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The history of the Catholic Church includes men who, after brilliant services to the Church, died outside her fold. Best known among them is Tertullian, the apologetic writer of the Early Church; less known is Ochino, the third vicar-general of the Capuchins, whose flight to Calvin's Geneva almost destroyed his order. In the nineteenth century there were two famous representatives of this group. Johann von Doellinger refused, when more than seventy years old, to accept the decision of the Vatican Council about papal infallibility. He passed away in 1890 unreconciled, though he had been distinguished for years as the outstanding German Catholic theologian. Félicité de la Mennais was celebrated as the new Pascal and Bossuet of his time before he became the modern Tertullian by breaking with the Church because Pope Gregory XVI rejected his views on the relations between the Church and die world. As he lay deathly ill, his niece, “Madame de Kertanguy asked him: ‘Féli, do you want a priest? Surely, you want a priest?’ Lamennais answered: ‘No.’ The niece repeated: ‘I beg of you.’ But he said with a stronger voice: ‘No, no, no.
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References
1 After 1837 he signed himself simply Lamennais. (Cf. Duine, F., La Mennais (1922) p. 213.)Google Scholar
2 Lacordaire writes in his book, by which he separates himself from Lamennais, Considérations sur le système philosophique de M. de La Mennais (1834): “En un seul jour, M. de La.Mennais se trouva investi de la puissance de Bossuet.” (p. 57.) Duine, , op. cit. 60 ff,Google Scholar quotes some of the over-enthusiastic judgments on the volume. “Cet ouvrage reveillerait un mort,” said Abbé Frayssinous, soon to become, as Bishop of Hermopolis, one of the victims of Lamennais's polemics. Lamennais himself tells in a letter of January 25, 1818, about the popularity of his book: “Quelqu'un entrant dans un café, voit un homme à grandes moustaches lisant un gros livre; Ç'était le mien. Un autre homme, jusqu'ici d'une irreligion fougeuse, ne peut le quitter. Chose sans example, n'ayant été annoncé par aucun journal quotidien, en deux mois l'édition s'écoule.” (Blaize, A. ed. Oeuvres Inédites de F. Lamennais. (1866), I, 319.)Google Scholar
3 Translated from the French text contained in a protocol about the last days of Lamennais, signed by some of his friends. (Blaize, , op. cit., II, 378.)Google Scholar
4 “Le cercueil fut descendu dans une de ces longues et hideuses tranchées où I'on enterre le peuple. Lorsqu'il fut recouvert de terre, le fossoyeur d'emanda: 'Faut-il mettre une croix?' M. Barbet répondit: ‘Non.’ Lamennais avait dit: ‘On ne mettra rien sur ma fosse.'” (Blaize, , op. cit., I, 383.Google Scholar)
5 Quoted by Paul Dudon, S.J., Lamennais et le Saint Siège (1911), 351.Google Scholar
6 Translated from Baudrillart, A., Le Renouvellement intellectual du clergé de France au XIXme siècle (1903), 13.Google Scholar
7 Revue des Deux Mondes, July 1919, 35.Google Scholar
8 Histoire de la Théologie catholique au XIXme siècle, ed. Bainvel, (1904), 7 ff.Google Scholar
9 Allem, Maurice, Les Grands Ecrivains français par Sainle-Beuve (1930), 295. This statement is contained in an article of July 22, 1861.Google Scholar
10 Chateaubriand's apologetics can be characterized by the sentence: “J'ai pleuré et j'ai cru.” Chateaubrian appeals to all “enchantments de l'imagination et tous les interest du coeur” (Génie du Christianisme, Didot, ed. (1854), 9).Google Scholar On Chateaubriand, particularly useful is the study of Giraud, V.: Le Christianisme de Chateaubriand (1925).Google Scholar
11 Particularly impressive is the testimony on Lamennais's influence given in the Lacordaire biography of Foisset (2nd ed., 1873), who tells that of ten promising seminarians nine accepted Lamennais's leadership, for Lamennais alone in the secular clergy promised to do something. Lacordaire joined him though he had no particular sympathy for Lamennais.—For the influence of Lamennais on the youth of his time cf. de Guérin, Maurice, Journal, Lettres et Poèmes. De Guérin was in La Chênaie from 1832–1833.Google Scholar
12 The biography, Dom Guéranger, Abbé de Solesmes, par un moine bénédictin de la Congrégation de France (first ed., 2 vols., 1909), must be supplemented by Ernest Sevrin's study, Dom Gwéranger et La Mennais (1933), which contains many corrections and additions. Sevrin notes about Abbé Guéranger's youth: “Cette période de sa vie se meut presque tout entière sous le signe de La Mennais; ses études, ses travaux, ses polémiques, ses projet, tout s'inspire de lui, tout se réfère au grand homme.” (7.)
