, The Literature of the Celt … (London, 1902), 252, 370Google Scholar. See also Alfred Nutt's introduction, Arnold, Matthew, The Study of Celtic Literature (London, 1910), xxi.Google Scholar

⁷³ Brooke, Charlotte, Reliques of Irish Poetry … (Dublin, 1879), viiGoogle Scholar. See O'Reilly, Edward's preface to Transactions of the Iberno-Celtic Society for 1820, I, Part I (Dublin, 1820)Google Scholar for the antiquarian societies before 1820.

⁷⁴ See Anderson, Hugh, The Life and Letters of Christopher Anderson (Edinburgh, 1854), 145Google Scholar. Charlotte Elizabeth Phelan, well known as a writer of stories for Protestant children, lived in Ireland from 1819 to 1824. Anderson, a Scotch Baptist, founded the Irish Society in 1818 for the purpose of converting the Gaelic speaking Catholics. See also Anderson, Christopher, The Native Irish and Their Descendants (Third edition, London, 1846).Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Davis and others in 1845 founded the Celtic society, which in 1853 became the Ossianic Society; both were more intensely Irish than the earlier antiquarian societies. Ryan, Desmond, The Sword of Light (London, 1939), 179 ffGoogle Scholar. Compare for example, the nationalist spirit of John O'Mahoney's comments in his translation from the Gaelic of Keating, Geoffrey, The History of Ireland… (New York, 1857), 7Google Scholar with the dedication of Connellan, Owen, A Practical Grammar of the Irish Language (Dublin, 1844).Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Duffy, Charles Gavan, Thomas Davis (London, 1890), 93, 352–353.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ See Nutt's introduction, Arnold, , op. cit., xii–xiiiGoogle Scholar. See also the prospectus, “The Map of Our Journey,” The Celt (Kilkenny), I (1857–1858), 1–4Google Scholar. This weekly was founded in August, 1857, by disciples of Davis. Seven years earlier Thomas D'Arcy McGee, who had learned about the Celts in the British Museum, had founded The American Celt in Boston. For the latter see Phelan, Josephine, The Ardent Exile (Toronto, 1951), 22–23, 102.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Hale, E. E., Letters on Irish Emigration (Boston, 1852), 47–58Google Scholar, quoted in Abbott, , ed., op. cit., 461Google Scholar. See also Handlin, , op. cit., 214.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Saveth, Edward N., American Historians and European Immigrants, 1875–1925 (New York, 1948), 15.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Works such as Lynch, John, Cambrensis Eversus, Kelly, Matthew, ed. (Dublin, 1848)Google Scholar; Carey, Matthew, Vindicae Hibernicae (Philadelphia, 1819)Google Scholar, and MacNeven, , Pieces of Irish History.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Especially O'Curry, , Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History (Dublin. 1861).Google Scholar

⁸² See letter of O'Brennan in Irish World, 02 23, 1878Google Scholar; and ibid., January 20, 1877. For his life see Boston, Pilot, 02 23, 1878Google Scholar. His works include Ancient Ireland … (Dublin, 1855) and O'Brennan, 's Antiquities (Dublin, 1858).Google Scholar

⁸³ For enthusiastic reception of Bourke's book see Irish World, 12 7, 1878Google Scholar, January 5, 1878; Boston, Pilot, 04 27, 1878.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ See O'Leary, James, Ireland Among the Nations (New York, 1874), 197Google Scholar; letter of Galwey, T. F., Boston Pilot, 05 30, 1885Google Scholar. For Arnold's understanding of the Celt see Kelleher, John V., “Matthew Arnold and the Celtic Revival,” in Levin, Harry, ed., Perspectives of Criticism (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1950).Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Clancy, , op. cit., 14–141Google Scholar; O'Mahoney, , trans., Keating, op. cit., liiGoogle Scholar; Burke, T. N., Ireland's Case Stated … (New York, 1873), 26Google Scholar; Irish World, 10 9, 1875.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Keane, Bishop, “The Future of the Celt,”Google ScholarBoston, Pilot, 11 24, 1885Google Scholar; Justin McCarthy, ibid., August 18, 1885; ibid., June 14, 1890.

