Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T04:28:20.090Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Securing by design

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2011

Abstract

This article investigates how modern neo-liberal states are ‘securing by design’ – harnessing design to new technologies in order to produce security, safety, and protection. We take a critical view toward ‘securing by design’ and the policy agendas it produces of ‘designing out insecurity’ and ‘designing in protection’ because securing by design strategies rely upon inadequate conceptualisations of security, technology, and design and inadequate understandings of their relationships to produce inadequate ‘security solutions’ to ready-made ‘security problems’. This critique leads us to propose a new research agenda we call Redesigning Security. A Redesigning Security Approach begins from a recognition that the achievement of security is more often than not illusive, which means that the desire for security is itself problematic. Rather than encouraging the design of ‘security solutions’ – a securing by design – a Redesigning Security Approach explores how we might insecure securing by design. By acknowledging and then moving beyond the new security studies insight that security often produces insecurity, our approach uses design as a vehicle through which to raise questions about security problems and security solutions by collaborating with political and critical design practitioners to design concrete material objects that themselves embody questions about traditional security and about traditional design practices that use technology to depoliticise how technology is deployed by states and corporations to make us ‘safe’.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © British International Studies Association 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 SMW Belfast, ‘Volvo Advertizement’, {http://dealerpages.volvocars.se/uk/en/dealerpages/2088/51332F303820566F6C766F2058433930.aspx} accessed on 1 July 2009.

2 Steve Walker, ‘Volvo S40 R-Design, {http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/car-reviews/car-and-driving/volvo-s40-r-design-1005807.html}, accessed on 1 July 2009.

3 Ralph Hanson, ‘Volvo sports Line to be Called R-design’ (2007), {http://www.motorauthority.com/volvo-sports-line-to-be-called-r-design.html} on 1 July 2009.

4 SMW Belfast, ‘Volvo Advertizement’.

5 Virilio, Paul, Popular Defense and Ecological Struggles (New York: Semiotexte, 1990), p. 61Google Scholar .

6 In light of the dual challenges to the car industry of the economic downturn begun in 2008 and on-going environmental concerns, the car industry is increasingly moving away from the design of gas guzzlers security vehicles like the consumer-marketed Hummer SUV to economically and environmentally efficient cars like those with hybrid engines, which promise to secure drivers over the longer term because they do less damage to the environment. In this way, securing by design can be linked not only to military-inspired models and technologies but also by environmental design and ‘green governance’ which, as Tim Luke points out, be just as much about image as they are about protection. See Paterson, Matthew and Dalby, Simon, Automobile Politics: Ecology and cultural political economy. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007)Google Scholar , and Luke, Timothy W., ‘Hyper-Power or Hype-Power? The USA after Kandahar, Karbala, and Katrina’, in Debrix, Francois and Lacy, Mark (eds), The Geopolitics of American Insecurity (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 117Google Scholar .

7 {www.securedbydesign.com}; also see Lacy, Mark J., ‘Designer Security: MoMA's Safe: Design Takes on Risk and Control Society’, Security Dialogue, 39:2–3 (2008), pp. 333357CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

8 Sorkin, Michael (ed.), Indefensible Space: The architecture of the national security state (London: Routledge, 2008)Google Scholar .

9 Antonelli, Paula, ‘Grace Under Pressure’, in Antonelli, Paola (ed.), Safe: Design Takes on Risk (New York: MoMA, 2005), pp. 915Google Scholar .

11 Luke, Timothy W., ‘New World Order or Neo-World Orders: Power, Politics and Ideology in Informationalizing Glocalities’, in Featherstone, Mike, Lash, Scott and Roberston, Roland (eds), Global Modernities (London: Sage, 1995)Google Scholar .

12 Luke, , ‘Hyper-Power’ and Bauman, Zygmunt, Globalization: The Human Consequences (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998)Google Scholar .

13 Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1660/2008)Google Scholar ; Walker, R. B. J., Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)Google Scholar ; Virilio, Paul, Popular DefenseGoogle Scholar ; Bauman, Zygmunt, Globalization: The Human Consequences (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998)Google Scholar ; Isin, Engin F., ‘The Neurotic Citizen’, Citizenship Studies, 8 (2004), pp. 217235Google Scholar .

