¹ Churchill's recollection is found in his The Second World War, vol. 6: Triumph and Tragedy (Boston, 1953), 226–28Google Scholar.

² The Balkan agreement talks are located in “Records of Meetings at the Kremlin, Moscow, October 9 — October 17, 1944,” Prime Minister's Operational papers (PREMIER 3), File 343, Folder, 2, 4–17, Public Record Office, London (hereafter referred to as Kremlin Meetings). Copies of the half sheet of paper on which the Prime Minister jotted down the spheres of predominance he had in mind in the evening of question are in “Spheres of Influence in the Balkans” (PREMIER 3/66/7) (hereafter materials from this source will be referred to as Balkan File). For further discussion of this particular source material, see Siracusa, Joseph M., “The Meaning of TOLSTOY: Churchill, Stalin, and the Balkans, Moscow, October 1944,” Diplomatic History, 3 (Fall 1979), 443–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³ Winston S. Churchill, A Speech to the House of Commons, 27 October 1944, in The War Speeches of the Rt. Hon. Winston S. Churchill, compiled by Charles Eade, 3 vols. (London, 1952), 3:244–45.Google Scholar

⁴ McNeill, William Hardy, America, Britain and Russia: Their Cooperation and Conflict, 1941–1946, vol. 3 of Survey of International Affairs, 1939–1946, ed. by Toynbee, Arnold (London, 1953), 495.Google Scholar

⁵ Feis, Herbert, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought (Princeton, N.J., 1957), pp. 441–68Google Scholar; Gaddis, John Lewis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947 (New York, 1972), pp. 90–91Google Scholar; Davis, Lynn Etheridge, The Cold War Begins: Soviet-American Conflict and Eastern Europe (Princeton, N.J., 1974), pp. 156–59.Google Scholar

⁶ Yergin, Daniel, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston, 1977), p. 61.Google Scholar

⁷ Resis, Albert, “The Churchill-Stalin Secret ‘Percentages’ Agreement on the Balkans, Moscow, October 1944,” American Historical Review, 83 (04 1978), 372, 374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸ Ibid., pp. 385–86. Also see Mastny, Vojtech, Russia's Road to the Cold War: Diplomacy, Warfare, and the Politics of Communism, 1941–1945 (New York, 1979), pp. 207–12.Google Scholar

⁹ Kuniholm, Bruce Robellet, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, New Jersey, 1980), pp. 117, 125.Google Scholar

¹⁰ SirWoodward, Llewellyn, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War, 5 vols. (London, 1971), 3:146–53.Google Scholar

¹¹ SirWheller-Bennett, John and Nicholls, Anthony, The Semblance of Peace: The Political Settlement after the Second World War (London, 1972), p. 198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹² Barker, Elisabeth, British Policy in South-East Europe in the Second World War (London, 1976), pp. 146–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹³ Harriman, W. Averell and Abel, Elie, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York, 1975), p. 358Google Scholar; and letter for Harriman to the author, 30 October 1978.

¹⁴ Bohlen, Charles E., Witness to History, 1925–1969 (New York, 1973), p. 170.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Eden, Anthony, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 3: The Reckoning (London, 1965), 482–83.Google Scholar

¹⁶ The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938–1945, ed. Dilks, David (New York, 1971), p. 672.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Quoted in British Polity Towards Wartime Resistance in Yugoslavia and Greece, ed. by Auty, Phyllis and Clogg, Richard (London, 1975), pp. 247–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ Churchill, , Triumph and Tragedy, p. 208.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Minutes, Churchill to Foreign Secretary, 4 05 1955, Balkan File.Google Scholar

²⁰ Quoted in Barker, , British Policy in South-East Europe in the Second World War, p. 141.Google Scholar

²¹ Foreign Office to British Embassy in Moscow, 25 May 1944, Balkan File (author's italics).

²² Hull, Cordell, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, 2 vols. (London, 1948), 2:1452–53Google Scholar; and Report to Congress on Moscow Conference, 18 November 1943, Congressional Record, 78th Congress.

²³ Mastny suggests that as early as the Teheran Conference, in late 1943, Stalin was acutely alerted to disagreements between his Western powers (Mastny, , Russia's Road to the Cold War, pp. 123–24).Google Scholar

²⁴ Halifax, to Foreign Secretary, 31 05 1944, Balkan File.Google Scholar

²⁵ Memorandum of Conversation, by the Secretary of State, 30 May, 1944, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers: 1944 (Washington 1965), V, 112–13Google Scholar (hereafter this source will be referred to as FRUS).