⁸⁷ Saveth, , op. cit., 16ff.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Clancy, , op. cit., 119, 133–134Google Scholar; “European Correspondent,” Irish World, 10 9, 1875Google Scholar; Boston, Pilot, 07 14, 1888.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Bourke, , Aryan Origins of the Gaelic Race, 116–117.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Irish Nation, 01 6, 1883Google Scholar; Bourke, , Aryan Origins of the Gaelic Race, 171 ff.Google Scholar

⁹¹ Irish World, 01 19, 1876, August 10, 1878, January 6, 1877Google Scholar; Boston, Pilot, 10 8, 1881Google Scholar; April 9, 1887; Irish Nation, 04 22, 1882.Google Scholar

⁹² See letter of “Philo-Celt,” Irish World, 09 25, 1875Google Scholar; ibid., August 31, 1878; Park, Robert E., The Immigrant Press and Its Control (New York, 1922), 50Google Scholar. On Dublin language society see Ryan, , Sword of Light, 211 ff.Google Scholar

⁹³ Boston, Pilot, 11 30, 1878Google Scholar, January 11, 1879; Irish Nation, 06 30, 1883.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Bourke, , Aryan Origins of the Irish Race, 103Google Scholar. See also letter of Bourke, , Irish World, 04 28, 1877.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ Irish World, 10 9, 1875Google Scholar. Also letter of P. J. Daly, ibid., April 15, 1876; Proceedings of Boston Philo-Celtic Society in ibid., September 18, 1875, and letters discussing wisdom of reviving Irish in ibid., February 8, 1872, September 28, 1872, March 15, March 22, 1873.

⁹⁶ August 31, 1878; also ibid., July 1, 1876.

⁹⁷ See Irish Nation, 12 4, 1881, May 13, 1882, May 27, 1882, June 11, 1882, April 27, 1883Google Scholar; Irish World, 06 15, 1878, April 5, 1879, May 3, 1879Google Scholar; Boston, Pilot, 04 19, 1879Google Scholar. The question of the type to be used also bedeviled the movement in Ireland. See Irish Nation, 03 24, 1883Google Scholar; the Chicago Citizen, 08 24, 31, 1889Google Scholar; Ryan, , Sword of Light, 214 ff.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Irish Nation, 04 15, 1882.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ See O'Connor, T. P., Boston Pilot, 10 22, 1881Google Scholar; A. M. Sullivan, ibid., January 6, 1883; ibid., May 26, 1883, November 5, 1887; Irish Nation, 12 31, 1881Google Scholar; letter of McGowan, F., Irish World, 03 4, 1876.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ See, for example, “Answers to Correspondents,” Irish World, 09 4, 11, 18, 1875Google Scholar, for immigrants seeking the origins of their Gaelic names and information about Irish history. See “Hints for Household,” ibid., July 12, 1879, for instruction to the female readers on how to prepare food, clean carpets and keep kitchens neat. See also article on Andrew Johnson, ibid., September 11, 1875, illustrating how one could rise through self-education and “if he be patient, persevering, upright, self-reliant, temperate, and frugal he must succeed.”

¹⁰¹ Baumgartner, A. W., Catholic Journalism … (New York, 1931), 12 ff.Google Scholar; Handlin, , op. cit., 178 ff.Google Scholar; Frawley, , op. cit., 37 ff.Google Scholar; Ernst, , op. cit., 150–153.Google Scholar

