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Women, wars, and world affairs: Recovering feminist International Relations, 1915–39

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2017

Jan Stöckmann
Jan Stöckmann*
Affiliation:
Doctoral Candidate, Faculty of History, University of Oxford
*
*Correspondence to: Jan Stöckmann, New College, Oxford, Holywell Street, Oxford, OX1 3BN. Author’s email: [email protected]
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Abstract

The academic study of International Relations (IR) emerged in the context of transnational networks of scholars, diplomats, politicians, and activists. Contrary to conventional wisdom, women belonged to these networks in various capacities and, crucially, contributed to the intellectual formation of the discipline. Whether as members of pressure groups, such as the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), as independent authors or academics, they discussed all major issues of IR. Drawing on a range of international authors – including Anna B. Eckstein, Agnes Headlam-Morley, Lucy Mair, Margery Perham, Helena Swanwick, and Louise Weiss – this article recovers the intellectual substance of their work, arguing that it constitutes a genuinely feminist approach to IR. Early feminist IR authors emphasised the interests of women, children, and other marginalised groups, they demanded female representation in government and diplomacy, they condemned imperialism and racism, opposed military capitalism, employed religious, emotional, and universalist rhetoric, and advocated the role of education. Despite widespread male domination, women taught at universities, published in academic journals, spoke at conferences, and organised international summer schools. This article explores the origins of feminist IR scholarship and contextualises this body of thought within the revisionist history of IR.

Keywords

FeminismHistoryInternational Relations
Type
Articles
Information
Review of International Studies , Volume 44 , Issue 2 , April 2018 , pp. 215 - 235
Copyright
© British International Studies Association 2017 

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34 International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, Peaceful Change: Procedures, Population, Raw Materials, Colonies: Proceedings of the Tenth International Studies Conference (Paris, 1938), pp. 13, 41, emphases added. Among the female participants were Margot Hentze, Margaret Anne Bryant, Vera Micheles Dean, Mrs M. Musico, Syndor H. Walker, Mrs Hobart Young, and Lucie Zimmern.

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51 Among the men were the British IR specialist William Arnold-Forster, and Swedish flight engineer Tord Ångström who had served on the League’s study commission on international aviation. Similarly, a 1927 conference by the ICW was attended by Salvador de Madariaga, Alfred Zimmern, and Arthur Salter. See, WILPF, Report of the Fourth Congress of the WILPF; and LNA/G, Dossier 43088, Box R1022, Final Program for the Meetings of the Executive and Standing Committees of the ICW, 7–17 June 1927.

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106 BL/O, Box 145, Albert Zimmern MSS, Oxford Lecture Notes, by Alfred Zimmern, Hilary Term 1939.

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115 Baer, in WILPF, Report of the Fourth Congress of the WILPF, p. 10.

116 Robert Vitalis has recently shown that in the US, no white IR scholar wrote in favour of self-governance or independence during that time. Vitalis, Robert, White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations (Ithaca, NY, 2015), p. 11 Google Scholar.

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119 Nadja Surowzowa, in WILPF, Report of the Fourth Congress of the WILPF, p. 50.

120 LNA/G, Dossier 21115, Box R2184, Amendment to ICWG’s statutes, c. 1930.

121 Andrée Jouve et al., in WILPF, Report of the Fourth Congress of the WILPF, p. 64.

122 Emily G. Balch, in ibid., p. 72.

123 Marcelle Cape, in ibid., p. 70.

124 LSEA/L WILPF/2/1, Women’s International League (British Section), First Yearly Report: October 1915–October 1916.

125 Yella Hertzka, in WILPF, Report of the Fourth Congress of the WILPF, p. 77.

126 The Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, United States Section, Peace Collection, Swarthmore College, Amendment to Constitution, 1934, Series A.1.1.

127 Gabrielle Duchêne, in WILPF, Report of the Fourth Congress of the WILPF, p. 11.

128 Grete Stoffel, in ibid., p. 74.

129 Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, in ibid., p. 74.

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132 Hills, Foreign Policy and the People.

133 Ibid., p. 2.

134 Peace Collection, Swarthmore College, CDG-B Germany, Box 2, Anna B. Eckstein MSS, Anna B. Eckstein, Circular Letter and Petition, 28 April 1911.

135 LSEA/L WILPF/20/5, Folder 1, WILPF, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, 1915–1938: A Venture in Internationalism (Geneva, 1938), p. 6.

136 Cornelia Ramondt-Hirschmann, in WILPF, Report of the Fourth Congress of the WILPF, p. 73.

137 ICW, Women in a Changing World, p. 45.

138 LNA/G, Dossier 14297, Box R1029, L. de Alberti to Nitobe Inazō, 20 June 1922.

139 LNA/G, Dossier 43088, Box R1022, President’s Memorandum Regarding the Business Transacted by the ICW Executive held at Geneva, 7–17 June 1927; and LNA/G, Dossier 43088, Box R1022, Hélène Romniciano to Eric Drummond, 12 September 1927.

140 LNA/G, Dossier 19441, Box R4062, Thora Daugaard to Joseph Avenol, 16 August 1935.

141 Ogden, Militarism versus Feminism, p. 4.

142 LSEA/L WILPF/2009/15/6/2, Helena Swanwick, ‘Democracy and the League of Nations’, in WILPF, Towards Peace and Freedom (August 1919).

143 LSEA/L WILPF/20/5, Eleanor M. Moore, in Report of the International Congress of Women, Zurich, 12–17 May 1919.

144 LNA/G, Dossier 43088, Box R1022, President’s Memorandum Regarding the Business Transacted by the ICW Executive held at Geneva, 7–17 June 1927.

145 LSEA/L WILPF/20/5, Folder 2, WILPF, Report of the International Congress of Women (Zurich, 1919), p. 71.

146 Waterworth, in WILPF, Report of the Fourth Congress of the WILPF, p. 90.

147 LNA/G, Dossier 10659, Box R2182, Brochure, 2 June 1930.

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150 LSEA/L WILPF/20/5, Folder 2, Lucia Ames Mead, in Report of the International Congress of Women, Zurich, 12–17 May 1919, pp. 80, 130, 175.

151 WILPF, Report of the Fourth Congress of the WILPF, p. 138.

152 Balch, in ibid., p. 8.