Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T20:59:46.398Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

From the Incoherence of Systems Theory to a Philosophy of International Relations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2009

Extract

Despite the high seriousness and obviously increasing importance of international politics in our time, something recognizable as a philosophy of the subject, in the view of some scholars, has not yet succeeded in emerging from the demise of “banal” positivism. This lamentable and barely explicable state of affairs has led several philosophically inclined scholars to urge the search for a philosophy of international relations. The form, scope and content of the proposed philosophy have received less attention; the philosophers in question have been content to limit their philosophical inquiry to a species of historical-philosophical archaeology consisting of, for example, the uncovering of Kant's conception of philosophical reason as it relates to international relations or, the recovery of “the just war for classical theory” or, the discovery tout court of a conception of “justice” for international relations. Without putting such indispensable efforts at risk or preempting the results of such scholarship, I see two obstacles to their success. First, there has been little or no comparable effort directed toward indicating, except in highly schematic form, what any such philosophy might consist in and, secondly, it is still unclear what relationship there could be between any such proposed philosophy and alternative conceptions of international relations such as empirical systems theory.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © University of Notre Dame 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Gallie, W. B., “Wanted: A Philosophy of International Relations,” Political Studies, 27 (1979), 484492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 Gallie, W. B., “Kant's View of Reason in Politics,” Philosophy, 54 (1979), 1933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 Walzer, Michael, Just and Unjust Wars (New York, 1977).Google Scholar

4 Beitz, Charles R., Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, 1979), especially Part III, “International Distributive Justice.”Google Scholar

5 Weltman, John, Systems Theory in International Relations (Lexington, Ky. 1973).Google Scholar

6 Parkinson, F., The Philosophy of International Relations (Beverly Hills, 1977)Google Scholar. In the last chapter, the author has many generous things to say about systems theory as a (possible) “new synthesis” for international relations.

7 Gellner, Ernest, The Legitìmation of Belief (Cambridge, 1974), especially pp. 175184.Google Scholar

8 Levy, Marion J. Jr., “‘Does It Matter If He's Naked?’ Bawled the Child,” in Knorr, Klaus and Rousenau, James N., eds., Contending Approaches to International Politics (Princeton, 1969), p. 94.Google Scholar

9 Putnam, Hilary, “The Meaning of ‘Meaning,’” in Mind, Language and Reality (Cambridge, 1975), pp. 215271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10 Kripke, Saul, “Naming and Necessity,” in Davidson, Donald and Harman, Gilbert, eds., Semantics of Natural Language (Dordrecht, Holland, 1972), pp. 253355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

11 This qualification is necessary due to a counterexample provided by Evans, Gareth, “The Causal Theory of Names-I,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supp. vol. 47 (1973), 187208CrossRefGoogle Scholar. I do not regard Evans's counterexample as very damaging since Kripke explicitly warns that he is not offering a theory but only a picture. It seems to me that Kripke's view is correct but I cannot argue that here.

12 Plantinga, Alvin, The Nature of Necessity (Oxford, 1974), especially chap. 1.Google Scholar

13 Kripke, “Naming and Necessity,” especially pp. 265–69.

14 With apologies to Ionesco, of course.

15 It should be clear that proposition (II) should not be confused with the necessarily false proposition: “Nothing but Germany is called ‘Germany.’“

16 Kripke, “Naming and Necessity,” p. 286.

17 This maneuver is designed to circumvent Evans's objection in “The Causal Theory of Names-I.”

18 Burton, John W., Systems, States, Diplomacy and Rules (Cambridge, 1968), pp. 255256.Google Scholar

19 Kripke, “Naming and Necessity,” p. 255

20 Easton, David, A Framework for Political Analysis (Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1965), especially pp. 4245.Google Scholar

21 System Stability and Transformation: A Global System Approach,” British Journal of International Studies, 3 (10 1977), p. 221.Google Scholar

22 Just such a bold commitment is to be found in a recent defense of systems theory. See Little, Richard, “Three Approaches to the International System: Some Ontological and Epistemological Considerations,” British Journal of International Studies, 3 (1977), 269285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

23 Putnam, “Is Semantics, Possible?” in Mind, Language and Reality, pp. 140–41.

24 Posterior Analytics 93a 19–22.

25 Putnam, “The Meaning of ‘Meaning,’” pp. 226–27.

26 Laszlo, Erwin, The Systems View of the World (New York, 1970), p. 72.Google Scholar

27 Kaplan, Morton A., Macropolitics (Chicago, 1969), pp. 348.Google Scholar

28 Kaplan, Macropolitics, p. 21, emphasis added.

29 Kaplan, Macropolitics, p. 20.

30 Kaplan, Macropolitics, p. 23.

31 Locke, John, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (London, 1867), III, ii, 1.Google Scholar

32 Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, para. 272.

33 Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, para 347.

34 Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, para 258.