13 Gerbet, Abbé, Des doctrines philosophiques sur la certitude, dans leurs rapports avec les fondements de la théologie (1826).Google Scholar Also, Coup d'oeil sur la controverse chrétienne (1831).Google Scholar
14 The volumes of letters published until 1923 are listed in Duine, F., Essai de Bibliographic de Félicité Robert de La Mennais, 123.Google Scholar He lists also publications of letters in periodicals in his chapter, “Publications related to Lamennais.” To the books must be added the Goyau, Georges ed., Le Portefeuille de Lamennais, 1818–36 (Paris, 1930).Google Scholar—Particularly valuable source material is contained in the various publications of the oratorian Roussel, A. (Lamennais d'après des documents inédits, Rennes, 1893),Google ScholarLamennais et ses correspondents inconnus, (1912),Google Scholar etc.
15 Allem, —Sainte-Beuve, op. cit. 66.Google Scholar Article written in 1861.
16 Many pages could be filled with examples of this dark mood. I will quote only a few passages. The first three are writen in a period of greatest success, before the attacks against his views on Gallicanism and on philosophy started.
He complains, in the midst of the general enthusiasm which the first volume of the Essai sur l'indifference … has evoked: “Je ne sens guère en ce moment que ce qui manque à ce pauvre livre que peut-être, j'ai eu tort de publier. Tous les moments de plaisir qu'il m'a procurés mis boût-à-boût ne rempliraient pas deux heures: et que de fatigue, d'ennui, quelle perte irréparable de répos dans le passé comme dans l'avenir. Je ne payerai pas, certes, par la moitié de ce prix toutes les gloires humaines ensemble.” (Blaize, , op cit., I, 31–32,Google Scholar Letter of January 26, 1818, to his brother, Abbé Jean.)
He despairs early about the chances of the monarchy. He writes to his brother on February 12, 1818: “II ne s'agit pas de savoir maintenant si la monarchie vivra, mais ce qu'on fera de son cadavre. Ce n'est plus qu'une question de sépulture. On pourra bien envoyer les prêtres l'enterrer a l'étranger, et les nobles formeront le convoi.” (Blaize, , op. cit., I, 334.Google Scholar)
And the next day he continues to announce the worst to his brother: “Chaque jour nous approchons de la crise; tout le monde la voit et peut-être plus prochaine qu'elle ne sera réellement. … Je ne serais pas étonné de voir renaître une nouvelle ère des martyrs. Ce serait au moins une consolation.” (Blaize, , op. cit., I, 335–336.)Google Scholar
On January II, 1826 he prophesies to the Countess of Senfft-Pilsach: “La société renaîtra-t-elle? Je l'ignore; mais je sais qu'elle ne peut renaître qu'après un bouleversement complet et universel.” (Forgues, E. D. ed., Lamennais: Correspondence (1863), I, 226.)Google Scholar
A few days later he paints the situation in darkest colors: “… il faut bien qu'on aille jusqu'au bout, et que les dernières conséquences du désorde actuel se réalisent: Quod facis, fac citius; … vous devez être de plus en plus frappê de l'abrutissement des esprits; non seulement on ne veut rien entendre, mais on est incapable de rien entendre sur rien. Cela fait grande pitié, mais cela fait peur aussi, non pour soi, mais pour 1'avenir du monde.” (Forgues, , op. cit., I, 228,Google Scholar Lettre à Berruyer.)
