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Benes and Locarno: Some Unpublished Documents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2009

Extract

On january 20, 1925, the German Foreign Minister, Gustav Stresemann, handed* a memorandum to the British Ambassador, Lord D'Abernon, stating the willingness of Germany to conclude a pact guaranteeing the territorial status quo on the Rhine and her readiness to enter into a multilateral agreement for the purpose of securing peace between Germany and France. He repeated this proposal in the famous memorandum of February 9, 1925, presented to the French Government. True, his overture amounted to no more than a revival in a modified form of the Cuno offer of December, 1922, but it was put forward at a far more opportune moment when the Powers, having settled for the time being the thorny questsion of reparations, turned to tackling the pressing problem of security, realizing that without security Europe could not expect the return of confidence and peace.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © University of Notre Dame 1958

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References

* The author acknowledges gratefully the support and assistance extended by the Russian Research Center, Harvard University, to this study.

1 D'Abernon, Viscount, The Diary of an Ambassador (3 vols., New York, 19291931), IIIGoogle Scholar, Dawes to Locarno, 1924–1926 (1931), appendix III, 276–77.Google Scholar See also pp. 125–30; SirPetrie, Charles, The Life and Letters of the Right Hon. Sir Austen Chamberlain (2 vols., London, 1940), II, 255–56.Google Scholar

2 Papers Respecting the Proposals for a Pact of Security Made by the German Government on February 9, 1925 (Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers, Miscellaneous No. 7 (1925, Cmd. 2435), pp. 34.Google Scholar

3 Cf. Montgelas, Graf Max, “Verschiedene Vorschläge zur Sicherheit Frankreichs,” Europäische Gespräche, III, 3 (03, 1925), 105–17.Google Scholar

4 Petrie, , p. 254Google Scholar; Erdmann, Karl Dietrich, “Das Problem der Ost-oder Westorientierung in der Locarno-Politik Stresemanns,” Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht, VI, 3 (03, 1955), 138–39.Google Scholar

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6 U. S. Department of State files, National Archives, Washington, D. C. (hereafter cited as D.S.N.A.), file 740.0011 Mutual Guarantee (Locarno)/9, Herrick, to Kellogg, , 03 10, 1925.Google Scholar

7 Petrie, , pp. 257 ff.Google Scholar

8 D.S.N.A., 740.0011 Mutual Guarantee (Locarno)/I; 9. Herriot wanted to send his chief of cabinet, Bergery, to Warsaw and to the capitals of the Little Entente. “Some sacrifice” was to be expected from Poland; Herriot, Edouard, Jadis, II, D'une guerre à l'autre, 1914–1936 (Paris, 1952), 187–90.Google Scholar

9 Ibid., 190 ff.

10 Sprawozdania stenograficzns Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej, No. 183 (03 6, 1925), 4748Google Scholar; No. 193 (April 3, 1925), 89–90; No. 195 (April 24, 1925); No. 198 (April 28, 1925), 78–99; No, 199 (April 29, 1925, 31 ff.

11 D.S.N.A., 740.0011 Mutual Guarantee (Locarno)/32, also 760c.60f/113.

12 League of Nations, Official Journal, 04, 1925, p. 454.Google Scholar

13 Reynaud, Paul, “Mes prisons,” l'Illustré, No. 31 (08 1, 1945), 5.Google Scholar

14 Herriot, , p. 187.Google Scholar

15 Ibid., p. 189 (Herriot's italics)

16 Ibid., pp. 189–90.

17 Ibid., p. 190.

18 The files of the German Auswärtiges Amt on microfilm in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. (hereafter cited as AA), container 1425/serial 2945H/ frames 571595–96, Koch, to Stresemann, , 03 24, 1925.Google Scholar

19 Ibid., 571604, Keller to Stresemann, March 25.

20 Ibid., 571601, Rauscher to Stresemann, March 25.

21 Ibid., 571638, Schubert to Koch, April 1, quoting a part of Rauscher's despatch.

22 Ibid., 571647–48, Koch to Stresemann, March 31.

23 AA, 1488/D617768, Stresemann, to Koch, , 03 31.Google Scholar

24 Benes, E., The Diplomatic Struggle for European Security and the Stabilization of Peace (Prague, 1925)Google Scholar, reprinted in International Conciliation, No. 212 (09, 1925), 236–38.Google Scholar