²⁶ Minute, Eden to Prime Minister, 30 05 1944, Balkan File.Google Scholar

²⁷ Prime Minister to President Roosevelt, 31 May 1944, No. 687, Balkan File.

²⁸ Halifax, to Foreign Secretary, 31 05 1944Google Scholar, ibid.

²⁹ The War Diary of Breckinridge Long: Selections from the Years 1939–1944, ed. by Israel, Fred L. (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1966), p. 352.Google Scholar

³⁰ President Roosevelt to the British Prime Minister, No. 557, 11 June 1944, FRUS:1944, V, 117–18.Google Scholar

³¹ Prime Minister to President Roosevelt, No. 700, 11 June 1944, Balkan File.

³² President Roosevelt to Prime Minister, No. 700, 12 June 1944, in The Messages between Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill, 1939–1945 (Microfilm edition), Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, NY. (hereafter this source will be referred to as Roosevelt-Churchill Correspondence).

³³ Foreign Office to British Embassy in Moscow, 20 June 1944, Balkan File.

³⁴ Foreign Office to British Embassy in Moscow, 8 July 1944, ibid (author's italics).

³⁵ British Embassy in Washington to Foreign Office, 27 July 1944, ibid.

³⁶ Papers of Leahy, William D., Diary 1944, 15 12 1944Google Scholar, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

³⁷ Excerpt from Letter to Admiral Leahy (to Secretary Hull), 16 May 1944, FRUS: The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 (Washington, 1955), 106–108.Google Scholar

³⁸ See Davis, , The Cold War Begins, p. 142Google Scholar; as well as Sherwood, Robert E., Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History, rev. ed. (New York, 1950), pp. 410–11.Google Scholar

³⁹ President Roosevelt to Prime Minister, No. 565, 22 June 1944, Balkan File.

⁴⁰ Prime Minister to President Roosevelt, No. 712, 23 June 1944, ibid.

⁴¹ President Roosevelt to Prime Minister, No. 570, 27 June 1944, ibid.

⁴² Churchill Minute to Foreign Secretary, 9 July 1944, ibid.

⁴³ Eden, to the Cabinet, War, 10 07 1944Google Scholar, ibid.

⁴⁴ Churchill Minute to Foreign Secretary, 1 August 1944, ibid.

⁴⁵ See Barker, , British Policy in South-East Europe, p. 142.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Churchill, , Triumph and Tragedy, p. 214.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ The one exception occurred on 23 September 1944 when in response to information that a British force was about to depart for Greece, Soviet authorities surprisingly “confirmed” the May Agreement. See Barker, , British Policy in South-East Europe, p. 144.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Woodward, , British Policy in the Second World War, 3:148.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Dilks, , Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, p. 632.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Churchill, , Triumph and Tragedy, p. 221Google Scholar; for earlier mission to Moscow, consult FRUS. 1942 (Washington, 1961), III, 618–24.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Prime Minister to President Roosevelt, No. 789, 29 September 1944, Roosevelt-Churchill Correspondence.

⁵² Prime Minister to President Roosevelt, No. 790, 3 October 1944, ibid.

⁵³ Bohlen, , Witness to History, p. 168.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Sherwood, , Roosevelt and Hopkins, 832–34Google Scholar; and Action Sheet attached to No. 790. Also see Bohlen, , Witness to History, pp. 169–70.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Harriman, to Hopkins, , 10 09 1944Google Scholar, FRUS: 1944 (Washington, 1966), IV, 988–90.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ President Roosevelt to the Prime Minister, No. 626, 4 October 1944, FRUS: Malta and Yalta, 7–8 (author's italics).

⁵⁷ Prime Minister to President Roosevelt, No. 791, 5 October 1944, Roosevelt-Churchill Correspondence.

⁵⁸ Stalin to President Roosevelt, No. 231, 8 October 1944. Correspondence between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the USA and the Prime Minister of Great Britain during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 (New York, 1965), p. 163.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ President Roosevelt to Harriman, , FRUS: Malta and Yalta, 6.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ State Policy Committee Meeting, 13 October 1944, quoted in Davis, , The Cold War Begins, p. 154.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Kremlin Meetings, 9 October 1944, 4–9.