17 Much quoted is the letter of June 25, 1816, sent together with a letter by Abbé Carron to his brother: “Je suis et ne puis qu'être désormais extraordinairement malheureux. … Je n'entends faire de reproche à qui que ce soit; il y a des destins inévitables; mais si j'avais été moins confiant ou moins faible, ma position serait différent. Enfin, elle est ce qu'elle est, et tout ce qui me reste à faire est de m'arranger de mon mieux, et s'il se peut, de m'endormir au pied du poteau où l'on a rivé ma chaine.” (Blaize, , op. cit., I, 264.Google Scholar) It must also be noted that Lamennais's letters are full of declarations of disgust that he is obliged to write. His disgust of life is a general one, not directed against a specific event or obligation. That Lamennais himself planned to enter the service of the Church is proved by his letter of January 16, 1816 (Blaize, , op. cit., I, 251),Google Scholar in which he tells about his project at the end of 1815 to become a Jesuit. His advisers dissuaded him. I think that a letter of Abbé Jean of June 8, 1816, quoted by Blaize, (op. cit., I, 269)Google Scholar has been taken too literally: “Il lui a singuliérement coûté pour prendre sa dernière résolution (of taking the Holy Orders). M. Carron d'un côté, moi de 1'autre, nous l'avons entraîné, mais sa pauvre âme est encore ébranlée de ce coup.”
18 Cf. Radot, R. Vallery, Lamennais ou le prêtre malgré lui (1931). Chapter XVI on the first months of Lamennais' priesthood is entitled, “Au pied du poteau.”Google Scholar
19 Cf. Letters of June 25, 1816 quoted in footnote 17.
20 Maréchal, Christian, La jeunnesse de Lamennais (Paris, 1913).Google Scholar
21 Giraud, V., La vie tragique de Lamennais (1933). “Avec ces natures d'écrivain la littérature ne perd jamais entièrement ses droits; la désesperance est un beau thème à développer qu'elles ne se refusent guère (p. 28).Google Scholar
22 The best example is his friendship with the ultra-royalist and somewhat Voltairian sceptic Baron de Vitrolles which lasted until his death. Its document is the volume of his letters to the baron, edited by E. Forgues (1886).
23 Duine, F., La Mennais (1922)Google Scholar notes about the Esquisse d'ime philosophie “Aucun livre du philosophe de La Chênaie n'a exercé moins d'action,” 220. “Si elle a obtenu quelque hommages, la synthése mennaisienne n'a point conquis de partisans.” 222. Only the part dealing with esthetics was read, and has been reprinted in separate editions. (De l'art et du beau, (first ed. 1864.))Google Scholar
24 Giraud, V., op. cit., viiGoogle Scholar: “Il y aurait … à écrire sur Lamennais, son oeuvre et son temps, un livre qui serait, qui pourrait être tout ou moins, pour notre XIXme siècle français, ce qu'est l'admirable Port Royal de Sainte-Beuve, pour le XVIIme; un livre qui, en même temps qu'une étude d'histoire littéraire, serait une étude de psychologic et d'histoire religieuse.”