¹⁰² Dillon, , Mitchel, II, 50.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ Hassard, John R. G., Life of the Most Reverend John Hughes … (New York, 1866), 311.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Dillon, , Mitchel, II, 5–51Google Scholarpassim; Phelan, , op. cit., 92–99.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ The best of these interpretations is Thebaud, August J., Ireland: Past and Present … (New York, 1878), especially 60–105Google Scholar. See also O'Leary, James, Ireland Among the Nations, 138 ff.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Curtin, J. C., The Lectures, Sermons, Addresses and Letters of Dr. D. W. Cahill (New York, 1885), 120Google Scholar. See also Thebaud, , op. cit., 414Google Scholar; Spalding, J. L., The Irish People and Catholic Colonization (New York, 1880), 33–63Google Scholar. Arch-bishop Hughes, however, at the height of the Famine declared that not God but the British government was responsible. See his A Lecture on the Antecedent Causes of the Irish Famine in 1847. (New York, 1847).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ See McGuire, James G., Ireland and the Pope … (San Francisco, 1888), 32Google Scholar; Irish World, 03 18, 1876, December 8, 1877Google Scholar; John P. Sutton, ibid., March 16, 1878; Davitt, Michael in Boston Pilot, 08 14, 1880Google Scholar; O'Leary, John, Recollections of Fenians and Fenianism (London, 1906), II, 31Google Scholar; Rossa, O'Donovan, Recollections, 1838–1898 … (New York, 1898), 110.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ See Maguire, , Ireland and the Pope, 13 ff.Google Scholar; Boston, Pilot, 01 17, 1880Google Scholar, August 21, 1880, January 8, 1881, March 5, 1881, March 18, 1882; Irish World, 03 18, 1876, July 28, 1877.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ See Irish World, 09 18, 1875Google Scholar; P. K. W., ibid., October 2, 1875; “Transatlantic,” ibid., November 6, 1875; ibid., January 15, 1876; “Transatlantic,” ibid., February 26, 1876; ibid., January 22, 1876, February 5, 1876; United Irishman (Liverpool) in ibid., February 26, 1876; ibid., April 8, 1876, May 13, 1876, August 5, 1876, March 3, 1877; “Transatlantic,” ibid., June 9, 16, 1877; P. K. Walsh to Rossa, ibid., October 13, 1877; ibid., February 16, 1878, September 11, 1878, November 2, 1878; Boston, Pilot, 08 21, 1880.Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ Dillon, , op. cit., II, 62Google Scholar; Phelan, , op. cit., 99Google Scholar; Hassard, , op. cit., 311.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ See White, , op. cit., 352Google Scholar; Wilde, Lady, Boston Pilot, 05 24, 1879Google Scholar; “Diary of an Amateur Emigrant,” ibid., September 26, 1885; Justin McCarthy, ibid., April 18, 1885.

¹¹² Spalding, , op. cit., 147Google Scholar. For the Catholic hierarchy after the Civil War see McAvoy, Thomas T., “The American Catholic Minority in the Latter Half of the Nineteenth Century,” Review of Politics, XV (1953), 281–288.Google Scholar

¹¹³ See Bishop John A. Luers, Fort Wayne, Indiana, to Archbishop John B. Purcell, March 23, 1864; Bishop Amadeus Rappe, Cleveland, Ohio, to Arch-bishop John B. Purcell, September 13, 1866; Archbishop John B. Purcell, Cincinnati, Ohio, to Cardinal Barnabo, September 16, 1870; Bishop William McCloskey, Louisville, Kentucky, to Archbishop John B. Purcell, April 25, 1871. The Cincinnati Papers, University of Notre Dame. See also MacDonald, Fergus, The Catholic Church and Secret Societies in the United States (New York, 1946), 34–37.Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ They were the Freeman's Journal, the Tablet, the Irish World, the Irish Nation and the Irish American. The Western Watchman of St. Louis, the Chicago Citizen and the Northwestern Chronicle of St. Paul, Minnesota were among the important papers in the Midwest. Influential also was the Irish Catholic Benevolent Union Journal of Philadelphia. For the last named see Donohoe, Joan M., The Irish Catholic Benevolent Union (Washington, D. C., 1953).Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ In 1879 the paper was condemned by Bishop Baltes of the Alton (Illinois) diocese and by Bishop Gilmour of Cleveland. See Irish World, 03 15, 22, April 5, 12, 1879Google Scholar. See also the paper's controversy with a Brooklyn priest in ibid., March 30, 1878, and letter of “J. C.” on the matter, ibid., April 13, 1878. The quarrels grew out of the paper's attacks upon “the priest in politics” and out of fear of its radical democratic teachings.