25 Ibid., p. 242.

26 D.S.N.A., 740.0011 Mutual Guarantee (Locarno)/34.

27 D.S.N.A., 740.0011 Mutual Guarantee (Locarno)/42.

28 The Czechoslovak minister to Berlin Krofta told Ministerialdirektor Köpke that the political result of the Warsaw visit had been considerably overrated by the German press. Even though Benes had been placed in a difficult position by the “enthusiastic willingness” and “far reaching wishes” of the Poles, actually there was hardly anything said beyond “generalities.” AA, 1488/D617792, Köpke's note on his interview with Krofta, May 13, 1925.

29 D.S.N.A., 760c.60f/117, Einstein, to Kellogg, , 05 14, 1925.Google Scholar

30 Papers, 5–51, Turek, V. M., Lokarno (Moscow, 1949), 108–34.Google Scholar

31 D.S.N.A., 760f.63/40, Einstein, to Kellogg, , strictly confidential, 06 13, 1925.Google Scholar

32 D'Abernon, , III, 170Google Scholar, Stresemann to d'Abernon, June 10. Krofta broached the subject for the first time in the middle of May to Köpke, saying that Benes personally knew almost none of the leading German statesmen, and would it not be possible to arrange a meeting between him and Stresemann or Schubert. Köpke was skeptical since such a meeting was bound to give rise to political misinterpretations. AA, 1488/D617792–93, Kopke, 's note, 05 13, 1925Google Scholar. After a brief visit in Prague, Krofta again inquired whether Benes could not meet Stresemann. The reply was that if Stresemann stopped with his family in some Bohemian watering place, Benes would immediately pay him a visit. But Benes was also ready to go to a Baltic Sea resort or somewhere else, provided only that questions, like that of the Sudeten Germans, which could cause him political difficulties, were not brought up for discussion. Kopke rejoined that if Stresemann went to Czechoslovakia there were bound to be delegations and addresses from the Sudeten Germans. Ibid., D617797 Köpke's note, May 22. On June 6 Krofta again returned to the matter, suggesting Karlsbad or any other Czech resort as the meeting place, and observing that, after conversations with Briand and Chamberlain, Benes would certainly be in a position to make “important communications” to Stresemann. While, on a previous occasion, Krofta had intimated that Briand had tried to prevent a Stresemann-Benes meeting, now he assured Kopke that Paris would welcome such a meeting. Ibid., D617810. On June 11, Köpke told Krofta, who refused to give up, that Stresemann could not leave Berlin for some time and could come to Karlsbad only around the beginning of the new year. If that date was too remote, perhaps he could spend a week end in a Saxon resort and Benes could visit him there from a nearby Czech resort. Ibid., D617809.

33 D.S.N.A., 840.00/24, Einstein, to Kellogg, , strictly confidential, 06 23, 1925.Google Scholar

34 D.S.N.A., 760f.6212/2, Einstein, to Kellogg, , 09 22, 1925.Google Scholar

35 AA, 2350/4582H/E175487, Hoetzsch, to Stresemann, , 10 3, 1925.Google Scholar

36 Op. cit., 194, 10 3, 1925.Google Scholar

37 D.S.N.A., 740.0011 Mutual Guarantee (Locarno)/187, Einstein, to Kellogg, , 10 12, 1925.Google Scholar

38 Sutton, Eric (ed. & tr.), Gustav Stresemann: his Diaries, Letters, and Papers (3 vols., New York, 1937), II, 228.Google Scholar

39 Ibid., 217–18.

40 Glasgow, George, From Dawes to Locarno (New York, 1926), p. 126.Google Scholar

41 Vendracek, Felix John, The Foreign Policy of Czechoslovakia, 1918–1935 (New York, 1937), p. 239.Google Scholar

42 Benes, E., Les Accords de Locarno (Prague, 1925).Google Scholar

43 D.S.N.A., 740.0011 Mutual Guarantee (Locarno)/222, Pearson, to Kellogg, , 11 2, 1925.Google Scholar