25 Lamennais's father was ennobled only briefly before the revolution. About Lamennais family and youth, cf. Maréchal, Ch., La famille de La Mennais sous L'Ançien Régime et la Révolution (1913)Google Scholar and La jeunesse de La Mennais (1913).Google Scholar But these industrious volumes do not supersede Feugère, A., Lamennais avanl l'essai sur l'indifférence, (1906).Google Scholar
26 Duine, , La Mennais, 1922, 310Google Scholar ff. “Dans ses dernières années il se laissait entrainer dans des spéculations sur l'achat et la vente peintures. … Il touchait une rente annuelle de 6000 francs pour son Imitation.” About the complicated transactions by which he became almost penniless and forced to accept money from his friends during the difficult days before and after the condemnation of the Avenir by Rome, cf. the long note in Blaize, , op. cit., II, 129–133.Google Scholar Cf. also Laveille, R. P., Jean Marie de La Mennais (1903), II, 206 f “Aucun des désastres financiers dont il fut victime ne parvint à le guérir.” (207)Google Scholar
27 This book published in 1841 is composed from pieces, some of which were written years before. Duine, , La Mennais, 225,Google Scholar notes: “… une édition critique de cet ouvrage constituerait un journal psychologique de M. Féli durant sa liquidation de foi.”
28 Reflexions sur l'état de l'Elise en France pendant le XVlllme Siècle el sur sa situation actuelle (1808). The three volumes of the Tradition de l'Eglise sur l'Instilution des Evêques, which defend the papal infallibility, are to a large extent the work of Abbé Jean; therefore Lamennais did not put them in the editions of his collected works. Cf. also Laveille, , op. cit., I,Google Scholar chapter IV.
29 Lamennais writes to his brother on April 6, 1817: “Je viens de recevoir la lettre la plus touchante de Moorman … Je ne sais pas comment Dieu permet qu'on m'aime, car je n'ai rien d'aimable ni d'attirant. Après tout, ce n'est qu'une source abondante de souff ranee, et pourtant chose étrange: on ne voudrait pas qu'elle tarit, tant le coeur d'homme est inexplicable.” (Blaize, , op. cit., I, 275.)Google Scholar
30 Brémond, Abbé Henri, l'Inequiétude religieuse, seconde series (1909).Google Scholar
31 Hegel, G. W. F., Lectures on the Philosophy of History, (tr. by Sibree, T.) (1878), 61.Google Scholar
32 Essai sur l'Indifférence en matière de Religion, Gamier, ed., I, 41. “Sans doute il dépendrait des gouvernements de prévenir cette dissolution terrible … L'autorité peut tout, soit pour le bien, soit pour le mal. …”Google Scholar
33 The shortest and clearest presentations of Lamennais's system can be found in the Défense de l'Essai sur l'Indifférence … which concludes the essai in the edition of Gamier (IV, 139 ff.), and in Des Progrès de la Révolution, Oeuvres Complétes de La Mennais, F., vol. IX, 1836–1837.Google Scholar Pièces Justificatives, 301, ff. Particularly important is paragraph two of this “somnaire des connaissances humaines” dealing “de l'ordre de foi et de l'ordre de conception.”
34 Cf. my discussion of Lamennais's relations with de Maistre and de Bonald in R. Guardini's Schildgenossen, Jan.-Feb. 1928. On de Bonald cf. as the latest study in English, Koyre's, A. article in The Journal of the History of Ideas, Jan. 1946.Google Scholar Cf. also Laski, Harold, Authority in the Modem State, 3rd. ed., 1927, Chapter II.Google Scholar
35 de Lubac, H., S.J., , Proudhon et la Chrislianisme (1945), 272.Google Scholar
36 de Lubac, H., S.J., , Le drame de l'humanisme athée (1945).Google Scholar
37 Latreille, , De Maistre et la Papauté (1906), 245.Google Scholar
38 The liberal “mouvement est trap général, trop constant, pour que l'erreur et les passions en soient l'unique principe. Degagé de ses fausses théories et de leurs conséquences, le liberalisme est le sentiment qui partout où regne la religion du Christ, soulève une partie du peuple au nom de la liberié.” Des progrés … op. cit., 22.Google Scholar
39 The Avenir articles are reprinted in Oeuvres complètes (1836–37). Cf. my analysis in Die Politischen und socialen Ideen des franzoesischen Katholizismus, 1789–1914 (1929), 124–147.Google Scholar
40 There is in Des Progrès de la Révolution … a passage about the Jesuits in which they are declared no longer to correspond to the needs of the present despite all praise of their merits (118). Lamennais had quarreled with some leading Jesuits on account of a secret circular in which the teaching of his philosophical system was forbidden in Jesuit institutions, though he had some adherents among influential Jesuits—Father Brzozowski, e.g., was for him. About Lamennais and the Jesuits, cf. the publications of Father Dudon in Etudes, June 5, 1908; Oct. 20, 1909; Nov. 20, 1910. Lamennais's dislike of the Jesuits is clearly manifested in his letters to the Baroness Cottu (1908) whom he advises not to send her children to Jesuits. May 26, 1833. (244.)