¹¹⁶ Ayer, N. W., American Newspaper Annual … (Philadelphia, 1885), 66Google Scholar, gives the Irish World's publishing report, which claims a circulation of 80,000. Alden, Edward, American Newspaper Catalogue … (Cincinnati, 1882)Google Scholar, credits the paper with a circulation of 100,000. Ford in 1879 distributed a special issue of 1,500,000 copies. Irish World, 01 18, March 29, 1879Google Scholar. For the influence of the paper see Russell, , op. cit., 191Google Scholar and McGowan, M. F. in Irish World, 03 4, 1876.Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ See Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1937), VI, 518Google Scholar; Irish World, 04 14, 1877.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Ayer, , op. cit., 31Google Scholar lists the circulation of the Pilot at 70,000. Alden, , op. cit., 121Google Scholar in 1883 lists the circulation at 67,300.

¹¹⁹ See Roche, James J., The Life of John Boyle O'Reilly (New York, 1891), 1–47, 107–116Google Scholar; O'Reilly, , Boston, to O'Donovan Rossa, 03 2, 1872Google Scholar. John Boyle O'Reilly papers, Irish Collection, Boston College. O'Reilly, , Boston, to John Devoy, 01 28, 1871Google Scholar. Devoy, 's Post Bag, I, 13–14.Google Scholar

¹²⁰ See letter of Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Boston, to O'Reilly, 10 2, 1876Google Scholar. Mary Boyle O'Reilly papers, Boston Public Library; Brooks, , op. cit., 311–312, 412Google Scholar; Grant, Robert, Fourscore … (Boston, 1934), 168–172Google Scholar; Roche, , op. cit., 153–154.Google Scholar

¹²¹ Brooks, , op. cit., 311–312Google Scholar; Beer, , op. cit., 118.Google Scholar

¹²² For a different interpretation of O'Reilly's career see Mann, Arthur, Yankee Reformers in the Urban Age (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 24–51Google Scholar. Mr. Mann believes that it was the “Catholic part of his Irish background” that accounts for the contradictions of O'Reilly's career. No doubt conservative Catholic pressures did inhibit O'Reilly's actions. See for example the letter of S. G. Kelly, Boston, no date, to Henry George. Henry George Collection, New York Public Library. But had O'Reilly not believed so intensely in the need for Irish-American unity he might have followed Patrick Ford and others in more radical and divisive action.

¹²³ Quoted in Lord, R. H., Sexton, J. E. and Harrington, E. T., History of the Archdiocese of Boston (Boston, 1944), III, 396Google Scholar. See also Roche, , op. cit., 207, 208, 231Google Scholar; Boston, Pilot, 07 23, 1870, March 12, 1871.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ See Speech of the Honorable Michael Davitt, M. P., Delivered Before the First National Convention of the United Irish League of America, Faneuil Hall, Boston … 10 20, 21, 1902 (n.p., n.d.).Google Scholar

¹²⁵ See letter of O'Reilly, , Boston, Massachusetts, to Devoy, 1871Google Scholar, in Devoy's Post Bag, I, 43–44.Google Scholar

¹²⁶ See Ryan, Desmond, The Phoenix Flame (London, 1937)Google Scholar, for a popular study of Devoy's career.

¹²⁷ See Yeats, William Butler, The Autobiography of William Butler Yeats (New York, 1938), 183.Google Scholar

¹²⁸ Alden, , op. cit.Google Scholar, lists the circulation of the Nation in 1883 as 10,000.

