Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T00:50:58.138Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Islamic Numismatics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2016

Michael L. Bates*
Affiliation:
The American Numismatic Society

Extract

This last part of a survey of the state of research on Islamic coins and money is intended as a guide for the non-specialist historian to catalogues and studies of the issues of individual dynasties, regions and periods. Within broad chronological periods (ca. A.D. 632–750, 750–946, 946–1250, 1250–1517, 1517–1900) the treatment is regional. The body of numismatic literature is vast and scattered; this survey attempts to cite only general references and the most recent work for each subject. It must be said, however, that few topics have as yet been adequately treated in the secondary literature. Especially when important conclusions are to be drawn, it is essential to look also at the original sources—the coins themselves.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Middle East Studies Association of North America 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

al-Wahhāb, ʿAbd, Ḥusnī, Ḥasan. al-Nuqūd al-ʿarabiyya fī Tūnis. Tunis (1968).Google Scholar
Stephen, Album. Marsden’s Numismata Orientalia Illustrata. New York: Attic Books (1977).Google Scholar
Coskun, Alptekin. “Selçuklu paralari,” Selçuklu Arastirmalari Dergisi, 3 (1971), pp. 435591.Google Scholar
Ịbrahim, Artuk. Denizbaci def̣inesi. Ankara (1966).Google Scholar
Ịbrahim, Artuk and Cevriye, . Istanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Teṣhirdeki Ịslamî sikkeler kataloğu. 2 vols. Istanbul: Millî Eğitim Basimevi (1970–74).Google Scholar
Eliyahu, Ashtor. Les métaux précieux et la balance des payements du Proche-Orient à la basse époque. Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N. (1971).Google Scholar
Henry Amin, Awad. “Seventh Century Arab Imitations of Alexandrian Dodecanummia,” ANSMN, 18 (1972), pp. 113117.Google Scholar
Bacharach, Jere L. and Awad, Henry A.. “The Early Islamic Bronze Coinage of Egypt: Additions and Corrections,” in Kouymjian, , ed. (1974), pp. 185192.Google Scholar
Bacharach, Jere L.Al-Ikhshīd, the Ḥamdānids and the Caliphate: The Numismatic Evidence,” JAOS, 9 (1974), pp. 360370.Google Scholar
Bacharach, Jere L. and Shamma, Samir. “Les premiers dirhams ikhshīdides,” RN (1975), pp. 139144.Google Scholar
Bacharach, Jere L.Andarāb and the Banījūrids,” Afghanistan Journal, 3 (1976), pp. 147150.Google Scholar
Bacharach, Jere L.Ikhshīdid Coins as a Source for Political, Economic and Monetary History,” in Lowick, , ed. [forthcoming].Google Scholar
al-Balādhurī, . See Eustache, (1968); Hitti (1916–1924).Google Scholar
Balaguer Prunes, Anna M.Las emisiones transicionales árabe-musulmanas de Hispania. Barcelona: Asociacion Numismatica Española (1976).Google Scholar
Paul, Balog. “Tables de références des monnaies ikhchidites,” Revue belge de numismatique, 103 (1957), pp. 107134.Google Scholar
Paul, Balog and Yvon, J.. “Monnaies à légendes arabes de l’Orient latin,” RN (1958), pp. 133168.Google Scholar
Paul, Balog. “Dinars of al-Muʿaẓẓam Shams al-Dīn Tūrānshāh, and al-ʿAzīz Ṭughtegīn, Ayyūbid Princes of the Yemen,” ANSMN, 9 (1960), pp. 237240.Google Scholar
Paul, Balog. “History of the Dirhem in Egypt from the Fāṭimid Conguest until the Collapse of the Mamlūk Empire, 358–922 H/968–1517 A.D.,” RN (1961), pp. 109146.Google Scholar
Paul, Balog. “The Ayyūbid Glass Jetons and Their Use,” JESHO, 9 (1966), pp. 242256.Google Scholar