14 Colomina, Beatrice, Domesticity at War (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007), p. 302Google Scholar .

15 Derrida, Jacques, ‘Autoimmunity: Real and Symbolic Suicides – A Dialogue with Jacques Derrida’, in Borradori, Giovanna (ed.), Philosophy In A Time of Terror (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), p. 102Google Scholar .

16 Dunne, Anthony and Raby, Fiona, Design Noir: The secret life of electronic objects (Basel: Birkhauser, 2001), pp. 1518Google Scholar ; Dunne, Anthony, Hertzian Tales: Electronic Productions, Aesthetic Experience, and Critical Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005)Google Scholar ; Trüby, Stephan, Exit-Architecture: Design Between War and Peace (New York: Springer Wien, 2008).Google Scholar

17 Thackera, John, In the Bubble: Designing In A Complex World (Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 2006)Google Scholar .

18 Tyler, Imogen, ‘Designed to Fail’, Citizenship Studies 14:1 (2010), pp. 6174Google Scholar ; and Weber, Cynthia, special issue on Design and Citizenship, Citizenship Studies, 14:1 (2010)Google Scholar .

19 Sudjic, Deyan, The Language of Things (London: Allen Lane, 2008)Google Scholar . Also see Barthes, Roland, Mythologies (London: Vintage, 1993)Google Scholar , and Baudrillard, Jean, The System of Objects (London: Verso, 1996)Google Scholar .

20 Our interest in ‘designing safe living’ has its roots in our earlier work on ‘The Aesthetics of Fear’ that grew into a programme we jointly ran with Adrian Mackenzie through the Institute of Advanced Studies at Lancaster University during the 2007–2008 academic year called ‘New Sciences of Protection: Designing Safe Living’. For more information about this programme and the issues it raised, see the programme website at: {http://www.lancs.ac.uk/ias/annualprogramme/protection/} and see the program blog at: {http://safeliving.wordpress.com/}.

21 Connolly, William E., The Ethos of Pluralization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995)Google Scholar .

22 Bauman, Zygmunt, Wasted Lives: Modernity and Its Outcasts (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), p. 24Google Scholar .

23 This is what is known in the literature on safety and design as the principle of ‘reverse risk compensation. See Norman, Donald A., The Design of Future Things (New York: Basic Books, 2007)Google Scholar .

24 The Collective, Igmade (eds), 5 CODES: Architecture, Paranoia and Risk In Times of Terror (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2006)Google Scholar .

25 Weber, Cynthia, ‘Introduction: Design and Citizenship’, Citizenship Studies, 14:1 (2010), pp. 116CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

26 Schneier, Bruce, Schneier on Security (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2008)Google Scholar ; also see Cynthia Weber and Mark Lacy, ‘Orange Alert’ (2004), short film available at: {http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/politics/events/security%20bytes/orangealertwm.htm} accessed on 1 July 2009.

27 For Virilio, endo-colonisation is something that occurs in spaces like South American and Africa, but we would argue a biopolitics of control applied to North America and Europe (particularly in urban geographical areas) is transforming these spaces into ‘laboratories of the future’ as well. See Virilio, Paul, Speed and Politics (Los Angeles: Semiotexte, 2006)Google Scholar . Also see Eyal, , Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation (London: Verso, 2007)Google Scholar ; Davis, Mike, Buda's Wagon: A Brief History of the Car Bomb (London: Verso, 2007)Google Scholar ; Graham, Stephen (ed.), Cities, War and Terrorism: Towards An Urban Geopolitics (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004)Google Scholar .

28 For a general discussion of unintended consequences in relation to design, see Dunne and Raby, Design Noir.

29 See Luke, ‘Hyper-Power’.

30 Dunne and Raby, Design Noir.

31 Ibid., and Dunne, Hertzian Tales.

32 Weber, Cynthia, ‘Designing Safe Citizens’, Citizenship Studies, 12 (2008), pp. 125142CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

33 Molloy, Seán, The Hidden History of Realism (London: Palgrave, 2006)Google Scholar ; Waltz, Kenneth, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979)Google Scholar ; Wendt, Alexander, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)Google Scholar .