¹²⁹ Irish Nation, 01 6, 1883Google Scholar. See also Sullivan, A. M., Boston Pilot, 01 6, 1883Google Scholar; Irish Nation, 12 31, 1881Google Scholar; Irish World, 10 26, 1878.Google Scholar

¹³⁰ Quoted in Green, James J., “Organization of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union,” American Catholic Historical Society Records, LXI (1950), 85Google Scholar. See also Irish World, 06 24, 1876.Google Scholar

¹³¹ Terence Powderly was in 1882 an executive of the Irish Land League of America, Senior Guardian of Clan na Gael Camp 470 as well as head of the Knights of Labor. He was unusual only in his leadership; others shared these interests. See Frank Bannon, New York City, to Powderly, March 12, 1882; John J. Joyce, New York City, to Powderly, April 20, May 21, 1882. Powderly papers, Catholic University of America. See also Powderly's speech before the Land League at Buffalo, Irish World, 03 19, 1881Google Scholar; “Ballaghaslane Beara,” Irish World, 12 20, 1875.Google Scholar

¹³² Green, , loc. cit., 94 ff.Google Scholar; Irish World, 01 29, 1876.Google Scholar

¹³³ MacDonald, , op. cit., 109 ff.Google Scholar; O'Dea, John, History of the Ancient Order of Hibernians and Ladies Auxiliary (Philadelphia, 1923), III, 1046–1048.Google Scholar

¹³⁴ Abell, Aaron I., “The Catholic Factor in Urban Welfare, 1850–1885,” The Review of Politics, XIV (1952), 319.Google Scholar

¹³⁵ See Abell, , loc. cit., 321Google Scholar; Henthorne, M. E., The Irish Catholic Colonization Association of the United States (Champaign, Illinois, 1932), 74Google Scholar; Spalding, , op. cit., 179–180.Google Scholar

¹³⁶ Henthorne, ibid., 65, 71 ff.; Abell, , loc. cit., 323.Google Scholar

¹³⁷ The Reverend Butler, Thomas A., “Open Council” column, Irish World, 08 10, 1878.Google Scholar

¹³⁸ See Savage, John, Fenian Heroes and Martyrs (Boston, 1868), 110 ff.Google Scholar; Stephens, , “Diary,” loc. cit., 32.Google Scholar

¹³⁹ D'Arcy, William, The Fenian Movement in the United States, 1858–1886 (Washington, D. C., 1947). 33–38.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁰ Chicago, Tribune (Saturday), 11 7, 1863.Google Scholar

¹⁴¹ D'Arcy, , op. cit., 79–81.Google Scholar

¹⁴² Savage, , op. cit., 56–57, 66Google Scholar. See also Seventh National Congress, F. B.: Proceedings of the Senate and House of Representatives of the Fenian Brotherhood in Joint Convention … (New York, 1868).Google Scholar

¹⁴³ D'Arcy, , op. cit., 74, 81, 85.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ D'Arcy, , op. cit., 103–108.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁵ See Freeman's Journal, 01 20, 1866.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁶ O'Leary, , Fenians and Fenianism, II, 213Google Scholar; Letter of Mitchel, John, Paris, to O'Mahoney, 01 27, 1866Google Scholar. O'Donovan Rossa Papers, Catholic University of America Archives.

¹⁴⁷ D'Arcy, , op cit., 106, 111, 140–141.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ D'Arcy, , op. cit., 171.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁹ Letter of Millen, F. F., Mexico, to John O'Mahoney, 08 1, 1868Google Scholar. O'Donovan Rossa Papers, Catholic University of America Archives.

¹⁵⁰ December 23, 1865.

¹⁵¹ D'Arcy, , op. cit., 135–140.Google Scholar

¹⁵² D'Arcy, , op. cit., 129–132, 217–218, 325, 344.Google Scholar

¹⁵³ D'Arcy, , op. cit., 182 ff.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁴ Curran, , op. cit., 25Google Scholar; D'Arcy, , op. cit., 40, 47.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁵ D'Arcy, , op. cit., 226–227, 309, 327–328.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁶ Official Report of General John O'Neill … on the Attempt to Invade Canada, May 25, 1870 (New York, 1870), 4–5.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁷ D'Arcy, , op. cit., 359.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁸ D'Arcy, , op. cit., 180–181.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁹ D'Arcy, , op. cit., 124.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁰ Maguire, , The Irish in America, 608.Google Scholar

¹⁶¹ O'Leary, , Fenians and Fenianism, I, 113Google Scholar; White, , op. cit., 362Google Scholar; Maguire, , The Irish in America, 600–602.Google Scholar

¹⁶² Quoted in Savage, , op. cit., 100.Google Scholar