41 Cf. Paul Dudon, S.J., Lamennais et le Saint Siège (1911), 68 ff.,Google Scholar and Boutard, Abbé Charles, Lamennais, Sa vie et ses doctrines, vol. II, Le catholicisme libéral (1908), 66 ff. Cf.Google ScholarRoussel, A., Lamennais d'après documents inédits (1893), I, 251 ff.Google Scholar and Lamennais à La Chênaie, supérieur général de la Congrégation de Sainte Pierre, (1909).Google Scholar The last book quotes the over-ambitious preamble of the statutes opposing the congregation to all existing orders. Also Laveille, R. P., op. cit., I,Google Scholar chapter XXII.
42 On Lamennais's influence in Belgium, cf. Boutard, , op. cit. 202 ff.Google Scholar, and on Lamennais's influence in Italy, cf. Zadei, Guido, L'Abate Lamennais e gli Italiani del sao tempo (1925).Google Scholar
43 It is somewhat strange that Lacordaire criticizes Lamennais for accepting his proposal. Cf. Le testament du P. Lacordaire, which he dictated during his last illness, and which Montalembert published in 1870, 59.
44 But in an official letter accompanying the copy of the encyclical sent to Lamennais, Cardinal Pacca explains that the encyclical condemns some doctrines held by the Avenir, and that the Pope regrets very much “que les rédacteurs (de l'Avenir) aient pris sur eux de discuter en présence du public et de décider les question les plus délicates, qui appartiennent au gouvernement de l'Eglise et à son chef suprême. … (Dudon, , op. cit., 194.Google Scholar) “Enfin ce qui a mis le comble à l'amertume du Saint-Père est l'Acte d'union proposé à tous ceux qui espèrent encore en la liberié du monde et veulent y travailler … Sa Sainteté … réprouve un tel acte et pour le fond et pour la forme. …” (Dudon, , op. cit., 195.Google Scholar) Also Lamennais, Affaires de Rome, Gamier, ed., 147 ff.Google Scholar This acte d'union was understood as a demand for a union between Catholics and non-Catholics which would supersede the Church.
45 Lamennais, , Affaires de Rome, 39.Google Scholar
46 Cf. the long analysis by Dudon, op. cit., Chapter V. Dudon emphasizes that the Avenir's liberalism does not distinguish between thesis and hypothesis, a distinction which, developed later, has been used by Catholic theologians to determine Catholic attitudes in the modern society without religious unity. Separation between Church and State, e.g., is seen by the Avenir as an absolute ideal, not only as a system which may be accepted under particular circumstances.
