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Rousseau and Intellectualized Populism in Africa
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2009
Extract
At a state dinner to mark Ghana’s independence in March, 1957, Kwame Nkrumah first invoked the dramatic device of asking the band to play Ghana’s new national anthem. He then made his point, saying:
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References
1 Nkrumah, K., I Speak of Freedom (London, 1961) p. 107.Google Scholar
Marcus Garvey was, of course, the Jamaican who fired the imagination of American Negroes and started a “Back to Africa” movement in the United States earlier this century. Aggrey was a Ghanian philosopher, and Caseley Hayford, a barrister, was one of the founding fathers of Gold Coast nationalism.
2 Hodgkin, T., Nationalism in Colonial Africa (1956) (London, 1962 reprint) p. 144.Google Scholar
3 Letter in The People (Kampala), 08 20, 1966, p. 3. The emphasis is original.Google Scholar
4 This rendering is from the Everyman’s edition of The Social Contract with an introduction by G.D.H. Cole (London, 1955 reprint) p. 31.Google Scholar
5 Ibid., p. 181.
6 Sartre, Jean-Paul, Black Orpheus, trans. Allen, S. A. (Paris, n.d.) pp. 42–43.Google Scholar
7 De la Negritude, , Psychologie du Negro-Africain (1962). The above rendering in English is from Senghor, L., Prose and Poetry trans. Reed, John and Weke, Clive (London, 1965) pp. 32, 35.Google Scholar
8 Jean-Paul Sartre, Black Orpheus, p. 15.Google Scholar
9 Rousseau, J. J., A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, p. 167.Google Scholar
10 Ibid., p. 171.
11 Senghor, L., Prose and Poetry, p. 35. The emphasis is original.Google Scholar
12 See Nyerere, J., Freedom and Unity: A Selection from Writings and Speeches, 1952–1965 (Dar-es-Salaam, 1966) p. 12.Google Scholar
13 “Negritude and Its Enemies: A Reply,” African Literature and the Universities, ed. Moore, Gerald (Ibadan, 1965) p. 23.Google Scholar
14 T. Hodgkin, Nationalism in Colonial Africa (1956) op. cit. p. 144.Google Scholar
15 Wallerstein, I., “The Political Ideology of the P.D.G.,” Presence Africaine, Vol. 12 No. 40, First 10 1962, 38–39.Google Scholar
16 The Arusha Declaration and Tanu’s Policy on Socialism and Self Reliance (Dar-es-Salaam:Publicity Sections TANU, 1967).Google Scholar
17 In A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Rousseau satirizes the excessive preoccupation with “work” which civilized society tends to promote. He mentions that in the Northern temperate countries this work mania is aggravated by climate.
18 Nyerere, J., Ujamaa: The Basis of African Socialism (1962). Reprinted in the collection of Nyerere’s works entitled Freedom and Unity (Dar-es-Salaam:Oxford University Press, 1966) pp. 165–6.Google Scholar
19 “Democracy and the Party System” (1963). See Freedom and Unity, ibid., p. 203.
20 See Diary, Africa, 06 19–25, 1965.Google Scholar
21 See Mazrui, Ali A., “Africa and the Third World,” On Heroes and Uhuru-Worship: Essays on Independent Africa (London, 1961), pp. 209–210.Google Scholar
22 “The Second Scramble” (1961). For a later version of the same theme, see Freedom and Unity, pp. 207–208.Google Scholar
23 Rousseau, J. J., Contrat Social (First Version). See Vaughan, C. E., The Political Writings of J-J Rousseau (Cambridge, 1915), Vol. I, p. 453.Google Scholar
24 See Dia, M., The African Nations and World Solidarity (trans. trans. Cook, Mercer), (London, 1962). Ardant is quoted on p. 19. See also Mazrui, “Africa and the Third World,” op. cit., p. 211.Google Scholar
25 See Touré, S., “Africa’s Destiny,” Africa Speaks, eds. Duffy, James and Manners, Robert A. (Princeton, 1961).Google Scholar
26 Rousseau, J. J., A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, p. 192.Google Scholar
27 Ibid., p. 250.
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