35 Stephens, Jerome, “An Appraisal of Some System Approaches in the Study of International Systems,” International Studies Quarterly, 16 (1972), 321349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

36 For a characterization, see Little, “Three Approaches to the International System: Some Ontological and Epistemological Considerations,” especially pp. 271–84.

37 Stephens, “An Appraisal of Some System Approaches in the Study of International Systems,” p. 321.

38 Ibid., p. 327.

39 Little, “Three Approaches to the International System: Some Ontological and Epistemological Considerations,” p. 285.

40 See my Deconstructing Methodological Falsificationism in International Relations,” American Political Science Review, 74 (03 1980), 104122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

41 The sort of systems theory associated, in particular, with Karl Deutsch, Morton Kaplan and Oran Young, compte tenu for their different methodologies and philosophical perspectives.

42 von Bertalanffy, Ludwig, General Systems Theory: Foundation, Development, Application (New York, 1973), p. 94.Google Scholar

43 Harman, Gilbert, Thought (Princeton, 1973), p. 10.Google Scholar

44 Sutherland, John, A General Systems Philosophy for the Social and Behavioral Sciences (New York, 1973), p. 205, emphasis added.Google Scholar

45 See Hilary Putnam, “Explanation and Reference,” in Mind, Language and Reality, pp. 196–214.

46 The source of which, so far as International Politics is concerned, is to be found, I think, in Singer's, J. David essay “The Level of Analysis Problems in International Relations” in Knorr, Klaus and Verba, Sidney, eds., The International System (Princeton, 1961), pp. 7792.Google Scholar

47 Pace Quine, Willard van Orman, “Mr. Strawson on Logical Theory,” in The Ways of Paradox (Cambridge, Mass., 1976), especially pp. 137140.Google Scholar

48 See Anderson, A. R. and Belnap, Nuel D. Jr., Entailment: the Logic of Relevance and Necessity, Volume I (Princeton, 1975), especially appendix.Google Scholar

49 See Singer's comments in “The Level of Analysis Problems in International Relations,” pp. 86–87.

50 Deutsch, Karl, The Nerves of Government (New York, 1966) p. 133.Google Scholar

51 Deutsch, The Nerves of Government, p. 140.

52 This is a “restatement” of Deutsch's paragraph cited above. It is also entailed, in the corpus of his work.

53 Kripke, “Naming and Necessity,” p. 341.

54 See Clark, Stephen R., Aristotle's Man (Oxford, 1975) pp. 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

55 See the introduction of Deutsch's, KarlAnalysis of International Relations (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1978) where he dismisses the classical texts on the grounds that they have nothing to say about modern international relations.Google Scholar

56 See in particular Rosenau, James N.The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy (New York, 1971), especially chaps. 1 and 2.Google Scholar

57 Nichomachean Ethics 1094a 29

58 Posterior Analytics 76a 38–77. 26–31.

59 Posterior Analytics 93a 19–22.

60 See Moravcsik, J. M. E., “The Discernibility of Identicals,” Journal of Philosophy, 73 (10 1976), 591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

61 Metaphysics 1006b 31

62 See d'Entrèves, Alexander P., The Notion of the State (Oxford, 1967), chap. 1 for a variety of such definitions.Google Scholar

63 Maclntyre, Alastair, “Ideology, Social Science and Revolution,” Comparative Politics, 5 (1973), 321342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

64 Quine, W. V., Word and Object (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), chap. 2.Google Scholar

65 Hacking, Ian, Why Does Language Matter to Philosophy? (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 93102.Google Scholar

66 Marshall, Charles Burton, “Waiting for the Curtain,” SAIS Review, 10 (1966), 2127.Google Scholar

67 See Kripke, “Naming and Necessity,” p. 325

68 The locus modernus of such efforts is to be found in Allison, Graham T., ”Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis,” American Political Science Review, 63 (1969), 689718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

69 A good start has been made by Hardie, W. F. R., Aristotle's Ethical Theory (Oxford, 1968)Google Scholar. See also Wiggins, David, “Deliberation and Practical Reason” in Raz, Joseph, ed., Practical Reasoning (Oxford, 1978), pp. 144152.Google Scholar

70 See Sen, Amartya K., “Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioral Foundations of Economics,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 6 (1977), 317344.Google Scholar

71 See Davidson, Donald, “Psychology as Philosophy” in Glover, Jonathan, ed., The Philosophy of Mind (Oxford, 1976), pp. 101110.Google Scholar

72 Wiggins, “Deliberation and Practical Reason,” p. 147.

73 Kubalkova, Vendulka, “Moral Precepts of Contemporary Soviet Politics,” in Pettman, Ralph, ed., Moral Claims in World Affairs (London, 1979), pp. 170193.Google Scholar

74 See Mkapa, Ndugu Benjamin, “A Tanzanian Perspective,” in Samuels, Michael A., ed., Africa and the West (Boulder, Colorado, 1980), pp. 5465.Google Scholar