Paul, Balog. “Islamic Bronze Weights from Egypt,” JESHO, 13 (1970), PP. 233256.Google Scholar
Paul, Balog. “The Fāṭimid Glass Jeton,” Annali deli-Istituto Italiano di Numismatica, 18–19 (1971–72), pp. 175264; 20 (1973), pp. 121212.Google Scholar
Paul, Balog. “Pesi di bronzo islamici del XIII secolo [in English],” Quaderni ticinesi di numismatica e antichità classiche (1973), pp. 179193.Google Scholar
Umayyad, Balog P., ʿAbbāsid and Ṭūlūnid Glass Weights and Vessel Stamps. New York: ANS Numismatic Studies No. 13 (1976).Google Scholar
Balog, P.Ayyūbid Divisional Currency Issued in Egypt by al-Kāmil Muḥammad I,” Gazette numismatique suisse, 27 (1977), pp. 6267.Google Scholar
Miquel, Barceló. “El hiato en las acuñaciones de oro en al-Andalus, 127–316/744(5)-936(7) : [Los datos fundamentales de un problema],” Moneda y Crédito, 132:3371 (Marzo, 1975).Google Scholar
Bates, Michael L.Notes on Some Ismāʿīlī Coins from Yemen,” ANSMN, 18 (1972), pp. 149162.Google Scholar
Bates, Michael L.The Function of Fāṭimid and Ayyūbid Glass Weights,” JESEO [forthcoming].Google Scholar
Bates, Michael L.On the Need for an Historical and Geographical Approach to Umayyad Coinage,” in Lowick, , ed. [forthcoming].Google Scholar
Bates, Michael L.The Secret Points on Umayyad Dinars and Dirhams.” Proceedings of 9th International Numismatic Congress at Berne, Switzerland (1979), [forthcoming].Google Scholar
Bedoukian, Paul Z.Coinage of Ciliaian Armenia. ANSNN&M No. 147. New York: ANS (1962).Google Scholar
Bedoukian, P.Z.A Hoard of Bilingual Trams of Hetoum I of Cilician Armenia,” ANSMN, 23 (1978), pp. 149160.Google Scholar
Pratipal, Bhatia. “Bull/Horseman Coins of the Sultans of Ghazna, A.D. 1030–1186,” Proceedings of the Indian Ristory Congress, 38th Session (Bhubareshwar, 1977), pp. 765773.Google Scholar
Bikhazi, Ramzi J.Coins of al-Yaman, 132–569 A.H.,” al-Abhath, 23 (1970), pp. 3127.Google Scholar
Bikhazi, R.J.Ḥamdānid Coins of Madīnat al-Salām, A.H. 330–331,” in Kouymjian, , ed. (1974), pp. 255277.Google Scholar
Bivar, A.D.H.Fresh Evidence on the ‘Sijistan Barbarous’ Series of Arab-Sasanian Dirhams,” Journal of the Numismatic Society of India, 30 (1968), pp. 152157.Google Scholar
Bykov, Alexi A.Daisam ibn Ibrahim al-Kurdi i ego monety [Daysam b. Ibrāhim al-Kurdī and his Coins],” Epigrafika Vostoka, 10 (1971), pp. 2636.Google Scholar
Bykov, A.A.O khazarskom chekane VIII-IX vv.,” Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha 12, Numizmatika, 4Google Scholar
Bykov, A.A.Three Notes on Islamic Coins from Hoards in the Soviet Union,” in Kouymjian, , ed. (1974), pp. 203210.Google Scholar
Claude, Cahen. “La circulation monétaire en Égypte au temps des Croisades et la réforme d’al-Kâmil.” Princeton Conference on the Economic History of the Near East (1974), [forthcoming].Google Scholar
Crawford, Robert W.Reconstruction of a Struggle Within the Mirdăsid Dynasty in Ḥalab,” JAOS, 73 (1953), pp. 8995.Google Scholar
Daftar, N.A.R.The ʿAbbāsid Coinage at Madīnat al-Salām from 146/743 to 218/833.” Ph.D. thesis, University of London (1979).Google Scholar
Davidovich, E.A.Iz oblasti denezhnogo obrashcheniya v Srednei Azii XI-XII vv.,” NE, 2 (1960), pp. 92117.Google Scholar
Davidovich, E.A.Denezhnoe obrashchenie v Maverannakhre pri Samanidakh,” NE, 6 (1966), pp. 103134.Google Scholar
DeShazo, A.S. and Bates, M.L.. “The Umayyad Governors of al-ʿIrāq and the Changing Annulet Patterns on Their Dirhams,” NC (1974), pp. 110118.Google Scholar
