1. In what follows, I will use the terms welfarism and socialism to refer principally to certain moral doctrines rather than those policies and institutions that we now regard as characteristic of welfare and socialist states.

2. Webb, Beatrice, My Apprenticeship (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1938), p. 153.Google Scholar

3. Richter, Melvin, The Politics of Conscience: T. H. Green and His Age (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964)Google Scholar. On Green as the ideologue of welfarism see Sabine, George, A History of Political Theory (London: Harrap, 1951)Google Scholar; and Ulam, Adam, Philosophical Foundations of English Socialism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Recent works stress that Green did not propose much state interference, but that the logical and actual outcome of his theory was welfarism: see Clarke, P., Liberals and Social Democrats (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Vincent, A. and Plant, R., Philosophy, Politics and Citizenship (Oxford: Blackwell, 1984)Google Scholar; and Weiler, P., The New Liberalism (New York: Garland Publishing, 1982)Google Scholar. All of these recent works reassert the primacy of an emotional link between such welfarism and a loss of faith.

4. Hobson, Samuel G., Pilgrim to the Left (London: E. Arnold, 1938), p. 40.Google Scholar

5. Pierson, Stanley, “John Trevor and the Labour Church Movement in England, 1891–1900,” Church History 29 (1960): 463–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar More generally see Pierson, S., Marxism and the Origins of British Socialism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973)Google Scholar; and Yeo, S., “A New Life: The Religion of Socialism in Britain, 1883–1896,” History Workshop 4 (1977): 5–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6. On the secularist movement see Budd, Susan, Varieties of Unbelief (London: Heinemann, 1977)Google Scholar; Royle, Edward, Victorian Infidels (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1974)Google Scholar; and Royle, E., Radicals, Secularists and Republicans (Mancheter: Manchester University Press, 1980).Google Scholar

7. Both Bradlaugh and Foote debated against socialism: see Bradlaugh, Charles and Hyndman, H., Will Socialism Benefit the English People? (London: Truethough, 1884)Google Scholar; and Foote, G. and Besant, A., Is Socialism Sound? (London: Freethought, 1887).Google Scholar

8. See, on Aveling, , Chushichi Tsuzuki, The Life of Eleanor Marx 1855–1898 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1967)Google Scholar; and, on Shaw, , Bevir, Mark, “The Marxism of George Bernard Shaw, 1883–1889,” History of Political Thought 13 (1992): 299–318.Google Scholar

9. Aveling, Edward, “An Atheist on Tennyson’s ’Despair’,” Modern Thought 4 (1882): 7.Google Scholar

10. On the Church and theology see Chadwick, O., The Victorian Church, 2 vols. (London: A. and C. Black, 1971)Google Scholar; and Reardon, B., From Coleridge to Gore (London: Longmans, 1971).Google Scholar

11. On the different responses to the crisis of faith see Butler, L., Victorian Doubt: Literary and Cultural Discourses (London: Harvester, 1990).Google Scholar

12. For his autobiography see Trevor, , My Quest for God (London: Labour Prophet, 1897).Google Scholar

13. For his autobiography see Jupp, W., Wayfarings (London: Headley Bros., 1918).Google Scholar

14. For a biography see Nettleship, R., “Memoir,” in Green, T. H., The Works of Thomas Hill Green, 3 Vols., ed. Nettleship, R. (London: Longmans, 1885–1888), vol. 3: Miscellaneous and Memoir, pp. xi–clxi.Google Scholar

15. For a biography see Prestige, George, The Life of Charles Gore (London: Heinemann, 1935).Google Scholar

16. See Annan, Noel, Leslie Stephen (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1951).Google Scholar

17. Jupp, , Wayfarings, p. 40.Google Scholar

18. On George Eliot see Willey, Basil, Nineteenth Century Studies (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1964), pp. 214–60.Google Scholar

19. Gore, Charles, ed., Lux Mundi (London: J. Murray, 1890).Google Scholar

20. Trevor, J., Labour Prophet Tracts (London: Labour Prophet, 1896)Google Scholar, Tract 1: Theology and the Slums, p. 1.

21. See respectively Illingworth, John, Divine Immanence (London: Macmillan, 1898)Google Scholar; Campbell, R., The New Theology (London: Chapman and Hall, 1907)Google Scholar; and Maitland, E., The New Gospel of Interpretation (London: Lamley, 1892).Google Scholar

22. Jupp, W., The Religion of Nature and of Human Experience (London: P. Green, 1906), p. 3.Google Scholar

23. Ibid., p. 174.

24. Trevor, , My Quest, p. 211.Google Scholar

25. Seed-time, January 1890.

26. Trevor, , My Quest, p. 152.Google Scholar

27. Gore, C., The Reconstruction of Belief, 3 Vols. (London: J. Murray, 1921–1924), vol. 1: Belief in God, p. 60.Google Scholar

28. Because we are comparing Green to a broader idealism, we will ignore his more specific relationship to a narrower Hegelian, Idealism.