47 Characteristic is Montalembert's letter of September 1832, which was intercepted by the police of Metternich and presented to the Pope, thus increasing his suspicions against Lamennais and his friends. “Cette encyclique qui constitue l'Eglise en hostilité directe et obligée avec la science et la liberté détruit le parti catholique en France, et nous oblige à rénoncer à la défense de l'Eglise.” Quoted in Ahren's, Liselotte, Lamennais und Deutschland (1930), 250 ff.Google Scholar Miss Ahrens's book proves by the publication of material from the Vienna State Archive that contrary to Dudon's opinion (op. cit., 165)Google Scholar, Metternich remained interested in Lamennais. Father Dudon has discussed Miss (not as he says, Mr.!) Ahren's book in the Bulletin de littérature ecclésiaslique, publié par l'Institut Catholique de Toulouse, Tome XXXIII, 1932, 16–34.Google Scholar He shows conclusively that Metternich's views on Lamennais, expressed in his instructions of December 2, 1831 (Ahrens, , op. cit, 233)Google Scholar did not determine Gregory XVI. The Pope had formed his judgment on Lamennais before.
Lamennais's resumption of the Avenir's publication was out of question also for financial reasons. Montalembert writes to Lamennais on January 23, 1883: “Quand à l'Avenir, on ne s'en tirera qu'en déclarant MM. Waille et Harel en faillite; il faudra avouer un passif de 40,000 francs.” (Goyau, G. et de Lallemand, P., Lettres de Montalembert à LaMennais (1932), 41.)Google Scholar
How Lamennais and his friends were surprised by the encyclical is described in Montalembert's journal. He was with Lamennais and Lacordaire in Munich when the Encyclical arrived. (de Lallemand, P., Montalembert et ses relations littéraires avec l'étranger (1927), 156 ff.)Google Scholar
48 Goerres admired Lamennais's acceptance of the Encyclical. (Goerres, , Gesammelte Briefe, III, 403.)Google Scholar
49 Letter of July 1, 1832 from Rome to his brother, Abbé Jean: “Les hommes les plus distingués regardent notre cause comme gagnée près du Saint-Siège, dès que le pressé de nous condamner si nous avions erré sur quelque point de doctrine, il a gardé silence.” (Blaize, , op. cit., II, 117.)Google Scholar
50 Dudon, op. cit., 172 ff.Google Scholar
51 He writes to Baron de Vitrolles on November 15, 1832: “La lettre du pape qui n'a aucun caractère dogmatique, qui n'est aux yeux de tous ceux qui entendent ces choses qu'un acte de gouvernement, pouvait bien m'imposer momentanément l'ination, mais non pas une croyance; et ma déclaration n'implique non plus que la cessation des travaux que j'avais commencé pour l'affranchissement des catholiques de France.” (Correspondence inédite entre Lamennais et de Vitrolles, 223.)Google Scholar
Lamennais decides to abandon his religious activities as he signs a statement of unlimited submission on February 12, 1833. He says that he will no longer exercise his functions as priest. Duine characterizes well this attitude which ended in a complete break with the Church: “Dans la première moitié de l'année 1833, La Mennais crut avoir trouvé une combinaison parfaite: il pratiquerait la soumission aveugle en religion, comme chrétien et comme prêtre; il maintiendrait seulement son indépendence de penseur et son autonomic de citoyen. Autrement dit, il établissait une cloison étanche entre la passivité de sa foi et l'activité de son intelligence. …” (Duine, , op. cit., 184–85.Google Scholar) But the penseur and the citoyen discovered soon that the Church was only a passing form of humanity. The Papacy became, in Lamennais's eyes, opposed to true progress, to the people's march toward freedom and justice.