Djaparidze, G.Abaselt’a sakhalifos zarafkhanebi [Mints of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate],” in Makhbobeli agmosavlet’is socialur-ekonomiuri istoriis narkvevebi. Tiflis (1968), pp. 71118. Russian summary.Google Scholar
Ehrenkreutz, A.S.The Standard of Fineness of Gold Coins Circulating in Egypt at the Time of the Crusades,” JAOS, 74 (1954), pp. 162166.Google Scholar
Ehrenkreutz, A.S.The Crisis of Dīnār in the Egypt of Saladin,” JAOS, 76 (1956), pp. 178184.Google Scholar
Ehrenkreutz, A.S.Studies in the Monetary History of the Near East in the Middle Ages: The Standard of Fineness of Some Types of Dinars,” JESHO, 2 (1959), pp. 128161.Google Scholar
Ehrenkreutz, A.S.Studies in the Monetary History of the Near East in the Middle Ages, II: The Standard of Fineness of Western and Eastern Dīnārs Before the Crusades,” JESHO, 6 (1963), pp. 243277.Google Scholar
Ehrenkreutz, A.S.Numismato-Statistical Reflections on the Annual Gold Coinage Production of the Ṭūlūnid Mint in Egypt,” JESHO, 20 (1977), pp. 114.Google Scholar
Ernazarova, Tamara S.The Monetary Circulation of Samarqand in the Light of Numismatic Data (Up to the Beginning of the IXth Century A.D.),” Afrosiab, 3 (1974), pp. 155237.Google Scholar
Daniel, Eustache. “Monnaies musulmanes trouvées dans la Maison au Compas (volubilis),” Bulletin d’Archéologie Marocaine, 6 (1966), pp. 349364.Google Scholar
Eustache, D.Études de numismatique et de metrologie musulmanes, I,” Hespéris Tamuda, 9 (1968), pp. 74107, [edition and translation of al-Balādhurī, Amr al-Nuqūd].Google Scholar
Eustache, D.Études de numismatique et de metrologie musulmanes, II,” Hespéris Tamuda, 10 (1969), pp. 96189, [ed. and trans, of al-Maqrīzī, Shudhūr].Google Scholar
Eustache, D.Les ateliers monetaires du Maroc,” Hespéris Tamuda, 11 (1970), pp. 95102.Google Scholar
Eustache, D.Corpus des dirhams idrīsites et contemporains. Banque du Maroc. Études sur la numismatique et l’histoire monétaire du Maroc, I. Rabat (1970–71).Google Scholar
Fahmy, Abdel R.Fajr al-Sikka al-ʿArabiyya. Cairo: Dā̀r al-Kutub Press (1965).Google Scholar
Federov, M.N.O datirovke odnoĭ gruppy dirkhemov Bukharkhudatskogo tipa (k denezhnoi reforme Arslan-Khana Mukhammeda) [On the Dating of One Group of Dirhams of the Bukharakhuda Type: The Monetary Reform of Arslān-Khān Muḥammad],” NE, 9 (1971), pp. 122126.Google Scholar
Fedorov, M.N.O pokupatelnoi sposobnosti dirkhema i dinara v srednei ix-xiii vv.,” Sovetskaia arkheologiya, 2 (1972), pp. 7380.Google Scholar
Fedorov, M.N.Iz istorii denezhnogo obrazheniia v srednei Azii Kontsa VIII – pervoi poloviny XII v; k probleme ‘chernykh dirkhemov [Concerning the History of Monetary Circulation in Central Asia from the 8th to the First Half of the 12th Century; The Problem of Black Dirhams,” Sovetskaia arkheologiia, 2 (1973), pp. 7582. French summary.Google Scholar
Frye, R.N.Notes on the Early Coinage of Transoxiana. New York (1949). “Additional Notes …,” ANSMV, 4 (1950), pp, 105114; 7 (1957), pp. 231238.Google Scholar
Jean-Claude, Gardin. Lashkari Bazar, une résidence royale ghaznevide. II. Les trouvailles: Ceramiques et monnaies de Lashkari Bazar et de Bust. Paris (1963).Google Scholar
Heinz, Gaube. Arahososanidische Numismatik. [Handbücher der mittelasiatischen Numismatik 2], Braunschweig: Klinkhardt & Biermann (1973).Google Scholar
Yūtsuf, Ghanīna. “al-Nuqūd al-ʿAbbāsiyya,” Sumer, 9:98131 (1953).Google Scholar
Robert, Göbi. Sasanidische Numismatik. [Handbücher der mittelasiatischen Numismatik 1], Braunschweig: Klinkhardt & Biermann (1968); [rev. English trans., 1971].Google Scholar