34 For a discussion of both the possibilities and limits of Critical IR Theory, see Dauphinee, Elizabeth and Masters, Cristina, The Logics of Biopower and the War on Terror (London: Palgrave, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; and Burgess, Handbook of New Security Studies.

35 Mark Lacy, ‘Intellectuals, International Relations and the Constant Emergency’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs (forthcoming).

36 Foucault, Michel, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collége De France 1977–1978 (London: Palgrave, 2007)Google Scholar ; Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics; Bratton, Benjamin, ‘Introduction: Logistics of Habitable Circulation’, in Virilio, Paul (ed.), Pure War (Los Angeles: Semiotexte, 2006), pp. 725Google Scholar ; Reid, Julian, The Biopolitics of the War on Terror: Life Struggles, Liberal Modernity, and the Defense of Logistic Societies (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006)Google Scholar .

37 For an alternative perspective, see Norman, The Design of Future Things.

38 Doty, Roxanne, Anti-Immigratism in Western Democracies (New York: Routledge, 2003)Google Scholar ; Doty, Roxanne, The Law Into Their Own Hands: Immigration, and the politics of exceptionalism (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2009)Google Scholar .

39 Virilio, Paul, Speed and PoliticsGoogle Scholar .

40 Sterling, Bruce, Shaping Things (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 2005)Google Scholar ; Weber, Cynthia, ‘Securitizing the Unconscious: The Bush Doctrine of Preemption and Minority Report, Geopolitics, 10 (2005), pp. 118Google Scholar ; Bullivant, Lucy, Responsive Environments: Architecture, Art and Design, (London: V & A Publications, 2006)Google Scholar .

41 Yelavich, Susan, ‘Safety Nets’, in Antonelli, Paola (ed.), SAFE: Design Takes on Risk (Museum of Modern Art: New York, 2005), pp. 1725Google Scholar .

42 Trüby, Stephan, Exit-Architecture, p. 92Google Scholar .

43 Ibid., p. 59.

44 Cardenas, Elaine and Gorman, Ellen, The Hummer: Myths and Consumer Culture (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007)Google Scholar .

45 Singer, P. W., Wired For War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century (London: The Penguin Press, 2009), p. 69Google Scholar .

46 Future Farmers, ‘Homeland Security Blanket’ (2008), {http://www.futurefarmers.com/survey/homeland.php} accessed on 1 July 2009.

47 Antonelli, , SAFE, p. 15Google Scholar .

48 Davis, , Buda's Wagon, p. 191Google Scholar .

49 Nordstrom, Carolyn, Global Outlaws: Crime, Money, and Power in the Contemporary World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), p. 194Google Scholar .

50 Nordstrom, , Global Outlaws, p. 191Google Scholar .

51 Agamben, Giorgio, ‘No to Bio-political Tattooing’, Le Monde (10 January 2004)Google Scholar , {http://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/totalControl.pdf}, accessed on 1 July 2009. Gilles Deleuze has a similar concern about the ‘animalization’ of human beings. He claims that we ‘don't have to stray into science fiction to find a control mechanism that can fix the position of any element at any given moment – an animal in a game reserve, a man in a business (electronic tagging)’. See Gilles, , ‘Postscript on Control Societies’, in Negotiations (New York: Columbia, 1990), p. 181Google Scholar . Felix Guattarri makes a similar point to these, arguing that technologies ‘infantalize’ us as they try to protect us. Re-examined though these ideas of othering, animalisation, and infantalisation, what Agamben observed about electronic tattooing bears an eerie similarity to the ‘secure by design’ ‘Tag n Go’ scheme for children.