52 He writes to de Maistre on January 2, 1821: “Je suis étonné que Rome ait eu tant de peine à comprendre vos magnifiques idées sur le pouvoir pontifical. J'ai vu en France des gens du monde, trés étrangers assûrément à la théologie, le saisir parfaitement à une première lecture. … Il ne faut pas qu'on s'y trompe à Rome: leur méthode traditionelle, où tout se prouve par des faits et des autorités, est sans doute parfaite en soi, et l'on ne peut ni l'on ne doit l'abandonner; mais elle ne suffit pas, parce qu'on ne la comprend plus. …” (Oeuvres Complètes de J. de Maistre vol. XIV,Google ScholarCorrespondance, VI, 370–371.)Google Scholar
53 Cf. Ahrens, , op. cit., 246.Google Scholar—“Je la (the copy of a letter of Lamennais to M. de Potter (W. G)) ferai tenir au Pape sans perte de temps” (Ambassador Lützow to Metternich on August 12, 1832). 250: Instruction to Lützow of September 21, 1832: “Nous croyons devoir porter à la connaissance de Sa Sainteté les pièces ci-jointes…” (intercepted letters of Montalembert and Lamennais). 253: Lützow letter of September 23, 1832: “J'ai vu le Pape, et Sa Sainteté a pris connaissance de ces deux pièces, et Elle vous en offre, mon Prince, les assurances de toute sa reconnaissance.” Also Dudon, , Bulletin de littérature ecclesiastiqae (1932), discusses the role of the letters intercepted by the Austrian services, 127 ff.Google Scholar
54 “… l'examen de la censure de Toulouse n'est pas sans inconvéniants. Elle porte quelque trace d'esprit de parti et de gallicanisme. …” (Dudon, , op. cit., 257.)Google Scholar
55 The relations with his brother were later resumed, but never again became intimate. (Duine, , op. cit., 268.Google Scholar) Lamennais resented particularly a statement condemning “Les Paroles croyant.” Cf. Laveille, , op. cit., vol. II,Google Scholar chap. X. The bishop of Rennes published the statement of Abbé Jean which was destined to remain confidential.
56 There are several letters (to Father Ventura, the Countess Senfft, cf. footnote 62) which illustrates the loss of faith by Lamennais who starts to oppose Church and humanity. A most important testimony is the letter to Montalembert of January 1, 1834. Lamennais tells on the one hand that in order to have peace at any price, he was ready to sign everything, but on the other hand, he confesses that he has “de très grands doutes sur plusieurs points du Catholicisme, doutes qui, loin de s'affaiblir, se sont fortifiiés depuis.” (Forgues, E. ed., Lettres inédits de Lamennais à Montalembert (1898.))Google Scholar
57 The circumstances of this publication are told in Vulliaud, Paul: Les Paroles d'an Croyant de Lamennais (1928).Google Scholar
58 “… Probe autem intelligitis, venerabiles Fratres. Nos his loqui etiam de fallaci illc haud ita pridem invecto philosophiae systemate plane improbando, quo ex projects et effrenata novitatum cupiditate Veritas, ubi certo consistit, non quaeritur.” (Quoted after the text in Dudon, , op. cit., 430.Google Scholar) The Paroles d'un croyant are quoted as “libellum … mole quidem exiguum, pravitate tamen ingentem.…” (Dudon, , op. cit., 427.)Google Scholar
59 An important part of the Avenir program consisted in putting the Church on the side of the poor and oppressed people, liberate it from the bondage by a Concordat, guaranteeing financial support (salaries to the clergy) by the government, and from dependence upon an unchristian political order of princes and wealth. Here is the starting point of Lamennais's idealistic socialism which does not claim to present either economic analysis nor a program of social reforms. Cf. Carcopino, Claude, Les doctrines sociales de Lamennais (1942).Google Scholar Carcopino emphasizes that Lamennais combines a sentimental moralistic socialism with the rejection of the socialistic systems of his time. (Cf. Lamennais's article in his Peuple Constituant of April 27, 1848). Lamennais has reminded many Catholics of the particular mission of the Church for the masses. In so far does he belong to the ancestors of Social Catholicism, despite his accusation after the Avenir crisis that the Church has betrayed the people to princes and to those powerful in this world.Google Scholar
60 The letters to Dessolliaire published by Blaize, , op. cit., II.Google Scholar Characteristic the formula in a letter of November 7, 1844: “Etre unis de coeur c'est tout en attendant l'union finale qui doit un jour s'accomplir dans un meilleur monde.” (p. 85)
61 Cf. the descriptions of the last illness of Lamennais given by Blaize, , op. cit., II, 361 ff.Google Scholar The written grant of rights of complete supervision to Barbet, ibid., 362.