Goitein, S.D.A Mediterranean Society. Berkeley: University of California Press (1967-).Google Scholar
Gordus, Adon A.Non-Destructive Analysis of Parthian, Sasanian, and Umayyad Silver Coins,” in Kouymjian, , ed, (1974), pp. 141162.Google Scholar
Philip, Grierson. “The Monetary Reforms of ʿAbd al-Malik: Their Metrological Basis and Their Financial Repercussions,” JESHO, 3 (1960), pp. 241263.Google Scholar
Grohmann, A.Einführung una Chrestomathie zur arabischen Papyruskunde. Vol. I. Prague (1954).Google Scholar
Hakiem, , ʿAbd al-Aziz Darwish Muhammad. “A Critical and Comparative Study of Early Arabian Coins on the Basis of Arabic Textual Evidence and Actual Finds.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds (1977).Google Scholar
Naoto, Hattori. “Sâmân cho kakei jyô no shomondai [Problems in the Sāmānid Lineage],” Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan, 18 (1975), pp. 85107; [English summary, pp. 165166].Google Scholar
Hattori, N.Mahmudid chō kenkyū shi ryō oboe-sho [Notes on Numismatics and Source Books for the Mahmudids],” The Shirin, or the Journal of History, Kyoto University, 59 (May 1976), pp. 146175.Google Scholar
Hazard, Harry W.The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa. ANS Numismatic Studies No. 8. New York: ANS (1952).Google Scholar
Hennequin, Gilles P.Problèmes théoriques et pratiques de la monnaie antique et médiévale,” Annales islamologiques, 10 (1972), pp. 151.Google Scholar
Hennequin, G.P.Points de vue sur l’histoire monétaire de l’Égypte musulmane au moyen âge,” Annates islamologiques, 12:136 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennequin, G.P.De la monnaie antique à la monnaie musulmane: Hommage à Maurice Lombard,” Annales: Économies Sociétés Civilisations (1975), pp. 890899.Google Scholar
Muḥammad Bāqir, al-Ḥusaynī. al-ʿUmla al-Islāmiyya fi’l-ʿAhd al-Atābikī. Baghdad (1966).Google Scholar
al-Ḥusayni, M.B.al-Kuna wa’l-Alqāb ʿalā Nuqūd al-Kūfa,” Sumer, 26 (1970), pp. 169235.Google Scholar
Ianina, S.A.Novye dannye o monetnom chekane Volzhskoi Bolgarii X v.,” Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR, 111 (1962), pp. 179204.Google Scholar
Lutz, Ilisch. “Münzgeschichte Tabaristans im 8. Jahrhundert,” Münstersche Numismatische Zeitung [in Holger Dombrowski Münzenhandlung Lager-Katalog 53], (June 1973), pp. 13.Google Scholar
Ilisch, L.Die Münzpragungen des letzten Artuqiden von Kayfâ und Amid,” MNZ, 55/56 (November-December 1973), pp. 914.Google Scholar
Marcel, Jungfleisch. “Les points secrets en numismatique: Une innovation due aux Arabes (?),” Bulletin de l’Institute d’Égypte, 28 (1945–1946), pp. 101115.Google Scholar
James, Kirkman. “The Mints of Iraq During the Ommayad and Abbasid Periods,” Sumer, 1 (1945), pp. 1521, tables.Google Scholar
Anna, Kmietowicz. “Supplements to L. Mayer’s Bibliography of Moslem Numismatics,” Folia Orientalia, 2 (1960), pp. 259275.Google Scholar
Kmietowicz, A. and Kubiak, Władysław. Wcześnosredniowieczny skarb srebrny z Zalesia powiat słupca. Wrocław: Polskiej Akademii Nauk (1969).Google Scholar
Kouymjian, Dickran K.A Numismatic History of Southeastern Caucasia and Adharbayjān Based on the Islamic Coinage of the 5th/11th to the 7th/13th Centuries.” Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University (1969).Google Scholar
Kouymjian, D.K., ed. Near Eastern Numismatics, Iconography, Epigraphy and History: Studies in Honor of George C. Miles. Beirut: American University (1974).Google Scholar
Stanley, Lane-Poole. Coins of the Urtuḳí Turkumáns. London (1875); [reprinted by Closter, N.J., ca. 1974].Google Scholar
