* This article will be a part of a book on The Origins of Totalitarianism, to be published by Harcourt, Brace & Co. in the fall of 1950.—THE EDITORS.Google Scholar

1 Kipling, Rudyard, “The First Sailor” in Humorous Tales (1891).Google Scholar

2 In The Day's Work (1898).Google Scholar

3 Zetland, Lawrence J., Lord Cromer (1932), p. 62 16.Google Scholar

4 Cromer, Lord, “The Government of Subject Races” in Edinburgh Renew (January, 1908).Google Scholar

5 Curzon, Lord at the unveiling of the memorial tablet for Cromer, Zetland, op. cit., p. 362.Google Scholar

6 Quoted from a long poem by Cromer, , Zetland, , op. cit., p. 17–18.Google Scholar

7 From a letter Lord Cromer wrote in 1882, ibid., p. 87.

8 Lord Cromer, op. cit.

9 Zetland, , op. cit., p. 89.Google Scholar

10 From a letter Lord Cromer wrote in 1884, ibid., p. 117.

11 From a letter to Lord Granville, a member of the Liberal party, in 1885, ibid., p. 219.

12 From a letter to Lord Roseberry in 1886, ibid., p. 134.

13 ibid., p. 352.

14 From a letter to Lord Roseberry in 1893, ibid., pp. 204–205.

15 From a letter to Lord Roseberry in 1893, ibid., p. 192.

16 From a speech by Cromer in Parliament after 1904, ibid., p. 311.

17 During the negotiations and considerations of the administrative pattern for the annexation of the Sudan, Cromer insisted on keeping the whole matter outside the sphere of French influence; he did this not because he wanted to secure a monopoly in Africa for England but much rather because he had “the utmost want of confidence in their administrative system as applied to subject races.” Quoted from a letter to Salisbury in 1899, ibid., p. 248.

18 Rhodes drew up six wills, the first already composed in 1877, all of which mention the “secret society.” For extensive quotes, see Williams, Basil, Cecil Rhodes (London, 1921)Google Scholar and Millin, S. Gertrude, op. cit., pp. 128 and 331. The citations are upon the authority of W. T. Stead.Google Scholar

19 It is very well known that the Rhodes “secret society” ended as the very respectable Rhodes Scholarship Association to which even not only Englishmen, but all members of the “Nordic Race,” such as Germans, Scandinavians and Americans, are admitted.

20 Williams, Basil, op. cit., p. 51.Google Scholar

21 Millin, S. Gertrude, op. cit., p. 92.Google Scholar

22 Cromer, Lord, op. cit.Google Scholar

23 From a letter of Lord Cromer to Lord Roseberry in 1886. Zetland, , op. cit., p. 134.Google Scholar

24 “The Indian system of government by report was … suspect (in England). There was no trial by jury in India and the judges were all paid servants of the Crown, many of them removable at pleasure⃜ Some of the men of formal law felt rather uneasy as to the success of the Indian experiment. ‘If,’ they said, ‘despotism and bureaucracy work so well in India, may it not be that perhaps at some time it would be used as an argument for introducing something of the same system here?’” The government of India, at any rate, “knew well enough that it would have to justify its existence and its policy before public opinion in England, and it well knew that that public opinion would never tolerate oppression.” Carthill, A., The Lost Dominion (1924), p. 70 and 41/42 respectively.Google Scholar

25 Nicholson, Harold in his Curzon: The Last Phase 1919– (Boston-New York, 1934) tells the following story which apparently was told with some delight by Curzon himself: “Behind the lines in Flanders was a large brewery in the vats of which the private soldiers would bathe on returning from the trenches. Curzon was taken to see this dantesque exhibit. He watched with interest those hundred naked figures disporting themselves in the steam. ‘Dear me!’ he said, ‘I had no conception that the lower classes had such white skins.’ Curzon would deny the authenticity of this story but loved it none the less,” pp. 47–48.Google Scholar

26 Carthill, , op. cit., p. 88.Google Scholar

27 T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, Introduction that was omitted on die advice of Bernard Shaw from the later edition. See Lawrence, T. E., Letters, edited by Garnett, David (New York, 1939), pp. 262 ff.Google Scholar

28 From a letter written in 1918. Letters, p. 244.Google Scholar

29 Lawrence, T. E., Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Garden City, 1938), Chap. 1.Google Scholar

30 Idem.

31 How ambiguous and how difficult a process this must have been is illustrated by the following anecdote: “Lawrence had accepted an invitation to dinner at Claridge's and a party afterwards at Mrs. Harry Lindsay's. He shirked the dinner, but came to the party in Arab dresses.” This happened in 1919. Letters, p. 272, note 1.Google Scholar

32 Lawrence, T. E., op. cit., ch. 1.Google Scholar

33 Lawrence, wrote in 1929: “Anyone who had gone up so fast as I went … and had seen so much of the inside of the top of the world might well lose his aspirations, and get weary of the ordinary motives of action, which had moved him till he reached the top. I wasn't King or Prime Minister, but I made 'em, or played with them, and after that there wasn't much more, in that direction, for me to do.” Letters, p. 653.Google Scholar

34 Letters, pp. 244, 447, 450. Compare especially the letter of 1918 (p. 244) with the two letters to Bernard Shaw of 1923 (p. 447) and 1928 (p. 616).Google Scholar

35 Bernard Shaw had apparently asked Lawrence in 1928 “What is your game really?” and suggested that his role in the army or his looking for a job as a night-watchman (for which he could “get good references”) were not authentic.

36 Garnett, , op. cit., p. 264.Google Scholar

37 Letters, in 1930, p. 693.Google Scholar

38 Letters, 1924, p. 456.Google Scholar

39 ibid., p. 693.

40 Lawrence, T. E., op. cit., ch. 1.Google Scholar

41 Millin, S. Gertrude, op. cit., p. 15.Google Scholar

42 As put by Sir Thomas Watt, a citizen of South Africa, of British descent.