62 There are many passages expressing this thought in the Discussions critiques. The belief in the passing character of the Papal Church starts to develop in letters written after Mirari vos during the winter of 1832. Letter to the Countess de Senfft of November 1, 1832, which is characteristic of Lamennais's mood a few months after the publication of the Encyclical: “Le catholicisme était ma vie, parce qu'il est celle de l'humanité; je voulais le défendre, je voulais le soulever de l'abîme où il va s'enfonçant chaque jour: rien n'était plus facile. Les évêques ont trouvé que cela ne leur convenait pas. Restait Rome: j'y suis allé, et j'ai vu là le plus infâme cloaque qui ait jamais souillé des regards humains! … Ce qui se prépare, ce n'est aucun de ces changements qui finissent par des transaction et que des traités règlent, mais un bouleversement total du monde, une transformation complète et universelle de la Société. Adieu le passé, adieu pour jamais; il n'en subsistera rien. Le jour de la justice est venu, jour terrible où il sera rendu à chacun selon ses oeuvres; mais jour de gloire pour Dieu qui reprendra les rênes du monde, et jour d'espérance pour le genre humain qui, sous l'empire du seul vrai Roi, recommencera de nouvelles et plus belles destinées.” (Fourges, , op. cit., II, 251–252.)Google Scholar
Letter to J. Marion of January 4, 1834: “Il s'agit en réalité des fondements mêmes du catholicisme ébranlés par le pape, et je n'imagine pour moi aucun moyen de les raffermir. Je crois plus que jamais à une transformation religieuse. Elle sera précédée de grand maux, de crises violentes, de catastrophes telles que le monde en a rarement vues.” (du Bois de la Villerable, Arthur, Confidences de La Mennais (1886), 96.)Google Scholar
Cf. also the letter to Ventura of 1833, (Dudon, , op. cit., 298 ff.Google Scholar) where Lamennais declares that he no longer shares a belief “dans le Saint Siège et dans les éclatants privilèges de la papauté.” But, as Harispe, P., Lamennais (1925), 56 ff.Google Scholar points out, this letter is followed a few months later by one to Abbé Rohrbacher, full of a spirit of humility and submission. Lamennais's break with the Church came after much vacillation.
63 Cf. G. Goyau in the preface to Lettres de Montalembert à La Mennais, xv: “Gregoire XVI ne se sentira nullement gené pour faire au Tsar Nicolas dans une mémorable audience, un curieux éloge des garanties que donnait à la liberié religieuse la constitution des Etats-Unis,—un éloge dont assurément La Mennais eut été fort surpris, s'il l'eut connu,”
64 Lamennais had always fought the university created by Napoleon, and continued by succeeding regimes. Typical the statement of Lamennais quoted in Procès de l'Avenir (1831), 9: “Nous demandons … la liberié d'enseignement parce qu'elle est de droit naturel et pour ainsi le premier droit de famille; parce qu'il n'existe sans elle ni de liberié religieuse, ni de liberté d'opinion.”Google Scholar
65 The change from the Catholic to the spiritualistic period is characterized by a turn towards purely immanentist evolution. Church and reactionary governments are only external passing forces opposing the evolution of humanity, but helping against their will to push it forward. The optimism of the Avenir that truth must necessarily prevail if there is freedom of opinion is characteristic of Lamennais's way from the belief in a harmony, between a transcendent world and his system of the raison géneral,—identical with revelation, to pure immanentism which secularizes Christian concepts. For the internal logic of Lamennais's development, cf. Poisson, J., Le romanfisme social de Lamennais (1932).Google Scholar
66 Cf. Ernest Sevrin, op. cit.,
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