Lang, David M.Studies in the Numismatic History of Georgia in Transcaucasia. ANSNN&M No. 130. New York: ANS (1955).Google Scholar
Enrico, Leuthold Jr.Due rare testimonianze della prima monetazione musulmane a Cartagine,” Rivista italiana di numismatica, 69: 9399 (1967).Google Scholar
Shalom, Levy and Mitchell, Helen W. (Brown). “A Hoard of Gold Dinars from Ramlah,” Israel Numismatic Journal, 3 (1965–1966), pp. 766.Google Scholar
Tadeusz, Lewicki. “Le commerce des Sāmānides avec l’Éurope orientale et centrale à la lumière des trésors de monnaies coufiques,” in Kouymjian, , ed. (1974), pp. 219233.Google Scholar
Lowick, N.M.Seljug Coins,” NC (1970), pp. 241251.Google Scholar
Lowick, N.M.Trade Patterns on the Persian Gulf in the Light of Recent Coin Evidence,” in Kouymjian, , ed. (1974), pp. 319333.Google Scholar
Lowick, N.M.An Early Tenth Century Hoard from Isfahan,” NC (1975), pp. 110154.Google Scholar
Lowick, N.M.Coins of the Najāḥids of Yemen: A Preliminary Investigation,” Actes du 8ème Congrès International de Numismatique. Paris-Basle (1976), pp. 543551.Google Scholar
Lowick, N.M.On the Dating of sāmānid Outsize Dirhams,” Spink’s Numismatic Circular, 85(5), (May 1977), pp. 204207.Google Scholar
Lowick, N.M., ed. Islamic Coins in the Service of Research [forthcoming].Google Scholar
Brita, Malmeret al.Corpus nummorum saeculorum IX-XI qui in Suecia reperti sunt. 2 Vols. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell (1975).Google Scholar
al-Maqrīzī, . See Eustache, (1969).Google Scholar
Miles, George C.The Numismatic History of Rayy. ANS Numismatic Studies No. 2. New York: ANS (1938).Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.Islamic Coins,” in Antioch-on-the Orontes, IV(1), Princeton (1948), pp., 109124.Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.Some Early Arab Dinars,” ANSMN, 3 (1948), pp. 93114.Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.The Coinage of the Umayyads of Spain. Hispanic Numismatic Series No. 1. New York (1950).Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.Fāṭimid Coins in the Collections of the University Museum, Philadelphia, and the American Numismatic Society. ANSNN&M. New York: ANS (1951).Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.Miḥrāb and ʿAnazah: A Study in Early Islamic Iconography,” in Archaeologica Orientalia in Memoriam Ernst Herzfeld. Locust Valley, N.Y. (1952), pp. 156171.Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.The sāmarrā Mint,” Ars Orientalis, 1 (1954), pp. 187191.Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.Coins of the Spanish Mulūk al-Ṭawā’if. Hispanic Numismatic Series No. 3. New York (1954).Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.Islamic Coins from the Tarsus Excavations of 1935–37,” in The Aegean and the Near East: Studies Presented to Hetty Goldman on the Occasion of her Seventy-Fifth Birthday. Locust Valley, N.Y. (1956), pp. 297312.Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.The Early Islamic Bronze Coinage of Egypt,” in Centennial Publication of the American Numismatic Society, ed. Ingholt, H. (New York), pp. 471502.Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.Excavation Coins from the Persepolis Region, ANSNN&M No. 143. New York: ANS (1959).Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.Byzantine Miliaresion and Arab Dirhem: Some Notes on Their Relationship,” ANSMN, 9 (1960), pp. 189218.Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.A Ninth Century Hoard of Dirhems Found at Susa,” Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique en Iran, 37 (1960), pp. 68145.Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.The Earliest Arab Gold Coinage,” ANSMN, 13 (1967), pp. 205229.Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.The Coinage of the Bāwandids of Ṭabaristān,” in Bosworth, C.E., ed., Iran and Islam. Edinburgh (1971), pp. 443460.Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.Coins of the Assassins of Alamūt,” Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica, 3 (1972), pp. 155162.Google Scholar
Miles, G.C.Numismatics,” Ch. 10 of The Cambridge History of Iran, 4: The Period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljugs. Cambridge (1975), pp. 364377.Google Scholar
Mukhamadiev, A.G.Dengi, Denezhnaya terminologiya i denezhnii schet Bulgara v predmongolskii period,” Sovetskaia Arkheologiya. 2 (1972), pp. 6372.Google Scholar
Mushegian, Kh.A.Abbasian dramneri togharkuma Khaliphti ‘Armenia’ nahangum VIII-X daterum,” Istoriko-Filologicheskii Zhurnal. Akademiia Nauk Armianskoi SSR No. 4, 63 (1973), pp. 143156.Google Scholar
Mushegian, H.A.Hayastanum taracvac vagh arabakar dramner,” Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutʿyuneri, 12 (1973), pp. 3247 [see Abstract NL-93, No. 347].Google Scholar
Naqshabandī, Nāsir M.The Zakho Treasure,” Sumer, 5 (1949), pp. 199202; (1950), pp. 177188; (1951), pp. 165172; (1952), pp. 220227.Google Scholar
al-Naqshabandī, N.M.al-Dīnār al-Islāmī fī al-Matḥaf al-Irāqī, I: al-Dīnār al-Umawī wa’l-ʿAbbāsī. Baghdad (1953).Google Scholar
al-Naqshabandī, N.M.Kanz Khiḍr Ilyās,” Sumer, 10:180196 (1954). [cf. Stern (1967), pp. 206207].Google Scholar
al-Naqshabandī, N.M. and al-Bakrī, Mahāb D.. al-Dirham al-Umawī al-Muʿarrab. Baghdad: Ministry of Education (1974).Google Scholar
Nasser, N.G.The Arabie Mints in Palestine and TransJordan,” Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities of Palestine, 13 (1948), pp. 121127.Google Scholar
Nicol, Norman D.ʿAbbāsid Provincial Administration A.H. 132–218/A.D. 750–833.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington (1979), [forthcoming].Google Scholar
Thomas, Noonan. “Dirhams in Russia,” The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History. Gulf Breeze, Fla. (1978).Google Scholar
Pakhomov, E.A.Monety Azerbaĭdzhana. 2 Vols. Baku: Akademiia Nauk Azerbaĭdzhan SSR (1959–1963).Google Scholar
prieto y vives, Antonio. Los reyes de taifas: Estudio históriao-numismátiao de los musulmanes españoles en el siglo V de la hégira (XI de J.C.). Madrid (1926).Google Scholar
Pritsak, O.Die Karachaniden,” Der Islam, 31 (1954), pp. 1768.Google Scholar
Hassanein, Rabie. The Financial System of Egypt, A.H. 564–741/A.D. 1169–1341. London: Oxford University Press (1972).Google Scholar
Gernot, Rotter. “The Umayyad Fulūs of Mosul,” ANSMN, 19 (1974), pp. 165198.Google Scholar
Scanlon, George C.Leadership in the Qarmaṭian Sect,” Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 59 (1960), pp. 2968.Google Scholar
John, Seltman, ed. Coinage of the Crusaders. New York: Attic Books [forthcoming].Google Scholar
Samir, Shamma. “The Coinage of the Ṭūlūnids in Filastīn,” al-Abḥath, (1971), pp. 4349.Google Scholar
Shamma, S.A Hoard of Fourth Century Dinars from Yemen,” ANSMN, 17 (1971), pp. 235239.Google Scholar
Shamma, S.al-Madīna Maʿdan Amīr al-Mu’minīn,” in Lowick, , ed. [forthcoming].Google Scholar
Smirnova, O.I.Katalog monet s goroditsa Pendzhikent. Moscow (1963).Google Scholar
Sourdel, D.Inventaire des monnaies musulmanes anciennes du Musée de Caboul. Damascus (1953).Google Scholar
