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² Cf. Giddens, Anthony, New Rules of Sociological Method (New York: Basic Books, 1976).Google Scholar

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⁵ Feigl, Herbert, The “Mental” and the “Physical” (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1967).Google Scholar See an exploration by a psychologist on the subject: Farrell, B. A., “The Correlation Between Body, Behavior and Mind,” Physiological Correlates of Human Behavior, ed. Gale, Anthony and Edwards, John A. (New York: Academic Press, 1983), vol. 1, chap. 2.Google Scholar See also Black, Perry, ed., Physiological Correlates of Emotion (New York: Academic Press, 1970).Google Scholar

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⁷ Kuhn relabels his concept of “paradigm” as “interdisciplinary matrix” in the second edition of his book in response to these criticisms. I have preferred to keep his original term in this essay.

⁸ Bluhm, William T., “Metaphysics, Ethics, and Political Science,” Review of Politics, 31 (01 1969), 66–87.Google Scholar

⁹ Haas, Michael, “Paradigms of Political Integration and Unification: Applications to Korea,” Journal of Peace Research, 21, no. 1 (1984), 47–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰ The four components of a paradigm, according to Kuhn, are generalizations, metaphysically shaped metaphors, value commitments, and exemplars (concrete problem-solutions). Kuhn, , Scientific Revolutions, pp. 182–87.Google Scholar

¹¹ Another branch of metaphysics is theology. Yet another metaphysical issue is whether parts comprise the true reality or instead whether wholes are the true reality, the familiar dispute among nominalism and realism, respectively. Determinism and causality are additional topics of concern in the field of metaphysics.

¹² Cf. Taylor, Richard, Metaphysics, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1974.)Google Scholar

¹³ Ibid., chaps. 2–4; Bunge, Mario, The Mind-Body Problem (Oxford: Pergamon, 1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹⁸ Ibid., p. 5.

¹⁹ Moynihan, Daniel P., “The President and the Negro: The Moment Lost,” Commentary, 43 (02 1967), 33.Google Scholar

²⁰ McCone, John A., Violence in the City—An End or a Beginning? (Sacramento: Governor's Commission on the Los Angeles Riots, 1965), p. 23.Google Scholar

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²² Kerner, Otto, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: New York Times, 1968), p. 128.Google Scholar Nevertheless, Ted Gurr asserts that “Discontent was most intense among lower-class black Americans, less among the black bourgeoisie, most of whom were oriented toward white society” (Gurr, Ted R., Why Men Rebel [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970], p. 344).Google Scholar

²³ Ryan, William, Blaming the Victim, rev. ed. (New York: Vintage, 1976).Google ScholarLe Bon, , The Crowd, p. 32Google Scholar, uses the term barbarian.

²⁴ Graham, Hugh Davis and Gurr, Ted Robert, eds., Violence in America (New York: Signet, 1969)Google Scholar; Skolnick, Jerome H., The Politics cf Protest (New York: Ballantine, 1969).Google Scholar

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²⁶ King, Martin Luther Jr., Why We Can't Wait (New York: Signet, 1964)Google Scholar; Carmichael, Stokely and Hamilton, Charles V., Black Power (New York: Vintage, 1967)Google Scholar; Haley, Alex, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Grove, 1966).Google Scholar A similar conclusion is drawn at the end of Lupsha, Peter A., “On Theories of Urban Violence,” Urban Affairs Quarterly, 4 (03 1967), 273–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also the dissent to the McCone Report by Rev. Jones, James Edward, in McCone, , Violence in America, pp. 87–88.Google Scholar

²⁷ Le Bon, , The CrowdGoogle Scholar; Park, Robert E., Race and Culture (Glencoe: Free Press, 1950).Google Scholar

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³⁰ Durkheim, Emile, The Division of Labor in Society (New York: Free Press, 1949)Google Scholar; Kornhauser, Arthur, The Politics of Mass Society (Glencoe: Free Press, 1959)Google Scholar; Smelser, Neil J., Theory of Collective Behavior (Glencoe: Free Press, 1962).Google Scholar See also Huntington, Samuel P., Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968)Google Scholar; Johnson, Chalmers, Revolutionary Change (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966).Google Scholar

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³⁴ Brinton, Crane, The Anatomy of Revolution (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1938)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Davies, James C., “The J-Curve of Rising and Declining Satisfactions as a Cause of Some Great Revolutions and a Contained Rebellion,” Violence in AmericaGoogle Scholar, ed. Graham, and Gurr, , pp. 716–25.Google Scholar See de Tocqueville, Alexis, The Old Regime and the French Revolution (Garden City: Doubleday, 1955), p. 177.Google Scholar

³⁵ McPhail, Clark, “Civil Disorder Participation: A Critical Examination of Recent Research,” American Sociological Review, 36 (12 1971), 1058–73CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Miller, Abraham H., Bolce, Louis H., and Halligan, Mark, “The J-Curve Theory and the Black Urban Riots: An Empirical Test of Progressive Relative Deprivation Theory,” American Political Science Review, 71 (09 1977), 964–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See, however, Lieske, Joel A., “The Conditions of Racial Violence in American Cities: A Developmental Synthesis,” American Political Science Review, 72 (12 1978), 1324–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³⁷ Ibid., p. 13.

³⁸ Ibid., p. 12.

³⁹ Ibid., p. 344.

⁴⁰ Ibid.

⁴¹ Ryan, , Blaming the Victim, pp. 313–14.Google Scholar Perceptions of negative and positive change are more associated with potential for political violence than perceptions of no change in economic gratification in Grofman, Bernard N. and Muller, Edward N., “The Strange Case of Relative Gratification and Potential for Political Violence: The V-Curve Hypothesis,” American Political Science Review, 72 (06 1973), 514–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁴⁶ Kaplan, Nathan S. and Paige, Jeffery M., “A Study of Ghetto Rioters,” Scientific American, 219 (08 1968), 15–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fogelson, Robert M. and Hill, Robert B., “Who Riots? A Study of Participation in the 1967 Riots,” Supplementary Studies for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1968), pp. 217–44.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ See Caplan, Nathan, “The New Ghetto Man: A Review of Recent Empirical Studies,” Journal of Social Issues, 26 (Winter 1970), 59–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tomlinson, T. M., “The Development of a Riot Ideology Among Urban Negroes,” Racial Violence in the United States, ed. Grimshaw, Allen D. (Chicago: Aldine, 1969), pp. 226–35.Google Scholar

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⁵¹ The example is, of course, from Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971), 401 US 424.Google Scholar

⁵² Ryan, , Blaming the VictimGoogle Scholar, chap. 9. See also Rossi, Peter H. and Berk, Richard A., “Local Political Leadership and Popular Discontent in the Ghetto,” Collective Violence, ed. Short, James A. Jr., and Wolfgang, Marvin (Chicago: Aldine Atherton, 1972), chap. 22.Google Scholar

⁵³ Myrdal, Gunnar, An American Dilemma (New York: Harper, 1944), part 5.Google Scholar

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⁵⁵ Stouffer, Samuel A., Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties (New York: Wiley, 1955).Google Scholar

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⁵⁸ Hibbs, Douglas A. Jr., Mass Political Violence (New York: Wiley, 1973), pp. 180–87.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ See Jencks, Christopher, Who Gets Ahead? (New York: Basic Books, 1979).Google Scholar

⁶⁰ See Coates, Thomas J., Temoshok, Lydia and Mandel, Jeffrey, “Psychosocial Research Is Essential to Understanding and Treating AIDS,” American Psychologist, 39 (11 1984), 1309–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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