29. Green, , “Review of J. Caird: Introduction to The Philosophy of Religion,” Works, 3: 146.Google Scholar

30. Green, , “Fragment of an Address on Romans x.8, ‘The Word is Nigh Thee,’” Works, 3: 227.Google Scholar

31. Jupp, W., The Forgiveness of Sins and the Laws of Reconciliation (London: P. Green, 1903), p. 50.Google Scholar

32. Jupp, , Religion, p. 177.Google Scholar

33. Green, , “Lectures on Logic,” Works, vol. 2: Philosophical Works, sec. 21 (p. 182).Google Scholar

34. Gore, C.The Incarnation of the Son of God (London: J. Murray, 1891), p. 229.Google Scholar

35. On Christ and the Church see respectively Gore, Reconstruction, vol. 2: Belief in Christ; and Gore, Reconstruction, vol. 3: The Holy Spirit and the Church.

36. Trevor, , My Quest, p. 194.Google Scholar

37. Jupp, , Wayfarings, p. 69.Google Scholar

38. Trevor, , My Quest, p. 208.Google Scholar

39. Jupp, , Wayfarings, p. 71.Google Scholar

40. Gore, C., Strikes and Lock-Outs: The Way Out (London: P. King, 1926), p. 12.Google Scholar

41. Trevor, , My Quest, p. 174.Google Scholar

42. Ibid., p. 196.

43. For Gore and like-minded people on property see Gore, C., ed., Property: Its Duties and Rights (London: Macmillan, 1913).Google Scholar For Green’s views see Green, , “Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation,” Works, 2: sees. 211–32 (pp. 517–35).Google Scholar

44. Jupp, , Religion, p. 136.Google Scholar

45. Trevor, , My Quest, p. 173.Google Scholar

46. Gore, C., Buying up the Opportunity (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1895), p. 14.Google Scholar

47. Jupp, , Religion, p. 162.Google Scholar

48. Green, “On the Different Senses of ‘Freedom’ as Applied to Will and to the Moral Progress of Man,” Works, 2: sec. 21 (p. 326).

49. Green, T. H., Prolegomena to Ethics, ed. Bradley, A. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1884), sec. 244 (p. 262).Google Scholar

50. Ibid., sec. 273 (p. 295).

51. Green, , Works, 3: 221.Google Scholar

52. Labour Church Record, January 1899.

53. On the different political views of Green’s followers see Collini, Stefan, “Hobhouse, Bosanquet and the State: Philosophical Idealism and Political Argument in England 1880–1914,” Past and Present 72 (1976): 86–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

54. Green, , “Address on 2 Corinthians v.7, ‘Faith,’” Works, 3: 269–70.Google Scholar

55. Jupp, , Religion, p. 177.Google Scholar

56. Trevor, , My Quest, p. 241.Google Scholar

57. Green, , Ethics, sec. 209 (p. 222).Google Scholar

58. Jupp, , Wayfarings, pp. 83–84.Google Scholar

59. Trevor, , Tracts, Tract 2: From Ethics to Religion, p. 21Google Scholar; Gore, C., The Sermon on the Mount: A Practical Exposition (London: J. Murray, 1896), p. 19.Google Scholar

60. Green, , Ethics, sec. 247 (pp. 266–67).Google Scholar

61. See, for instance, Morrow, J., “Liberalism and British Idealist Political Philosophy,” History of Political Thought 5 (1984): 91–108.Google Scholar Certainly we should be cautious about proclaiming a total break between the two. This, however, is because ideologies do not possess an essentialist core, but rather have numerous strands many of which usually will persist through a time of great change.

62. For a recent statement of the importance of idealism, as opposed to Idealism, for welfarism see Harris, J., “Political Thought and the Welfare State 1870–1940: An Intellectual Framework for British Social Policy,” Past and Present 135 (1992): 116–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

63. On changing attitudes to the object of social policy see Harris, J., Unemployment and Politics 1886–1914 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972).Google Scholar

64. On the importance of the evolutionary motif in welfarist thinking see M., Freeden, The New Liberalism (Oxford: Clarendon, 1978).Google Scholar The undoubted significance of evolutionism, however, should not obscure the place of Idealism: Hobhouse, for instance, owed a debt to Idealism at the same time as he adopted evolutionism: see Collini, S., Liberalism and Sociology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).Google Scholar The fact is that both evolutionism and Idealism could accommodate the immanentist and moral doctrines that we have identified, so the two often went together in the thinking of both new liberals and ethical socialists: see, in particular, Ritchie, David, “Darwin and Hegel,” Darwin and Hegel with Other Philosophical Studies (London: Sonnenschein, 1893), pp. 38–76.Google Scholar