Sourdel, D.Un trésor de dinars ġaznawides et salğūqides découvert en Afghanistan,” Bulletin des Etudes Orientales, 18 (1963–1964), pp. 197219.Google Scholar
Stern, S.M.Some Unrecognized Dirhams of the zaidis of the Yemen,” NC (1949), pp. 180188.Google Scholar
Stern, S.M.The Coins of Āmul,” NC (1967), pp. 205278.Google Scholar
Stós-Fextner, Z.et al. “An Attempt at a Statistical Evaluation of the Results of the X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Dirhams and Their Imitations from the 8th-10th c. A.D.,” PACT, 1, Strasbourg (1977), pp. 191203.Google Scholar
Tarizzo, M.L.Early Arab Coins of Tunisia: I, The Governors of Ifriqiyah, 85–184 A.H. (704–800 A.D.); II, The Aghlabids, 184–296 A.H. (800–909 A.D.); III, The Fāṭimids of Ifriqiyah and Their Successors …, 296–625 A.H. (909–1228 A.D.),” Oriental Numismatic Society Information Sheets, No. 13 (January 1976); No. 15 (November 1976); No. 18 (July 1977).Google Scholar
Tiesenhausen, V.Monety vostochnavo chalifata. St. Petersburg (1873).Google Scholar
University of Michigan Seminar. “Early Islamic Mint Output: A Preliminary Inquiry into the Methodology and Application of the ‘Coin-Die Count’ Method,” JESHO, 9 (1966), pp. 212241.Google Scholar
Unvala, Jamshedji M.Coins of Ṭabaristān and Some Sassanian Coins from Susa. Paris (1938).Google Scholar
Muḥammad Abū-l-Faraj, al-ʿUsh. The Silver Hoard of Damasaus. Damascus: Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums (1972).Google Scholar
Richard, Vasmer, “Über die Münzen der Ṣaffāriden und ihrer Gegner in Fārs und H̬urāsān,” NZ, 63 (1930), pp. 131162.Google Scholar
Vasmer, R.Žur Münzkunde der Qarāh̬aniden,” Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalisahe Spraohe (1930), pp. 83104.Google Scholar
Vasmer, R.Chronologie der arabischen Statthalter von Armenien unter den Abbasiden von as-Saffach bis zur Krünung Asahots I., 750–887. Vienna (1931).Google Scholar
Antonio, Vives y Escudero. Monedas de las dinastías arábigo-españolas. Madrid (1893).Google Scholar
John, Walker. The Coinage of the Second Saffarid Dynasty in Sistan. ANSNNSM No. 72. New York: ANS (1936).Google Scholar
John, Walker. A Catalogue of the Muhammadan Coins in the British Museum: A Catalogue of the Arab-Sassanian Coins. London (1941); II: A Catalogue of the Arab-Byzantine and Post-Reform Umaiyad Coins. London (1956).Google Scholar
Watson, Andrew M.Back to Gold—and Silver,” Economic History Review (1967), pp. 134.Google Scholar
Welin, U.S.L.Wāsiṭ, the Mint-Town,” Bulletin de la Société Royale des Lettres de Lund, 4 (1955–1956), pp. 127169.Google Scholar
Welin, U.S.L.Sayf ad-Dawlah’s Reign in Syria and Diyārbekr in the Light of the Numismatic Evidence,” in Commentationes de Nummis Saeaulorum IX-XI in Suecia Repertis, eds. Rasmusson, N.L. and Lagerqvist, L.O.. Vol. I. Stockholm (1961), pp. 17104.Google Scholar
Whelan, Estelle J.The Public Figure: Political Iconography in Medieval Mesopotamia.” Ph.D. thesis, New York University (1979).Google Scholar
Whelan, E.J.A Contribution to Dānishmendid History: The Figured Copper Coins,” ANSMN, 25 [forthcoming].Google Scholar
Whitcomb, Donald S.The Fars Hoard: A Būyid Hoard from Fārs Province, Iran,” ANSMN, 21 (1976), pp. 161250.Google Scholar
Wurtzel, Carl. “The Coinage of the Revolutionaries in the Late Umayyad Period,” ANSMN, 23 (1978), pp. 161199.Google Scholar
Zambaur, E. von. “Contributions à la numismatique orientale,” NZ, 36 (1904), pp. 43122; 37 (1905), pp. 113198; “Nouvelles contributions,” NZ, 47 (1914), pp. 115190.Google Scholar