⁶² Ibid., 10–11 October 1944, 10–17. Useful background on the Bulgarian issue is found in “Anglo-Soviet Political Conversations at Moscow, October 9–October 17. 1944,” (PREMIER 3/434/4), pp. 55–62. See table on percentage changes in Kuniholm, , The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East, p. 115.Google Scholar

⁶³ Kremlin Meetings, 9 October 1944.

⁶⁴ Lukacs, John, A New History of the Cold War, 3rd ed. (Garden City, N.Y., 1966), pp. 47–48Google Scholar; and “The Night Stalin and Churchill Divided Europe,” New York Times Magazine, 5 10 1969, pp. 36Google Scholar ff., from which the main title of this essay is derived.

⁶⁵ Kremlin, Meetings, 9 10 1944.Google Scholar At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, FDR confirmed Churchill's estimate when he stated “that he did not believe that American troops would stay in Europe much more than two years” (FRUS: Malta and Yalta, 617).Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Prime Minister Churchill and Stalin, Marshal to President Roosevelt, , 11 10 1944Google Scholar, No. 794, Roosevelt-Churchill Correspondence; and Ambassador Harriman to President Roosevelt, , 10 10 1944Google Scholar, FRUS: 1944, IV, 1006–07.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Prime Minister's Draft of an Unsent Letter to Stalin, , 11 10 1966Google Scholar, Balkan File. Apparently, Ambassador Harriman dissuaded Churchill from sending this letter, Harriman, and Abel, . Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, p. 358Google Scholar; and Churchill, , Triumph and Tragedy, p. 231.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Memorandum by the Prime Minister to the Foreign Office, 12 10 1944Google Scholar, Balkan File.

⁶⁹ Eden to Deputy Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, SirSargent, Orme, 12 10 1944Google Scholar, Balkan File.

⁷⁰ Prime Minister to Hopkins, Harry, 11 10 1944Google Scholar, ibid.

⁷¹ Prime Minister to President Roosevelt, , No. 795, 11 10 1944Google Scholar, Roosevelt-Churchill Correspondence.

⁷² Prime Minister to President Roosevelt, , No. 799, 18 10 1944Google Scholar, ibid.

⁷³ Stalin, Marshal to President Roosevelt, , 19 10 1944Google Scholar, FRUS: Malta and Yalta, 9.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, 1941–1945: A General Outline (Moscow, 1974), p. 324.Google Scholar Also see Sivachev, Nikolai V. and Yakolve, Nikolai N., Russia and the United States, trans. Titelbaum, Olga A. (Chicago, 1979)Google Scholar; and Trukhanovsky, V., British Foreign Policy during World War II (Moscow, 1970), especially, pp. 406–408.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ By 13 October, State had had a fairly clear picture of the percentages worked out in Moscow though it is doubtful that there was much understanding regarding their meaning. See the American Ambassador in Turkey (Steinhardt) to the Secretary of State, 13 October 1944, FRUS: 1944, IV, 1015–16.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Quoted in Churchill, , Triumph and Tragedy, p. 231.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Feis, , Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, p. 451.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ President Roosevelt, to Harriman, Ambassador, 11 10 1944Google Scholar, FRUS: 1944, IV, 1009.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Stettinius to President Roosevelt, , 8 11 1944Google Scholar, ibid., 1025–26.

⁸⁰ Letter from Kennan, George Frost to Bohlen, Charles E., 26 01 1945Google Scholar, Papers of Charles E. Bohlen, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (hereafter referred to as Kennan Letter).

⁸¹ For example, see The Cloud of Danger: Current Realities of American Foreign Policy (Boston, 1977).Google Scholar

⁸² Kennan Letter.

⁸³ Letter from Charles E. Bohlen to George Frost Kennan, undated, Bohlen Papers.

⁸⁴ Declaration on Liberated Europe, FRUS: Malta and Yalta, 971–73.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Also see Kuniholm, , The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East, pp. 123–25.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Memorandum of Conversation, 2 05 1945Google Scholar, Papers of Joseph Grew, Houghton Library, Harvard University (hereafter referred to as Grew Memorandum).

⁸⁷ Kennan Letter.

⁸⁸ Grew Memorandum. Revealing here is Black, Cyril E.'s “The Start of the Cold War in Bulgaria: A Personal View,” Review of Politics, 41 (1979), 163–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸⁹ Interestingly, others such as Foy Kohler suggest that it was not until 1947–1948 that the “eastern block states were definitely lost to the west” (FRUS: 1949 (Washington, 1976), V, 3)Google Scholar (author's italics).