52 Agamben, ‘No to Bio-political Tatooing’.

53 Robert Ransick, ‘Casa Segura’, {http://www.casasegura.us/?q=en/project_description} accessed on 1 July 2009.

54 Ransick, ‘Casa Segura’.

55 Ibid., also see Ransick, and Weber, , ‘Soon All This Will be Picturesque Ruins’, Citizenship Studies, 14:1 (2010), pp. 105112Google Scholar and Weber, , ‘Design and Citizenship’, Citizenship Studies, 14:1 (2010), pp. 116Google Scholar . Critics might be concerned that Casa Segura is an illustration of a techno-utopianism as much as it is an illustration of ethico-political design, and in this respect it might become another danger to migrants because it could offer the illusion of safety (of passage, rest, or shelter) while instead functioning as a place that further entraps the migrant. Robert Ransick is mindful of these concerns as he considers how to make Casa Segura functional. Some responses include posting any internet comments left by migrants on a randomised time delay so that they cannot be tracked back to migrants at Casa Segura, not announcing where in the Arizona Desert Casa Segura will be constructed, and being open to moving Casa Segura if it is targeted for surveillance by either US Border Patrol or by civilian patrols like the modern-day Minutemen.

56 Dunne, , Hertzian TalesGoogle Scholar .

57 Juncosa, Patricia, Patricia, , ‘Plate description of Dunne and Raby's Faraday Chair’, Safe: Design Takes on Risk. (New York: MOMA, 2005), p. 73Google Scholar .

58 Juncosa, ‘Plate description’, p. 73.

59 Antonelli, Paola (ed.), Design and the Elastic Mind (New York: MoMA, 2008), p. 106Google Scholar .

60 James King, ‘Dressing the Meat of Tomorrow’ (2008), {http://www.james-king.net/projects/meat}, accessed on 1 July 2009.

61 Dunne, and Raby, , Design NoirGoogle Scholar .

62 Dunne, and Raby, , Design Noir.Google Scholar

63 This is a typical error message at comes up when using a computer, and it is also the title of designer Fiona Raby's presentation at the Lancaster University Institute for Advanced Studies’ Annual Programme Year Conference on ‘New Sciences of Protection: Designing Safe Living’, Lancaster (10–12 July 2008).

64 Fiona Raby, ‘Do you want to replace the existing normal?’ Keynote address delivered at the Lancaster University Institute for Advanced Studies Annual Programme Year conference on ‘New Sciences of Protection: Designing Safe Living’, Lancaster (10–12 July 2008).

65 Burgess, , The Handbook of New Security StudiesGoogle Scholar .

67 Jacobsen, Katja, ‘Making Design Safe for Living: A Case of Humanitarian Experimentation’, Citizenship Studies, 14:1 (2010), pp. 89103CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

68 Schwartz, Peter, Inevitable Surprises: A survival guide for the 21th century (London: Simon and Schuster, 2003)Google Scholar .

69 Dunne, and Raby, , Design Noir, p. 6Google Scholar , parentheses added.

70 Dunne, and Raby, , Design NoirGoogle Scholar .

71 Dunne quoted in Womack, David, ‘Uncertain Futures: A Conversation with Professor Anthony Dunne’, Think Tank (21 February 2007)Google Scholar , {http://www.adobe.com/designcenter/thinktank/dunne_02.html} accessed on 1 July 2009.

72 Dunne, and Raby, , Design Noir, p. 65Google Scholar .

73 Raby, ‘Do You Want to Replace the Existing Normal?’

74 Adorno, Theodor, Minima Moralia: Reflections on A Damaged Life (London: Verso, 2005), p. 19Google Scholar .

75 Ouroussoff, Nicolai, ‘The Soul in the New Machines’, The New York Times (22 February 2008)Google Scholar , {http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/22/arts/design/22elas.html} accessed on 1 July 2009.

76 Ouroussoff, ‘The Soul in the New Machines’.

77 Dunne quoted in Womack, ‘Uncertain Futures’.

78 J. G. Ballard, quoted in Johnson, Diane, ‘J. G. Ballard: The Glow of the Prophet’, The New York Review of Books, 55:15 (9 October 2008), p. 25Google Scholar .